Investigations of cohesive zone properties of the interface between metal film and ceramic substrate at nano- and micro-scales

Cohesive zone characterizations of the interface between metal film and ceramic substrate at micro- and nano-scales are performed in the present research. At the nano-scale, a special potential for special material interface (Ag/MgO) is adopted to investigate the interface separation mechanism by using MD simulation, and stress-separation relationship will be obtained. At the micro-scale, peeling experiment is performed for the Al film/Al2O3 substrate system with an adhesive layer at the interface. Adhesive is a mixture of epoxy and polyimide with mass ratio 1:1, by which a brittle cohesive property is obtained. The relationships between energy release rate, the film thickness and the adhesive layer thickness are measured during the steady-state peeling. The experimental result has a similar trend as modeling result for a weak adhesion interface case.

Separating viscoelasticity and poroelasticity of gels with different length and time scales

Viscoelasticity and poroelasticity commonly coexist as time-dependent behaviors in polymer gels. Engineering applications often require knowledge of both behaviors separated; however, few methods exist to decouple viscoelastic and poroelastic properties of gels. We propose a method capable of separating viscoelasticity and poroelasticity of gels in various mechanical tests. The viscoelastic characteristic time and the poroelastic diffusivity of a gel define an intrinsic material length scale of the gel. The experimental setup gives a sample length scale, over which the solvent migrates in the gel. By setting the sample length to be much larger or smaller than the material length, the viscoelasticity and poroelasticity of the gel will dominate at different time scales in a test. Therefore, the viscoelastic and poroelastic properties of the gel can be probed separately at different time scales of the test. We further validate the method by finite-element models and stress-relaxation experiments. © 2014 The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

The centrality of event scale: a measure of integrating a trauma into one's identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.

We introduce a new scale that measures how central an event is to a person's identity and life story. For the most stressful or traumatic event in a person's life, the full 20-item Centrality of Event Scale (CES) and the short 7-item scale are reliable (alpha's of .94 and .88, respectively) in a sample of 707 undergraduates. The scale correlates .38 with PTSD symptom severity and .23 with depression. The present findings are discussed in relation to previous work on individual differences related to PTSD symptoms. Possible connections between the CES and measures of maladaptive attributions and rumination are considered along with suggestions for future research.

Real-time imaging of novel spatial and temporal responses to photodynamic stress.

Cells subjected to various forms of stress have been shown to induce bystander responses in nontargeted cells, thus extending the stress response to a larger population. However, the mechanism(s) of bystander responses remains to be clearly identified, particularly for photodynamic stress. Oxidative stress and cell viability were studied on the spatial and temporal levels after photodynamic targeting of a subpopulation of EMT6 murine mammary cancer cells in a multiwell plate by computerized time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. In the targeted population a dose-dependent loss of cell viability was observed in accordance with increased oxidative stress. This was accompanied by increased oxidative stress in bystander populations but on different time scales, reaching a maximum more rapidly in targeted cells. Treatment with extracellular catalase, or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodinium, decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both populations. These effects are ascribed to photodynamic activation of NADPH-oxidase in the targeted cells, resulting in a rapid burst of ROS formation with hydrogen peroxide acting as the signaling molecule responsible for initiation of these photodynamic bystander responses. The consequences of increased oxidative stress in bystander cells should be considered in the overall framework of photodynamic stress.

Near-surface temperature cycling of stone and its implications for scales of surface deterioration

Many previous studies into internal temperature gradients within stone have assumed smooth, exponential increases and decreases in sub-surface temperatures in response, for example, to diurnal patterns of heating and cooling and these have been used to explain phenomena such as large-scale contour scaling. This high-resolution experimental study, in which a porous limestone block was subjected to alternate surface heating and cooling using an infrared lamp, demonstrates that internal temperature gradients in response to short-term environmental cycles (measured in minutes) can in fact be complex and inconsistent. Results confirm the significance of very steep temperature/stress gradients within the outer 10 mm or less of exposed stone. Below this the data indicate complex patterns of temperature reversals, the amplitudes of which are attenuated with depth and which are influenced in their intensity and location by variations in the relative duration of heating and cooling phases. It is suggested that the reversals might represent ‘interference patterns’ between incoming and outgoing thermal waves, but whatever their origin they are potentially important because they occur within the zone in which many stone decay processes, especially salt weathering, operate. These processes invariably respond to temperature and moisture fluctuations, and short-term interruptions to insolation could, for example, trigger these fluctuations on numerous occasions over a day. In particular, the reversals occur at a scale that is commensurate with decay by multiple flaking and could indicate an underlying control on this previously little-researched pattern of weathering. In the context of this publication, however, the main lesson to be learned from this study is that differing scales of behaviour require different scales of enquiry.

Stress, suporte social, optimismo e saúde em estudantes de enfermagem em ensino clínico

O stress é um processo presente nas vivências do quotidiano dos indivíduos com implicações a nível do seu bem-estar e saúde. No caso específico dos estudantes de Enfermagem, o ensino clínico tem sido identificado como uma componente de formação geradora de elevados níveis de stress. O presente estudo tem como principal objectivo analisar as inter-relações que se estabelecem entre a percepção de situações de stress, saúde, coping, suporte social, auto-estima e optimismo-pessimismo. Pretende-se construir e validar dois instrumentos, um de avaliação das situações indutoras de stress em ensino clínico de Enfermagem (ECE) e outro de avaliação dos sintomas de stress. Outro objectivo consiste em traduzir e adaptar duas escalas, uma de avaliação da auto-estima e outra do optimismo-pessimismo. Pretende-se ainda estudar referidos constructos em função de variáveis sócio-demográficas e de caracterização do ensino clínico realizado. O estudo desenvolvido, de natureza quantitativo, correlacional e transversal, baseou-se numa amostra de 1283 estudantes do Curso de Licenciatura em Enfermagem, de cinco Escolas Superiores de Saúde da Região Centro de Portugal. Foi utilizado um protocolo de investigação constituído por 7 instrumentos: Caracterização sócio-demográfica e do ECE, Escala de Stress em ECE, Escala de Sintomas de Stress, Questionário de Estratégias de Coping, Escala de Satisfação com o Suporte Social, Escala de Auto-Estima e Escala de Optimismo-Pessimismo. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, ao nível das escalas, tanto as construídas no âmbito deste trabalho, como as traduzidas apresentam validade e valores satisfatórios ao nível da fidelidade, constituindo-se então como instrumentos adequados e úteis para o estudo dos constructos em questão. As situações percebidas como geradoras de maior stress referem-se à avaliação, aspectos pessoais e gestão do tempo e do trabalho. Em termos de sintomas de stress, os mais frequentes são de natureza física e cognitivoemocional. Em termos de estratégias de coping, os estudantes parecem recorrer com mais frequência às estratégias centradas nos problemas. Os estudantes da nossa amostra referem uma maior satisfação a nível do suporte social com a intimidade e evidenciam níveis positivos em termos de autoestima e optimismo. O sexo dos estudantes, o ano de frequência do curso e variáveis de caracterização do ECE exercem um efeito diferencial nas problemáticas em estudo. Consideramos que a identificação das situações indutoras de stress em ECE, bem como a avaliação dos seus efeitos na saúde dos estudantes e a compreensão dos mecanismos de coping podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de programas de gestão e controlo do stress que os capacitem para transformar os desafios em potenciais situações de desenvolvimento pessoal, social, académico e profissional.

Turismo acessível : recurso de coping para gerir o stress na incapacidade

As sociedades contemporâneas testemunham os efeitos negativos do stress sobre a saúde, existindo evidências empíricas do relacionamento recíproco entre stress e doença (infeciosas, crónicas, cardiovasculares, cancro) (Iwasaki & Mannell, 2000). Por outro lado, Walden (2007) sublinha que o stress varia de acordo com as circunstâncias de vida e Rode et al. (2012) acrescentam que as pessoas com incapacidade apresentam taxas mais elevadas de problemas de saúde relacionados com o stress do que a população em geral. Neste contexto, surge o lazer como mecanismo de coping, como instrumento restaurador e benéfico para a saúde (Caldwell, 2005; Wijndaele et al., 2007). Assim, considerando o turismo como uma marcante atividade recreacional em tempo de lazer na vida das pessoas, e uma oportunidade de relaxamento e interação social (Richards, et al., 2010), pensou-se na possibilidade do turismo acessível ser um recurso de coping para gerir o stress na incapacidade. É com base na atualidade e pertinência destas reflexões que se estabeleceram duas metas para este trabalho: compreender o relacionamento entre turismo, stress e coping para os indivíduos com incapacidade, e desenvolver bases empíricas para fins terapêuticos e para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos turísticos, numa lógica biopsicossocial (biológica ou física, psicológica e social). Especificamente, pretende-se identificar fontes de stress para as pessoas com incapacidade e as suas respostas de coping, e explicar como o turismo atua nas dimensões biopsicossociais do stress-coping. Para atingir estes objetivos utilizou-se uma metodologia mista, suportada por uma revisão de literatura aprofundada, que consistiu na realização de um estudo qualitativo e outro quantitativo. No primeiro, recorreu-se à técnica de focus groups para cada tipo de incapacidade em análise, motora (N=6), auditiva (N=7) e visual (N=6), e no segundo, procedeu-se à aplicação de inquéritos por questionário a pessoas com incapacidade motora e sensorial (N=306), cujo questionário consistiu na adaptação e ajuste das ECL (Escalas de Coping através do Lazer) ao contexto do Turismo Acessível. Os resultados indicam que a principal fonte de stress dos indivíduos com incapacidade é a própria incapacidade em conjugação com a sociedade, demonstrando-se a prevalência de estratégias baseadas na interação social para a resolução de problemas, em detrimento de outras. Por sua vez, apuram-se os benefícios do turismo, cujas mais-valias no âmbito das dimensões biopsicossociais destes indivíduos em particular, são também discutidas. Conclui-se, portanto, que o turismo acessível é um novo formato de stress-coping para a população com incapacidade, suportando o reequilíbrio e harmonização dos seus recursos pessoais e sociais, contribuindo positivamente para a sua saúde e bem-estar global, servindo de base ao desenvolvimento de novos produtos turísticos adequados e direcionados para as necessidades específicas desta população e ao planeamento de intervenções terapêuticas alternativas no contexto da sua reabilitação.

Relationship between happiness, stress and musculoskeletal disorders in portuguese dentists

Tese de doutoramento, Medicina Dentária (Dentisteria Conservadora), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, 2016

Endocrine response and perceived stress test during an experimental challenge task in adult survivors of a childhood cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although long-term implications of cancer in childhood or adolescence with regard to medical conditions are well documented, the impact on mental health and on response to stress, which may be an indicator of psychological vulnerability, is not yet well understood. In this study, psychological and physiological responses to stress were examined.¦PROCEDURE: Fifty-three participants aged 18-39 years (n = 25 survivors of childhood or adolescence cancer, n = 28 controls) underwent an experimental stress test, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Participants were asked to provide repeated evaluations of perceived stress on visual-analogical scales and blood samples were collected before and after the TSST to measure plasma cortisol.¦RESULTS: The psychological perception of stress was not different between the two groups. However, the cancer survivors group showed a higher global plasma cortisol level as well as higher amplitude in the response to the TSST. The global cortisol level in cancer survivors was increased when depression symptoms were present. The subjective perception of stress and the plasma cortisol levels were only marginally correlated in both groups.¦CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the exposure to a life-threatening experience in childhood/adolescence increases the endocrine response to stress, and that the presence of depressive symptoms is associated with an elevation of plasma cortisol levels. A better knowledge of these mechanisms is important given that the dysregulations of the stress responses may cause psychological vulnerability. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 138-143. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Validation of the German version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale and its relation to orientations to happiness and work stress

Career adapt-ability has recently gained momentum as a psychosocial construct that not only has much to offer the field of career development, but also contributes to positive coping, adjustment and self-regulation through the four dimensions of concern, control, curiosity and confidence. The positive psychology movement, with concepts such as the orientations to happiness, explores the factors that contribute to human flourishing and optimum functioning. This research has two main contributions; 1) to validate a German version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS), and 2) to extend the contribution of adapt-abilities to the field of work stress and explore its mediating capacity in the relation between orientations to happiness and work stress. We used a representative sample of the German-speaking Swiss working population including 1204 participants (49.8% women), aged between 26 and 56 (Mage = 42.04). Results indicated that the German version of the CAAS is valid, with overall high levels of model fit suggesting that the conceptual structure of career adapt-ability replicates well in this cultural context. Adapt-abilities showed a negative relationship to work stress, and a positive one with orientations to happiness. The engagement and pleasure scales of orientations to happiness also correlated negatively with work stress. Moreover, career adapt-ability mediates the relationship between orientations to happiness and work stress. In depth analysis of the mediating effect revealed that control is the only significant mediator. Thus control may be acting as a mechanism through which individuals attain their desired life at work subsequently contributing to reduced stress levels.

Les manifestations subtiles du stress dans le continuum de la psychose

RÉSUMÉ L’étiologie de la schizophrénie est complexe et le modèle de vulnérabilité-stress (Nuechterlein & Dawson, 1984) propose que des facteurs de vulnérabilité d’ordre génétique combinés à une histoire environnementale de stress particulier pousseraient l’individu vers un état clinique de psychose. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre la réaction physiologique des personnes schizophrènes face à un stress psychologique, tout en conceptualisant les symptômes psychotiques comme faisant partie d’un continuum, plutôt que de les restreindre sur un plan catégoriel. Afin de faire la différence entre les patients schizophrènes et les individus de la population générale, au-delà de la sévérité de leurs symptômes psychotiques, leur réaction au stress est comparée et le phénomène de seuil critique dans la réaction de cortisol est exploré en tant que point décisif pouvant distinguer entre les deux groupes. La première étude de cette thèse (Brenner et al., 2007) examine la fiabilité, la validité et la structure factorielle du Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) (Stefanis et al., 2002), avec un échantillon francophone et anglophone de la population nord américaine, un questionnaire auto-administré de 42 items qui évalue les expériences quasi-psychotiques présentes dans la population générale : des symptômes positifs (ou psychotiques), négatifs (ou végétatifs) et dépressifs. Ce questionnaire a été complété par un échantillon de 2 275 personnes de la population montréalaise. Les résultats appuient la consistance interne des 3 sous-échelles originales. De plus, l’analyse factorielle exploratoire suggère des solutions de 3-5 facteurs, où les solutions à 4 et 5 facteurs proposent de séparer les symptômes positifs en sous-catégories plus spécifiques. Finalement, cette étude suggère une version plus courte du CAPE, avec seulement 23 items, tout en préservant les mêmes trois échelles originales. La toile de fond de cet article confirme l’existence du phénomène du continuum de la psychose, où une variation de symptômes psychotiques peut se retrouver aussi bien dans la population générale que dans la population clinique. Dans une deuxième étude (Brenner et al., 2009), cette thèse examine à quel point la réponse de l’hormone de stress, le cortisol, à un test de stress psychosocial nommé le Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) (Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhammer, 1993), peut établir une différence entre les sujets témoins et les patients schizophrènes, tout en contrôlant des variables importantes. Un groupe de 30 personnes schizophrènes et un groupe de 30 sujets de la population générale, recrutés lors de la première étude de cette thèse, ont participé à cette recherche qui est construite selon un plan expérimental. Le groupe témoin inclut des personnes légèrement symptomatiques et un chevauchement des scores psychotiques existe entre les deux groupes. Suite au stresseur, les deux groupes démontrent une augmentation significative de leur rythme cardiaque et de leur pression artérielle. Cependant, leur réponse de cortisol a tendance à différer : les patients schizophrènes présentent une réponse de cortisol plus petite que celle des témoins, mais en atteignant un seuil statistique significatif seulement à la mesure qui suit immédiatement le stresseur. Ces résultats significatifs sont obtenus en contrôlant pour la sévérité des symptômes positifs, un facteur discriminant significatif entre les deux groupes. Ainsi, le niveau de cortisol mesuré immédiatement après le stresseur se révèle être un marqueur de seuil critique pouvant établir une distinction entre les deux groupes. Aussi, leur réponse de cortisol maximale a tendance à apparaître plus tard que chez les sujets témoins. De façon générale, la réaction au stress des deux groupes étudiés est un autre moyen d’observer la continuité d’un comportement présent chez les individus, jusqu’à ce qu’un seuil critique soit atteint. Ainsi, il est possible de trancher, à un moment donné, entre psychose clinique ou absence de diagnostic.

Stress parental et lien mère-enfant: impact sur le développement de l’enfant âgé d’un an.

Au cours de la grossesse et dans les premières années de vie de l’enfant, plusieurs facteurs externes, tels que le stress maternel ou le lien maternel, peuvent interférer avec son développement et avoir des conséquences à court et à long terme. Bien que le stress maternel périnatal ait souvent été étudié, plusieurs facteurs pré et postnataux potentiellement confondants (comme le stress paternel, la dépression, la prise d’antidépresseurs, etc.) n’ont pas systématiquement été pris en compte. Comparativement à l’attachement de l’enfant (à sa mère), moins de recherches se sont intéressées au lien maternel, en particulier chez des femmes ayant un diagnostic de dépression et/ou d’anxiété et exposées à des antidépresseurs. Notre thèse visait donc à étudier ces deux facteurs et leur association avec le développement du jeune enfant âgé d’un an, dans un contexte où la santé mentale maternelle (présence ou non de troubles psychologiques) et de traitements pharmacologiques associés étaient aussi considérés. Afin d’améliorer le dépistage de retards développementaux, nous avons également évalué l’administration au téléphone de deux instruments de pré-dépistage et dépistage actuellement utilisés. Notre thèse était constituée de quatre phases dont les objectifs étaient: la détermination des propriétés psychométriques de l’échelle de stress perçu de quatre items (en français et en anglais) au sein de la population de femmes enceintes (première étude); évaluer l’effet du stress maternel prénatal et parental postnatal sur le développement de l’enfant âgé d’un an (deuxième étude); estimer l’association entre le lien maternel et le développement de l’enfant âgé d’un an, en stratifiant sur la prise maternelle d’antidépresseurs (troisième étude); et évaluer l’administration au téléphone du ″Ages and Stages Questionnaire″ (ASQ, version de 12 mois) et du ″Revised Pre-screening Denver Questionnaire″(R-PDQ, version de 9-24 mois),deux questionnaires utilisés pour le pré-dépistage et le dépistage du développement infantile (quatrième étude). Ce projet faisait partie d’une plus grande étude, nommée le projet OTIS (The″Organization of Teratology Information Specialists″ Antidepressant in Pregnancy cohort study), qui visait à évaluer l’impact de l’arrêt versus la continuation de la prise d’antidépresseurs au cours de la grossesse sur les comportements maternels et sur le développement de l’enfant âgé de un à trois ans. Ainsi, entre 2006 et 2010, la cohorte prospective OTIS de femmes enceintes a été construite et suivie jusqu’à trois ans postpartum. À partir de 2008, l’évaluation du stress et du lien maternel (thématiques de ce projet de thèse) a été incorporée au projet initial. Aussi, à partir de là, toute femme nouvellement recrutée pour la cohorte OTIS pouvait faire partie des études de cette thèse. Notre population source était composée des femmes enceintes ayant eu recours à un service nord-américain d’information sur les tératogènes ou ayant été suivies à la clinique d'obstétrique et de gynécologie du CHU Ste Justine. Pour être admissibles, les femmes devaient 1) être âgées d’au moins 18 ans, 2) être enceinte d’au maximum 14 semaines (le début de la grossesse étant défini comme étant le premier jour des dernières règles); 3) être exposées à un antidépresseur depuis au moins le premier jour de grossesse (pour le groupe exposé à un antidépresseur), 4) savoir lire et comprendre l’anglais ou le français. Pour les études deux, trois et quatre, les femmes devaient habiter dans un rayon de 250 km autour de Montréal pour recevoir notre visite à domicile, nécessaire à l’évaluation psychométrique du développement infantile. Les pères des enfants ont été recrutés à deux mois postpartum pour évaluer leur stress. Les données ont été collectées par entrevue téléphonique, auto-administration de questionnaires, et évaluation psychométrique du développement infantile. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, les femmes étaient suivies depuis le premier trimestre de grossesse jusqu’à un an postpartum. Les résultats de nos travaux démontrent que le recours à l’échelle de stress perçu de quatre items est une mesure fiable et valide pour mesurer le stress au cours de la grossesse (en recherche ou en clinique). Ensuite, le stress postnatal maternel et paternel serait défavorable au développement moteur et socio-émotionnel de l’enfant d’un an, respectivement. Par contre le stress maternel prénatal favoriserait le développement moteur. Un lien maternel optimal est associé à un meilleur développement socio-émotionnel à un an chez l’enfant, en particulier pour les femmes exposées à des antidépresseurs. Enfin, l’administration au téléphone de l’ASQ et des sous-échelles de langage, de motricité fine et motricité globale du R-PDQ serait une alternative possible au mode auto-administré pour dépister et pré-dépister les retards de développement chez les enfants.

Fractal characterization of brittle fracture in ceramics under mode I stress loading

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Toward a hierarchical concept of plant stress

A number of attempts have been made to obtain a clear definition of biological stress. However, in spite of the efforts, some controversies on the concept of plant stress remain. The current versions are centered either on the cause (stress factor) or on the effect (stress response) of environmental stress. The objective of this study was to contribute to the definition of stress, using a hierarchical approach. Thus, we have performed an analysis of the most usual stress concepts and tested the relevance of considering different observation scales in a study on plant response to water deficit. Seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis were grown in vitro at water potentials ranging from -0.16 to -0.6 MPa, and evaluated according to growth and biochemical parameters. Data were analyzed through principal component analysis (PCA), which pointed to a hierarchical organization in plant responses to environmental disturbances. Growth parameters (height and dry weight) are more sensitive to water deficit than biochemical ones (sugars, proline, and protein), suggesting that higher hierarchical levels were more sensitive to environmental constraints than lower hierarchical ones. We suggest that before considering an environmental fluctuation as stressful, it is necessary to take into account different levels of plant response, and that the evaluation of the effects of environmental disturbances on an organism depends on the observation scale being used. Hence, a more appropriate stress concept should consider the hierarchical organization of the biological systems, not only for a more adequate theoretical approach, but also for the improvement of practical studies on plants under stress.

Why is it so difficult to identify a single indicator of water stress in plants? A proposal for a multivariate analysis to assess emergent properties

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)