997 resultados para Spermacoce latifolia
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稻族(Oryzeae)是禾本科中包含多种经济植物的重要类群,现有大约12个属,广布于全球的热带和温带地区。虽然有证据表明稻族是一个单系类群,但稻族的分类处理和属间系统发育关系以及稻族的生物地理学等方面仍存在许多悬而未决的问题。本研究利用了7个DNA片段,包括2个叶绿体基因片段(trnL和matK)、1个线粒体基因片段(nad1)和4个分布在不同染色体上的核基因片段(Adh1、Adh2、GPA1和Waxy)以及形态性状(87个)重建了稻族的系统发育关系,并在此基础上利用6个DNA片段(trnL、matK、nad1、Adh1、Adh2和GPA1)探讨了稻属基部类群的系统发育关系。同时在系统发育研究的基础上,进一步探讨了稻族物种间的分歧时间及生物地理学问题。主要结果如下: 1.稻族的系统学 多基因和形态性状的分析表明:1)稻族是单系类群可分为两个主要分支,相当于传统的两个亚族,第一个亚族(Zizaniinae)包括稻属﹑假稻属和Porteresia,而第二个亚族(Oryzinae)包括其余8个属。两性花是稻族的原始状态,而单性花多次起源,共起源了3次,因此单性花和两性花的区别不宜作为划分亚族的依据;2)Zizania 与分布在南美的单型属Rhynchoryza关系最近;3)一些单型属(Hydrochloa、Porteresia和Prosphytochloa)的确立得不到分子证据的支持,特别是Hydrochloa,形态证据分析的结果明确不支持建立该单型属;4)形态分析结果支持Zizania 4个种聚为一支,而东亚的一个种(Zizania latifolia)为该属基部类群。 2.稻属基部类群的系统发育关系 多基因系统发育分析表明:1)稻属是一个单系类群;2)所有数据都支持稻属10种染色体组类型各自为单系,包括稻属中最后确定的染色体组类型HK(Oryza schlechteri和Porteresia coarctata);3)F染色体组与HK和HJ中的H染色体组关系最近,类似于E染色体组与异源四倍体的CD染色体组中的D染色体组关系最近; 4)双亲遗传的核基因和母系遗传的线粒体和叶绿体基因的对比分析表明,HJ染色体组两个物种的母系来源是H,而HK染色体组两个物种母系来源是K。三个染色体组相比较,H分化较早,J次之,K分化最晚;5)在系统发育研究基础上,本研究认为稻属4个复合体的划分是可信的,原来未划分到任何一个复合体中的两个种O. brachyantha和O. schlechteri以及新近归入稻属的Oryza coarctata都应归入O. ridleyi复合体。 3.稻族各谱系的分化时间及其生物地理学意义 利用分子钟及其改进方法对稻族各谱系的起源和分化时间进行了估测,并在此基础上探讨了形成各类群地理分布式样的可能原因。结果表明,稻族在始新世(Eocene)晚期(3640万年前)起源于东南亚随后分为两大支。稻属基部类群G染色体组物种与稻属其他物种在1200万年前分开;稻属中A/B/C/E染色体组类群在700万年前开始分化。 在稻族的第一大支Oryzinae亚族中,稻属和假稻属1400万年前分开后,通过远程扩散及随后的漫长的历史过程形成了目前的分布格局。稻属从东南亚起源并逐渐扩散到非洲、澳洲及美洲;而假稻属则从非洲出发扩散到全球的热带和亚热带地区。这两个属的演化历史非常相似,都是全球广泛分布且起源时间较晚。 在稻族第二大支Zizaniinae亚族中,Zizania是稻族中唯一欧亚-北美间断分布属,与其分布在南美的姊妹群Rhynchoryza在2554万年前分开,这一支可能是先从南美扩散到东亚,然后再从东亚扩散到北美;Zizaniopsis和Luziola两属在南美洲和北美洲都有分布,其分歧时间为2180万年前,这两属具有类似的进化历史,即通过上新世(Pliocene)末期隆起的巴拿马陆桥形成现在的分布格局;Chikusichola与Potamophila/Prosphytochloa这一支从中新世(Miocene)早期(2270万年前)开始分化,由于Chikusichola(分布在东南亚)、Potamophila(澳大利亚)和Prosphytochloa(非洲)相距很远,这3个属的扩散必然与跨洋远距离扩散有关。
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近几十年来,栽培作物及其野生近缘(祖先)种的群体遗传结构和进化历史的研究日益受到关注,因为此类研究不仅能加深人们对作物起源和驯化的认识,而且有助于作物野生资源的开发以及作物的遗传改良。分子谱系地理分析(Molecular phylogeography)是此类研究中的重要手段之一,能够有效地了解近缘群体的进化历程以及重建作物的驯化历史。菰(Zizania latifolia Turcz.)是东亚广泛分布、具有重要价值的水生草本植物,其栽培型—茭白是中国第二大水生蔬菜。尽管已有不少涉及此类群的研究,但迄今我们对菰的群体遗传结构和进化历史以及茭白的起源几乎一无所知。本研究从29个基因片段中筛选了2个在菰种内水平上具有显著变异量的核基因片段,进行了分子谱系地理研究,揭示了菰的遗传多样性水平及其地理分布格局,探讨了菰的群体演化历史,并初步探讨了茭白的起源和驯化历史。主要结果如下: 1)基因片段筛选 开展分子谱系地理学研究,需要采用具有显著种内变异的分子标记,为此我们通过预实验对一批备选基因片段进行了筛选。在18个叶绿体和2个线粒体片段中,测序的总长度达17100 bp,但没有发现任何变异位点。在9个核基因片段中,7个片段具有变异位点,但只有2个片段的变异量在1%以上,分别是Adh1a(2.70%)和GPATb(1.25%)基因。所以,本研究最后确定了采用这2个核基因片段来进行菰的分子谱系地理的研究。 2)Adh1a基因谱系地理分析 对来自21个天然群体126个个体,通过Adh1a基因的直接PCR和克隆测序共得到了252条序列,中性检测表明,Adh1a基因符合中性进化模型、没有重组并且有足够的变异量,适合用于进行菰的谱系地理研究和进化历史的推断。在物种水平上,菰的核苷酸多态性水平为θsil = 0.0089,跟一些作物近缘类群相比处于中等偏低的水平;不同群体的核苷酸多态性水平相差明显,多态性最高的群体出现在东北地区,并有从北向南递减的趋势。群体间存在着显著的遗传分化(FST = 0.481)表明群体之间的基因流有限。群体间的遗传距离与地理距离没有相关性,地理邻近的群体并没有共享关系相近的单倍型,整个群体缺乏明显的谱系地理结构。目前的遗传多样性分布格局可能是由于近几十年来的生境退化和丧失造成过去群体的片段化所致。根据群体遗传多样性水平的差异和基因谱系的地理分布格局以及分子钟估算的与北美近缘种的分化时间,我们推断菰的群体经历了从东北向华南逐步扩散的过程。 3)GPATb基因谱系地理分析 为更可靠地推断菰的谱系地理格局,我们选择了GPATb基因作为标记开展了进一步的分析。对相同的采样群体和个体共252条序列的分析表明,在物种水平上,GPATb的核苷酸多态性只相当于Adh1a基因的1/4。综合2个基因的结果,可以认为菰的核苷酸多态性水平是维持在较低的水平上。该位点体现的群体遗传分化也没有Adh1a基因明显。群体之间相近的遗传多样性水平和较低分化程度可能意味着该基因位点受到平衡选择作用的影响,这一推论也得到了中性检测结果的支持。因此,GPATb基因可能受到选择作用的影响,不能用来支持或推翻Adh1a基因的结果。 4)茭白的起源和驯化 对来自13个省份的65个茭白品种的Adh1a和GPATb基因片段进行测序,结果发现,所有的品种在这2个基因上都具有相同的基因型,Adh1a位点上表现为杂合体,而GPATb位点上则是纯合体。这说明在茭白的起源过程中发生了严重的驯化瓶颈效应,也即茭白是单次起源的,是从菰的少数几个甚至单个个体驯化而来。虽然文献考据表明,茭白最早的栽培地区为太湖流域,但我们的分子证据却并不支持其为茭白的驯化起源地点,而可能是在太湖流域以北地区起源的。鉴于采样的局限性,这一结论还有待于进一步的验证。同时2个基因的数据表明来自陕西、四川、云南、湖南和福建的6个菰群体可能是从人为引种的茭白逃逸成为野生的。因此,在以后野生菰群体的采集中,特别是在茭白种植地区,要在详细调查的基础上设计采集方案。
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为了挖掘和利用野生资源抗旱和高光效的有益基因性状,本研究针对野生种的抗旱生理性状、光合作用和抗旱关系进行了测定,同时利用野生稻和栽培稻远缘杂交获得不同光合特点的后代材料进行了胁迫反应试验,并以栽培稻(陆稻和水稻)为材料研究了抗旱反应中根系的激素信号变化。旨在明确水分胁迫条件下,水稻不同野生种对干旱反应的差异及其机理,以及进一步鉴定有效的抗旱指标,为今后育种和生产实践提供理论依据和指导。主要结果如下: 1.通过对具有不同抗旱性状的四个野生种O.Granulata、O.Alta、O,Officinalis、O.Latifolia水分胁迫处理的抗旱相关生理性状的变化特点的研究表明:(1)在胁迫早期,野生种间黎明前叶片水势没有明显的差别,随着胁迫加剧,种间差异显示明显。耐旱性弱的野生种(O.Granulata、O.Latifolia)黎明前叶片水势和中午水势下降幅度大于耐旱性强的野生种( O.Alta、O.Officinalis)。这表明在一定的干旱处理程度下,黎明前叶片水势和中午水势可以反映出不同种间植株忍受干旱胁迫的能力。(2)四个野生种的植株在轻微胁迫时,膜稳定性呈现出增强的趋势,这可能与干旱胁迫的适应性相关。随着胁迫时间的延长,胁迫程度的加重,叶片膜稳定性破坏,植株叶片渗漏率增加。(3)在胁迫条件下,不同野生种表现出茎杆中糖分增加,叶片的光合酶和光合速率下降,且抗旱性弱的品种这种变化比抗旱性强的品种更加明显。这可能是由于干旱处理降低了同化物的运转和淀粉合成,导致了糖分积累。(4)在水分胁迫条件下,植株中的ABA浓度增加而IAA浓度下降,其中ABA的浓度增加与种间的抗旱性相关。抗旱性差(O.Granulata、O.Latifolia)的野生种叶片ABA浓度增加幅度高于抗旱性强的野生种(O.Alta、O.Officinalis)。Officinalis和Alta在水分胁迫下,仍比Granulata 和Latifolia具有较高的分蘖,这可能与其在胁迫下具有较高GA3浓度有关。 2.通过对20个野生种叶片膜电解质泄漏率的比较,研究其叶片细胞膜稳定性的特点表明,46℃的温度,水浴时间24小时是较适宜的条件。在适宜的处理条件下,Longistaminata、Punctata渗漏率较低,表明其具有良好的膜稳定性:O. Officinalis、O.Glumaepatula、O.Glaberrima,O.Latifolia、Meridionalis、Rufipogon (105697)、100889、Nivara (80683)、Sativa( IR-36)电解质泄漏率居中在60-80%;O.Alta、Rampur6、Azucena、Rufipogon (105599)、Bartlic、Rufipogon(104640)、105429、Minuta (101099)、HP4的渗漏值均较高,表明其膜稳定性较差,尤其是Minuta。此外,叶片光合速率和叶片膜稳定性的关系并不完全一致,在育种时应选择光合速率较高而叶片膜稳定性好的品种,O.Longistaminata因其具有较高的光合速率和较好的膜稳定性,是一个值得关注的材料。 3.研究了栽培稻(Oryza sativa)和普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon)的杂种后代F3,即:Azucena×Rampur6杂交得到的Fi植株(25007-10),通过自交得到其F3代植株,在水分胁迫下不同光合速率类型植株以及相关的抗旱生理特点。结果表明, (1)光合速率高的株系黎明前叶片水势下降较大,而中午叶片水势下降却较小:光合速率低的株系黎明前叶片水势下降幅度较小,而中午叶片水势下降幅度却较大,这表明水分胁迫下,植株中午叶片水势与植株的光合速率密切相关。(2)在轻微水分胁迫下(缓慢干旱0-40天),所有株系经受抗旱锻炼的植株,其叶片渗漏率均下降,膜稳定性增强;随着胁迫时间延长(胁迫后40-80天)其叶片泄漏值上升,这可能是由于:水分胁迫下通过植株的渗透调节能力,使得叶片中累积的有机溶质增加:且干旱胁迫使得叶片的质膜破坏,电解质外渗,相对电导率提高。 (3)水分胁迫下,从不同光合速率类型的植株,其光合速率的变化看:高光合速率类型的植株,在水分胁迫下光合速率的下降幅度,要大于光合速率较低类型的植株。在水分胁迫下,SHPl-2株系后代比SHPl-1株系具有较强的抗旱性,能维持较高的光合速率。 (4)在水分胁迫下,不同光合速率的株系,其气孔阻抗均增加:低光合速率的株系,气孔阻抗上升幅度大于高光合速率类型的株系,并且其气孔阻抗上升的时间要早于高光合速率的株系。 4.研究了两个陆稻品种Azucena、IRAT104和两个水稻品种IR64、Salumpikit,在干旱胁迫下根系木质部汁液中内源激素的变化。(1)干旱复水后不同时间进程中,各品种木质部汁液内源激素的变化看,IRAT104和Salumpikit木质部汁液中ABA含量迅速降低,其下降幅度较大。说明ABA作为胁迫信号,通过木质部汁液传递干旱信息;在干旱胁迫解除后,ABA的浓度亦发生相应的变化。(2)在对根系施加不同压力后,测定其木质部汁液内源激素变化,结果表明:在不同的根系压力下,不同品种间(IR64、Salumpikit、IRAT104和Azucena) 木质部汁液中GA3含量变化较大,其中两个陆稻品种IRAT104和Azucena均较高,两个水稻品种IR64和Salumpikit均较低。这表明,在不同的压力下,陆稻品种(Azucena和IRAT104)比水稻品种(IR64和Salumpikit)具有较高的GA3含量;在胁迫条件下,维持较高的GA3含量,这有利于其维持正常的生长发育。(3)在干旱胁迫及复水过程中,根据木质部汁液中ABA和GA3含量变化的结果表明,虽然Azucena和IRAT104均属于陆稻品种,但二者的抗旱性不同。(4)水稻品种木质部汁液的pH值高于陆稻品种。木质部汁液中pH在干旱胁迫下升高,复水后又降低,其可作为干旱胁迫的一个信号,它与木质部汁液中ABA联合调节植株对干旱的生理生化反应。 上述结果表明,叶片水势与水分胁迫密切相关,可作为植株抗旱性的鉴定指标;抗旱性强的品种,叶片水势下降幅度小,有利于维持较高的水势,保证植株生长发育的需要。严重干旱使得所有品种的质膜稳定性降低,电解质外渗,相对电导率提高;抗旱性强的品种的质膜伤害程度小,电导率上升幅度小,表明其质膜稳定性好,对干旱的忍耐能力强。质膜稳定性的变化实际上反映了品种的耐旱性,所以是一种综合而又比较准确的抗旱鉴定指标。对于酶和激素的测定方法,由于操作比较烦琐,且数据分析和产量比较复杂等原因,不太适合于常规的大田选育工作中。水稻的抗旱性是多种生理生化变化综合作用的结果,因此进行水稻抗旱性鉴定时,不能使用单一的生理生化指标,而应对多个指标进行综合分析,依据综合值对水稻品种的抗旱性进行评价较为科学。
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人工湿地污水处理系统具有净化效果显著、建设和运行费用低廉、管理简便等优点.近年来越来越受到人们的重视.人工湿地生态系统受环境影响较大,研究人工湿地在不同季节的净化功能对于充分发挥其作用具有重要意义.对不同季节的芦苇(Phragmite saus-tralis)、茭白(Zizania caduciflora)和香蒲(Typha latifolia)等湿地系统植物根区、无植物对照基质微生物分布状况以及净化效果进行了研究,结果显示:(1)种植不同植物的湿地系统根区微生物数量不同,其湿地净化效果也不同;(2)季节
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<正> 茭草又称野菰(Zizania latifolia),广泛分布于我国内陆水体,在湖北省洪湖中,茭草是沿岸呈环带状分布的优势挺水植物。由于该湖年平均水深仅1.35米,底泥肥沃,适于茭草生长繁殖,群落面积已达22.7万亩,占该湖总面积的42%。每年生产茎叶干物质达15万吨以上,但绝大部分废弃分解还湖,未被充分利用。根据洪湖大水面水体生物生产力综合开发利用研究计划,我们对茭草不同器官化学成分分析的结果证明,茭草乃优质饲料,茭草叶含粗蛋白16.8—18.7%,其必需氨基酸组成比例与草鱼肌
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野菰(Zizania latifolia)是湖北省洪湖中优势水生维管束植物,其群落占全湖355平方公里面积的127平方公里。茎和叶的年生物量为4379克鲜重/平方米,全湖总年产量121700吨干重,目前未被利用。野菰各器官的蛋白质和氨基酸含量分别以百分干重表示:根,7.0和4.76;根状茎,11.3和8.85;茎,9.5和7.15;嫩茎梢,22.4和16.53;叶,16.8和14.61。500克干叶的必需氨基酸含量接近100克干重草鱼幼鱼背肌的必需氨基酸含量。脂肪:叶中3.4~4.2,茎中2.2;粗纤维:
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The performance of a wetland system in treating lead (Pb)/zinc (Zn) mine drainage was evaluated by using the polyurethane foam unit (PFU) microbial community (method), which has been adopted by China as a standardized procedure for monitoring water quality. The wetland system consisted of four cells with three dominant plants: Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis and Paspalum distichum. Physicochemical characteristics [pH, EC, content of total suspended solid (TSS) and metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu)] and PFU microbial community in water samples had been investigated from seven sampling sites. The results indicated that the concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and TSS in the mine drainage were gradually reduced from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system and 99%, 98%, 75%, 83%, and 68% of these metals and TSS respectively, had been reduced in concentration after the drainage passed through the wetland system. A total of 105 protozoan species were identified, the number of protozoa species and the diversity index (DI) gradually increased, while the heterotrophic index (HI) gradually decreased from the inlet to the outlet of the wetland system. The results indicated that DI, HI, and total number species of protozoa could be used as biological indicators indicating the improvement of water quality.
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八月瓜属植物五枫藤(Holboellia latifolia Wall.)和驳骨草属植物小驳骨(Gendarussa vulgaris Nees)均为药用植物, 前者化学成分研究不深入, 后者的化学成分未见报道。川西茶藨(Ribes takare D. Don)为茶藨子属植物, 没有化学成分的报道。本论文对三个植物的化学成分和活性成分进行了研究, 主要通过色谱方法分离得到了48 个化合物, 采用波谱分析或与已知标准品对照等手段鉴定了它们的结构, 其中有1 个新的原小檗碱类化合物和3 个新的联苯类化合物,发现了具有细胞毒活性和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的化合物。1、从五枫藤地上部分的95%乙醇提取物中分离得到了12 个化合物: 五加苷K (1)、hederagenin 3-O- α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside (2)、β-萘乙酸(3) 、3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4) 、3-O- α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O- β- D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)- α-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid (5) 、3-O-( β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid)-oleanolic acid 28-O- β-D-glucopyranoside (6)、lup-20(29)-en-3-one (7)、lupeol (8)、β-谷甾醇(9)、齐墩果酸(10)、乌苏酸(11)、β-胡萝卜苷(12)。化合物1 对Lu-06、N-04 和Bre-04 癌细胞株的GI50 分别是0.77µg/mL、1.26 µg/mL 和1.55 µg/mL, 化合物2 对N-04 癌细胞株的GI50 为2.44 µg/mL。2、从小驳骨地上部分的95%乙醇提取物中分离得到了1 个原小檗碱类新化合物13-hydroxyl gusanlung A (25), β-谷甾醇(9)、齐敦果酸(10)、β-胡萝卜苷(12)、棕榈酸(1-)甘油酯(13)、棕榈酸(14)、阿苯哒唑(15)、阿苯哒唑砜(16)、阿苯哒唑亚砜(17)、aurantiamide acetate (18)、华良姜素(19)、芫花素(20)、(-)-丁香树酯醇(21)、gusanlung B (22) 、eupteleasaponinsⅤ acetate (23)、gusanlungA (24)、刺五加苷E (26)、岩白菜素(27)、咖啡酸(28)。化合物25 对肝癌细胞株(HepG2) 的GI50 为2.08 µg/mL。3、从川西茶藨地上部分的95%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了22 个化合物: β-谷甾醇(9) 、β- 胡萝卜苷(12) 、O-acetyloleanolic aldehyde (29),4,7,8-trimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxydibenzofuran (30) 、3', 5-dimethoxy-3, 4-methylenedioxybiphenyl (31) 、桦木醇(32) 、6,7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-one (33)、3'-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybiphenyl (34) 、7-hydroxy-4,8-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxydibenzofuran (35)、桦木醛(36)、没食子酸(37) 、6β- 羟基-4- 烯-3- 酮- 豆甾醇(38) 、5α, 8α-epidioxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-6, 22-dien-3β-ol (39)、verrucofortine (40)、6-methoxycalpogoniumisoflavone A (41)、2-羟基二苯甲酮(42)、桦木酸(43), 3, 5-二甲氧基苯甲酸-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(44)、洋芹素(45)、刺槐素(46)、水杨酸(47)、洋芹素-5-O- β-D-葡萄糖苷(48), 化合物30、31 和35 为新的联苯化合物。化合物30的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率为10.2% (1.00 mg/mL); 化合物35 的抑制率为17.2% (1.00mg/mL)。4、综述了1960 年以来原小檗碱类化合物药理活性研究进展。 Plants Holboellia latifolia Wall and Gendarussa vulgaris Nees, are used as folkmedicine. Ribes takare D. Don belongs to the genus Ribes. The three plants have notbeen chemically studied in detail. Chemical and bioactive study of three plants led tothe isolation of 48 compounds by chromatography. Their structures were elucidatedon the basis of spectroscopic evidence or comparison with authentic samples. Amongthe 48 componds isolated one protoberberine alkaloid and three biphenyls are newones. Cytotoxic and α-glucosidase inhibitory compounds had been found.1. Twelve compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the aerial partof H. latifolia Wall. They were characterized as fellow: eleutheroside K (1),hederagenin-3-O- α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside (2),2-naphthyl acetic acid (3),3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (4), 3-O- α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O- β- D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)- α-L-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid (5),3-O-( β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid)-oleanolic acid-28-O- β-D-glucopyranoside (6),lup-20(29)-en-3-one (7), lupeol (8), β-sitosterol (9), oleanolic acid (10), ursolicacid (11), and β-daucosterol (12). Compound 1 showed moderate cytotoxicity againstLu-06 (GI50, 0.77 µg/mL), N-04 (GI50, 1.26 µg/mL) and Bre0-4 (GI50=1.55 µg/mL)and compound 2 showed moderate cytotoxicity against N-04 (GI50=2.44 µg/mL).2. A new protoberberine alkaloid, 13-hydroxyl gusanlung A (25), was isolated fromthe aerial part of Gendarussa vulgaris Nees, together with β-sitosterol (9), oleanolicacid (10), β-daucosterol (12), glycerol monopalmitate (13), palmific acid (14),albendazole (15), albendazole sulphone (16), albendazole sufloxide (17), aurantiamideacetate (18), kumatakenin (19), genkwanin (20), (-)-syringaresinol (21), gusanlung B(22), eupteleasaponinsⅤ acetate (23), gusanlung A (24), eleutheroside E (26),bergenin (27) and caffeic acid (28). Compound 25 showed cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells (GI50, 2.08 µg/mL).3. Phytochemical study of the Ribes takare D. Don led to the isolation of three newbiphenyls, 4,7,8-trimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxydibenzofuran (30), 3', 5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybiphenyl (31) and 7-hydroxy-4,8-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxydibenzofuran (35), along with nineteenknown compounds, β-sitosterol (9), β-daucosterol (12), O-acetyloleanolic aldehyde(29), betulin (32), 6,7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-one (33),3'-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3, 4-methylenedioxybiphenyl (34), betulinic aldehyde (36),gallic acid (37), stigmast-4-en-6β-ol-3-one (38), 5α, 8α-epidioxy-(22E, 24R)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (39), verrucofortine (40), 6-methoxycalpogonium isoflavone A (41),2-hydroxybenzophenone (42), betulinic acid (43), 3,5-dimethoxygallic acid-4-O- β-D-glucopryranoside (44), apigenin (45), acacetin (46), salicylic acid (47) andapigenin-5-O- β-D-glucopryranoside (48). α-Glucosidase inhibitory rates ofcompound 30 and 35 were respectively 10.2% and 17.2% at a concentration of 1.00 mg/mL).4. Pharmacological activities of protoberberines were summarized.
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九寨沟湖泊湿地在维持九寨沟的生态平衡中起着重要的作用,在旅游产业的发展下,湿地生态系统及生物多样性面临着较大的威胁。尽管九寨沟湿地具有重要的生态价值,但目前对其研究尚比较薄弱。湿地植物群落和植物地理研究可以为湿地资源的可持续利用和监测保护提供科学依据。作者从2004年8月到2007年11月对九寨沟湿地的植物物种组成、地理分布、优势植物群落的结构、生长动态、湿地土壤种子库进行了调查研究。主要结果如下: 1. 九寨沟湿地物种组成、地理分布特点及湿地植物群落特点 九寨沟湿地共有苔藓植物8科13属16种,维管植物为48科107属199种。九寨沟湿地植物的地理成份较为丰富,维管植物在科级水平上有7种地理分布型(变型),在属级水平上有13种地理分布型(变型), 在种级水平上共有29种地理分布型(变型)。九寨沟湿地植物以温带成份和我国特有成份为主,同时兼有热带、亚热带成份和环极—高山成份。九寨沟湿地植物的分布表现出明显的垂直地带性和水平地带性。湿地植物群落可划分21个群落类型,不同植物群落类型的物种多样性及物种组成存在较大的差异。九寨沟湿地植物的物种多样性和群落多样性以及较高的生产力特征,是维持其湿地生态景观多样性和稳定性的基础。 2. 土壤、水环境、海拔等对湿地植物的分布及生物多样性的影响 九寨沟湿地土壤、水等环境因子存在较大的差异。帕米尔苔草和宽叶香蒲等群落的凋落物较多,土壤有机碳、土壤总磷较高,可能是九寨沟湿地的重要土壤碳库。 九寨沟湿地植物沿水环境梯度的分布规律表现为:沉水植物(轮藻—篦齿眼子菜,水苦荬,杉叶藻)——挺水植物(水木贼,芦苇,宽叶香蒲)——湿生草本(苔草、节节草、披散木贼)——湿生灌木(柳灌丛,小檗灌丛)等。海拔也影响湿地植物的物种组成。 水深对物种多样性有影响,水深与物种丰富度负相关。随着水深的增加,水木贼、芦苇、杉叶藻、宽叶香蒲等群落的物种多样性下降;在长期淹水和季节性淹水的地方,水木贼群落物种多样性存在显著差异。土壤总氮与水木贼群落物种丰富度正相关。 3. 土壤营养元素、水环境对植物生长的影响 水深影响湿地植物生物量的分配。芦苇无性系分株在47 cm水深的环境中单株平均生物量最大;在干滩地中(地面水深0 cm),叶生物量百分比最大,而茎生物量百分比最小,茎的生物量百分比和生长速率随水深的增加而增加;在较干的滩地生境中,开花率、花序的生物量百分比明显大于水较深的生境。 水深与水木贼地上生物量负相关,但水木贼地上生物量在长期淹水和季节性淹水的地方没有显著的差异。在水浅的地方,杉叶藻、水木贼、芦苇等植物群落中,其他伴生物种的生物量占样方总生物量的百分比较大。 土壤有机碳、土壤总氮、土壤总磷等对湿地植物生物量的影响比较大:宽叶香蒲地上生物量与土壤总磷正相关;水木贼地上生物量与土壤总氮正相关;杉叶藻地上生物量与土壤有机碳正相关。 水深、土壤营养成分对湿地植物高度、密度等有影响。水木贼的平均高度在季节性淹水的地方比长期淹水的地方低,平均密度在长期淹水的地方比季节性淹水的地方低;除了5月份,其他观察月份水木贼的密度都与水深负相关,同时与土壤有机碳正相关。另外,芦苇密度与土壤有机碳含量正相关,宽叶香蒲密度与水深负相关,帕米尔苔草高度与土壤有机碳负相关。 4. 优势植物群落的动态变化 在优势植物群落中,优势种的高度、密度、盖度、生物量等在群落中占绝对优势。除五花海,水木贼群落的物种组成、高度、生物量在两年间没有显著的变化。芦苇群落的物种丰富度在近两年有所增加。 湿地植物生长表现为明显的季节动态,生长的峰值大多在7月-8月。优势植物群落的物候与水文周期有关。湿地植物群落的物种组成和密度,可以作为对湿地监测和保护的生物指示。 5. 九寨沟湿地土壤种子库特征及其在湿地生物多样性恢复中的作用 水深和现存植被物种丰富度可以解释湿地土壤种子库的变化。水深可以解释表层物种丰富度45%的变化。现存植被物种丰富度可以分别解释10 cm土层、2-5 cm土层及5-10 cm土层土壤种子库45%、48%和25%的变化。 湿地土壤种子库的密度为0-15945粒m-2, 种子库中共发现23个物种。现存植被优势物种和种子库优势物种不同。各层土壤种子库密度和物种丰富度并不存在显著的差异,但第二层土壤种子库密度最大。海拔、现存植被优势种盖度、土壤总磷、土壤总氮、土壤有机碳对湿地土壤种子库的密度和垂直结构没有影响。土壤种子库物种丰富度小于地上植被物种丰富度。湿地土壤种子库与地上植被的相关性不大。在浅水区域,湿地土壤种子库在湿地植被恢复中有一定作用。但在深水区域,保护现存植被更重要。 The lakeshore wetlands are valuable ecological units of the Jiuzhaigou lakes. Pressure for travel industry development pose a continuing and severe threat to the biodiversity-support function of the wetland system. Despite the ecological importance of wetlands in Jiuzhaigou, they are so far poorly studied. Both general plant communties and biogeographical studies are needed in order to attain basis for sustainable use the wetland resources and adequate protection of these areas. The present study was undertaken to examine aquatic plants distribution and the species compositon, structure and growth dynamics of their communities with variations of environmental factors along altitudes, water depth and soil properities gradients in Jiuzhaigou. Analysis of field survey data collected during August 2004 and November 2007 in lakeshore wetlands in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. The results were as following: (i) Species composition and biogeography in wetland vegetation 8 families, 13 genus, 16 species of moss and 48 families, 107 genus and 199 species of vascular plants in Jiuzhaigou wetlands were found. The floristic compositions were abundunt. Ten geographical distribution types at family level, 13 geographical distributions types at generic level and 29 geographical distribution types at specific level in vascular plants were found. Most species in Jiuzhaigou wetlands are temperate elements and Chinese endemic elements, with a few of tropical and subtropical and some circumarctic elements. And the plant distributions show clear vertical and horizontal patterns. There were 21 major wetland plant community types. Species composition and species richness in different plant communities are different. The species diversity and plant community diversity and their high biomass are the basis for the diversity and stability of wetland landscapes in Jiuzhaigou. (ii) Water depth, soil nutrients and altitudes influence on the species diversity and plant distribution. Total phosphorous and organic cabon in soil were higher in C. pamiernensis and T. latifolia communities, where are important cabon reservoirs in Jiuzhaigou wetlands. Along gradients of water depth, among populations of the dominant plant species present: submerged macrophytes (Chara vulgaris, Potagemonton pectinatus, Veronica anagalis-aquatica,Hippuris vulgaris), emergent macrophytes (Equisetum fluviatile, Phragamites australis, Typha latifolia), helophytes (Carex pamirensis )and shrubs (Salix sp., Berberis sp. ). Altitudes influence on the assemblage of plant communities. Water depth negatively correlated with species richness. Specie richness showed differences between permanently flooded sites and seasonally flooded sites in E. fluvatile communities. And total nitrogen in soil was negatively correlated with species richness in E. fluviatile communities. Altitudes show no significant influence on species richness, but in fact, through our analyses, they do have influence on the assemblage of wetland plants. (iii) Water depth, soil nutrients influence on the plant growth Water depth influences the biomass allocation in Phragmities australis. The average aboveground biomass of a single ramet (4.2 g) was the largest in the habitat with water level 47 cm above the soil surface. At the habitat with water level under soil surface 15 cm (-15 cm), the leaf biomass percentage (of the total ramet biomass) was the largest (46.1%), and the height and percentage of ramose ramets ( with branches on stem )(of the total ramets in a plot) were found obviously different. The deeper in water, the larger the biomass percentage and growth rate of stems were. The flowering rate and biomass of panicles were greater in shallow water than those in deep water. Water depth negatively correlated with aboveground biomass of E. fluviatile. However, above-ground biomass of E. fluviatile showed no significant difference between permanently flooded sites and seasonally flooded sites. But in shallow water, more biomasses of accompanying species were found in dominant plant communities such as H. vulgaris communities, E. fluviatile communities and P. australis communities. Water depth, soil nutrients influence on shoot density and shoot length of wetland plants. The shoot density of E. fluviatile was correlated to water depth in all growth months. Annual average density was significantly lower at permanently flooded sites than at seasonally flooded sites. But the annual average shoot length was significantly lower at seasonally flooded sites than at permanently flooded sites. (iv) Growth dynamics of dominant communities in Jiuzhaigou wetland The shoot length and shoot density, coverage and biomass of domiant species were dominated in plant communities. The species composition increased in P. australis communities in recent two years. The species richness in E. fluviatile communities showed no difference between 2005 and 2007. The above-ground biomass and shoot density in Five-flower Lake from July 2005 to July 2007 were significantly different, while in other sites, the differences were not significant. Shoot height, shoot density and above-ground biomass showed significant seasonal changes in all sites. Growth dynamics correlated with the cycle of water levels in lakes. Most plants growth parameters peaked at July or August. The biomass of T. latifolia peaked in August. But the shoot length of T. latifolia in deeper water peaked in July. The shoot length of E. fluviatile increased significantly from May to August except in seasonally flooded sites in Arrow-bamboo Lake. The species composition of communities and shoot density can be used as bioindicators in Jiuzhaigou wetland. (v) Soil seed bank in Jiuzhaigou wetland and its role in vegetation restoration Seed density in all soil layer samples was negatively correlated to water depth. Water depth can explain 45% variance of species richness in surface layer in sediment. Species richness in extant vegetation can explain 45%, 48%, 25% variance of species richness in total 10 cm and in 2-5 cm and 5-10 cm layer sediment respectively. Mean seed densities in wetlands ranged from 0 to 15945 m–2. A total of 23 species germinated in seed bank. The dominant species in seed bank and extant vegetation showed great difference. The total number of species and seedlings that germinated in different layers was not significantly different. But the second layer had the greatest seed density. In shallow water, seed bank can contribute to vegetation restoration, while in deeper water, protection of extant vegetation may be a better strategy.
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Elemental (TOC, TN, C/N) and stable carbon isotopic (delta(13)C) compositions and n-alkane (nC(16-38)) concentrations were measured for Spartina alterniflora, a C-4 marsh grass, Typha latifolia, a C-3 marsh grass, and three sediment cores collected from middle and upper estuarine sites from the Plum Island salt marshes. Our results indicated that the organic matter preserved in the sediments was highly affected by the marsh plants that dominated the sampling sites. delta(13)C values of organic matter preserved in the upper fresh water site sediment were more negative (-23.0+/-0.3) as affected by the C-3 plants than the values of organic matter preserved in the sediments of middle (-18.9+/-0.8) and mud flat sites (-19.4+/-0.1) as influenced mainly by the C4 marsh plants. The distribution of n-alkanes measured in all sediments showed similar patterns as those determined in the marsh grasses S. alterniflora and T. latifolia, and nC(21) to nC(33) long-chain n-alkanes were the major compounds determined in all sediment samples. The strong odd-to-even carbon numbered n-alkane predominance was found in all three sediments and nC(29) was the most abundant homologue in all samples measured. Both delta(13)C compositions of organic matter and n-alkane distributions in these sediments indicate that the marsh plants could contribute significant amount of organic matter preserved in Plum Island salt marsh sediments. This suggests that salt marshes play an important role in the cycling of nutrients and organic carbon in the estuary and adjacent coastal waters. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Thirty-nine species of marine algae collected from the coast of China were screened for their antitumor activities, and eight species Leathesia difformes, Polysiphonia urcedata, Scytosiphon lomentarius, Gloiopeliis furcata, Punctaria latifolia, Symphyocladia latiuscula, Rhodomela confervoides and Ulva pertusa showed potent cytotoxic activities. Three, Rhodomela confervoides, Scytosiphon lomentarius and Gloiopeliis furcata, were used for further investigation. More than 30 compounds were isolated and purified, and 14 bromophenols, 1 steroid and 1 carotene were identified by advanced spectroscopic methods including IR, MS, and NMR techniques. Amongst the 16 identified compounds, 7 showed vigorously selective activities against KB, Bel7402 and A549 cancer cells, and 6 bromophenols were new compounds.
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Os citros podem ser infectados por várias espécies de viróides, dentre elas destaca-se o Citrus exocotis viróide, CEVd como o agente causal da exocorte dos citros. Esta doença está presente em praticamente todos as regiões citrícolas do mundo, associada aos sintomas de descamação em porta-enxertos como o limão ´Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck) e o Poncirus trifoliata e ao nanismo de plantas neles estabelecidas. Na América Latina a lima ácida ´Tahiti' (C. latifolia Tan) é também descrita como suscetível à exocorte.
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Nitrate from agricultural runoff are a significant cause of algal blooms in estuarine ecosystems such as the Chesapeake Bay. These blooms block sunlight vital to submerged aquatic vegetation, leading to hypoxic areas. Natural and constructed wetlands have been shown to reduce the amount of nitrate flowing into adjacent bodies of water. We tested three wetland plant species native to Maryland, Typha latifolia (cattail), Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), and Schoenoplectus validus (soft-stem bulrush), in wetland microcosms to determine the effect of species combination and organic amendment on nitrate removal. In the first phase of our study, we found that microcosms containing sawdust exhibited significantly greater nitrate removal than microcosms amended with glucose or hay at a low nitrate loading rate. In the second phase of our study, we confirmed that combining these plants removed nitrate, although no one combination was significantly better. Furthermore, the above-ground biomass of microcosms containing switchgrass had a significantly greater percentage of carbon than microcosms without switchgrass, which can be studied for potential biofuel use. Based on our data, future environmental groups can make a more informed decision when choosing biofuel-capable plant species for artificial wetlands native to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.
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Loidi (Lazaroa 4:74. 1983) corrigió en contra del CNF el nombre de la asociación "Chenopodio-Oxalidetum violaceae Br-Rl. 1967", basándose en la determinacion errónea de la especie de Oxalis presente en la comunidad, ya que se trata de Oxalis latifolia Kunth y no de O. violacea L., según experiencia directa y referencias anteriores (cf. LAINZ, Collect. Bot. Barcelona 5 (3): 684, y DÍAZ GONZÁLEZ. Rev. Fac. Cienc. Oviedo, 15 (2): 482). Subsiguientemente, propuso el nombre Oxalidi latifoliae-Veronicetum persicae Br-Rl. 1967 corr. Loidi.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine umfassende taxonomische Revision der Gattung Fosterella L.B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae) dar, die alle 31 derzeit akzeptierten Arten umfasst und einen Bestimmungsschlüssel für diese beinhaltet. Die Revision beruht auf der morphologisch-anatomischen Auswertung von Herbarmaterial (über 800 Exsikkate), Lebendpflanzen (ca. 150 Akzessionen) und eigenen vergleichenden Untersuchungen im Freiland. Die Gattung Fosterella ist seit nunmehr etlichen Jahren Forschungsgegenstand einer interdisziplinären Studie, die sowohl molekulrae, als auch anatomische, morphologische und biogeographische Untersuchungen einbezieht. Unser Interesse an der Gattung Fosterella gründet sich auf ihrer enormen ökologischen und biogeographischen Vielfalt, sie gilt als hervorragendes Modellsystem für Artbildungsmechanismen in den Anden. In den letzten Jahren wurde von verschiedenen molekularen Methoden Gebrauch gemacht, um die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen innerhalb der Gattung zu untersuchen, so dass mittlerweile gut aufgelöste Stammbäume vorliegen. Diese molekularen Studien, überwiegend durchgeführt von Dr. Martina Rex, wurden ergänzt durch intensive Sammelaktivitäten und eingehende taxonomische Untersuchungen im Rahmen der vorliegenden Revision. Auf diese Weise konnten die morphologische Plastizität der einzelnen Arten erfasst und schließlich ein wohlfundiertes Artkonzept vorgelegt werden. Zunächst wird ein kurzer Überblick über die Familie der Bromeliaceen als auch die Gattung Fosterella gegeben, in dem jeweils Informationen zur Verbreitung, Morphologie, Physiologie, Ökologie und Phylogenie geliefert werden. Im Anschluss an einen historischen Überblick des taxonomischen Werdegangs wird die Abgrenzung der Gattung Fosterella zu den nächstverwandten Gattungen Deuterocohnia, Dyckia und Encholirium erläutert. Die morphologischen Merkmale zur Differenzierung der Arten innerhalb der Gattung werden im Hinblick auf ihre Zuverlässigkeit und ihr Gewicht diskutiert. Der Artschlüssel basiert auf Merkmalen, die leicht auszumachen und gut zu unterscheiden sind. Bei der ausführlichen Beschreibung der Arten wird auch auf ihre jeweilige Verbreitung, Ökologie, taxonomische Abgrenzung, systematische Verwandtschaft sowie die Etymologie des Namens eingegangen. Beigefügt sind jeweils Zeichnungen, ein Foto vom Holo-/Lectotypus, Fotos von Lebendpflanzen sowie eine Verbreitungskarte. Im Rahmen der taxonomischen Arbeit wurden fünf Arten zu Synonymen reduziert: Fosterella chiquitana Ibisch, R. Vásquez & E. Gross und F. latifolia Ibisch, R. Vásquez & E. Gross wurden in die Synonymie von F. penduliflora (C.H. Wright) L.B. Sm. eingezogen; F. fuentesii Ibisch, R. Vásquez & E. Gross als Synonym zu F. albicans (Griseb.) L.B. Sm. gestellt; F. elata H. Luther in die Synonymie von F. rusbyi (Mez) L.B. Sm. verwiesen und F. nowickii Ibisch, R. Vásquez & E. Gross als Synonym zu F. weddelliana (Brongn. ex Baker) L.B. Sm. gestellt. Fosterella schidosperma (Baker) L.B. Sm. var. vestita L.B. Sm. & Read wird zum Synonym von Fosterella weberbaueri (Mez) L.B. Sm. reduziert. Sechs Arten wurden neu beschrieben: Fosterella batistana Ibisch, Leme & J. Peters; F. christophii Ibisch, R. Vásquez & J. Peters; F. elviragrossiae Ibisch, R. Vásquez & J. Peters; F. kroemeri Ibisch, R. Vásquez & J. Peters; F. nicoliana J. Peters & Ibisch und F. robertreadii Ibisch & J. Peters. Das Taxon F. gracilis (Rusby) L.B. Sm. wurde neu etabliert. Um die Evolution von einzelnen morphologischen Merkmalen zu rekonstruieren, wurden die Zustände von zehn ausgewählten Merkmalen kodiert und auf einen molekularen Stammbaum kartiert. Die folgenden Merkmalszustände wurden als ursprünglich innerhalb der Gattung ermittelt: Stammlosigkeit, ganzrandige Blattspreiten, flache Rosetten mit dem Boden aufliegenden Blättern, locker beschuppte Blattunterseiten, schildförmige Haare mit gezähntem Rand, ganzrandige Pedunkel-Brakteen, rispenförmiger Blütenstand, kahle/verkahlende Blütenstandsachsen, weiße Petalen und einfach-aufrechte Narben. Rückschlüsse bezüglich der Evolution und Ausbreitung der Gattung Fosterella werden diskutiert: Die überwiegend kleinen Verbreitungsgebiete der Arten hängen offensichtlich mit ihren fragmentierten, inselartigen Habitaten (z.B. innerandine Trockentäler) zusammen. Die Tatsache, dass die Yungas-Bergregenwälder des Departamento La Paz, Bolivia, die Region mit der größten Artenvielfalt darstellen, lässt sich mit der extrem variablen Topographie und der außerordentlich hohen Vielfalt an Habitaten dieser Region erklären. Aus folgenden Gründen erscheint es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die Gattung Fosterella ihren Ursprung im Tiefland hat: Die Mehrheit der Arten weist einen eher mesophytischen Habitus auf und ist in mehr oder weniger humiden Habitaten zu finden. Die Gattung ist durch mehrere Arten in sehr alten Habitaten des präkambrischen Schilds im Tiefland von Zentral-Südamerika vertreten. Weiterhin betreiben, soweit bekannt, alle Fosterella Arten C3 Photosynthese, während in den Gattungen der Schwestergruppe, Deuterocohnia, Dyckia and Encholirium, CAM der verbreitete Photosyntheseweg ist. In jedem Fall ist die Besiedelung der Anden und/oder Tieflandhabitate mehrfach unabhängig voneinander geschehen, vielleicht sogar in beiden Richtungen.