Population, social equity and changing production patterns

Includes bibliography

Inequity Measures for Evaluations of Environmental Justice: A Case Study of Close Proximity to Highways in NYC

Assessments of environmental and territorial justice are similar in that both assess whether empirical relations between the spatial arrangement of undesirable hazards (or desirable public goods and services) and socio-demographic groups are consistent with notions of social justice, evaluating the spatial distribution of benefits and burdens (outcome equity) and the process that produces observed differences (process equity. Using proximity to major highways in NYC as a case study, we review methodological issues pertinent to both fields and discuss choice and computation of exposure measures, but focus primarily on measures of inequity. We present inequity measures computed from the empirically estimated joint distribution of exposure and demographics and compare them to traditional measures such as linear regression, logistic regression and Theil’s entropy index. We find that measures computed from the full joint distribution provide more unified, transparent and intuitive operational definitions of inequity and show how the approach can be used to structure siting and decommissioning decisions.

Agriculturización, inequidad distributiva y fractura del tejido social

Los cambios operados en la actividad agrícola en nuestro país a lo largo de las últimas dos décadas, identificados genéricamente bajo la denominación de agriculturización, han generado múltiples impactos, muchos de ellos de carácter contradictorio. Así, el crecimiento de la actividad económica, el incremento en los saldos exportables y en los recursos fiscales conviven, entre otras manifestaciones, con la agudización de las tensiones derivadas de la concentración económica, con nuevos impactos e incertidumbres de carácter ambiental, con desequilibrios territoriales crecientes, con la ampliación de la brecha laboral y con el incremento en la inequidad distributiva. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un análisis exploratorio orientado a pequeñas localidades de la región pampeana, en el cual se visualiza el surgimiento de fuertes signos de fractura del tejido social, derivados del crecimiento de la inequidad distributiva de la riqueza en el interior del espacio rural. Dos tendencias fundamentales constituyen los emergentes de este proceso: 1°) los cambios en los estilos de vida de los sectores relacionados con la actividad agrícola, visibles fundamentalmente en modificaciones en las pautas de consumo (sobre todo entre los jóvenes); y 2°) la heterogeneización de las percepciones de los pobladores sobre la valorización del trabajo en la comunidad. La reconstrucción de estos procesos, escasamente abordados en la literatura académica, se realizó a través de estrategias metodológicas que combinan métodos cuanti y cualitativos, tomando como caso de estudio una pequeña localidad en la Provincia de Santa Fe

Agriculturización, inequidad distributiva y fractura del tejido social

Los cambios operados en la actividad agrícola en nuestro país a lo largo de las últimas dos décadas, identificados genéricamente bajo la denominación de agriculturización, han generado múltiples impactos, muchos de ellos de carácter contradictorio. Así, el crecimiento de la actividad económica, el incremento en los saldos exportables y en los recursos fiscales conviven, entre otras manifestaciones, con la agudización de las tensiones derivadas de la concentración económica, con nuevos impactos e incertidumbres de carácter ambiental, con desequilibrios territoriales crecientes, con la ampliación de la brecha laboral y con el incremento en la inequidad distributiva. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un análisis exploratorio orientado a pequeñas localidades de la región pampeana, en el cual se visualiza el surgimiento de fuertes signos de fractura del tejido social, derivados del crecimiento de la inequidad distributiva de la riqueza en el interior del espacio rural. Dos tendencias fundamentales constituyen los emergentes de este proceso: 1°) los cambios en los estilos de vida de los sectores relacionados con la actividad agrícola, visibles fundamentalmente en modificaciones en las pautas de consumo (sobre todo entre los jóvenes); y 2°) la heterogeneización de las percepciones de los pobladores sobre la valorización del trabajo en la comunidad. La reconstrucción de estos procesos, escasamente abordados en la literatura académica, se realizó a través de estrategias metodológicas que combinan métodos cuanti y cualitativos, tomando como caso de estudio una pequeña localidad en la Provincia de Santa Fe

Agriculturización, inequidad distributiva y fractura del tejido social

Los cambios operados en la actividad agrícola en nuestro país a lo largo de las últimas dos décadas, identificados genéricamente bajo la denominación de agriculturización, han generado múltiples impactos, muchos de ellos de carácter contradictorio. Así, el crecimiento de la actividad económica, el incremento en los saldos exportables y en los recursos fiscales conviven, entre otras manifestaciones, con la agudización de las tensiones derivadas de la concentración económica, con nuevos impactos e incertidumbres de carácter ambiental, con desequilibrios territoriales crecientes, con la ampliación de la brecha laboral y con el incremento en la inequidad distributiva. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un análisis exploratorio orientado a pequeñas localidades de la región pampeana, en el cual se visualiza el surgimiento de fuertes signos de fractura del tejido social, derivados del crecimiento de la inequidad distributiva de la riqueza en el interior del espacio rural. Dos tendencias fundamentales constituyen los emergentes de este proceso: 1°) los cambios en los estilos de vida de los sectores relacionados con la actividad agrícola, visibles fundamentalmente en modificaciones en las pautas de consumo (sobre todo entre los jóvenes); y 2°) la heterogeneización de las percepciones de los pobladores sobre la valorización del trabajo en la comunidad. La reconstrucción de estos procesos, escasamente abordados en la literatura académica, se realizó a través de estrategias metodológicas que combinan métodos cuanti y cualitativos, tomando como caso de estudio una pequeña localidad en la Provincia de Santa Fe

Women Of India: Developmental setbacks of gender inequity

This project examines rural Indian women and discusses the strong correlation between gender inequity and the setbacks that have crippled development. The embedded caste system has created a distinct social hierarchy, which has incidentally deprived women of their freedom and voice. Gender inequity and social stratification are direct causes of the AIDS epidemic, research revealing a contingency between lack of empowerment and exposure to the disease. Additionally, the HIV/AIDS virus carries a strong cultural stigma, which influences whether or not women will seek treatment if infected, since AIDS victims face extreme social isolation and discrimination, in India. This project discusses several cause-and-effect frameworks related to gender inequity, which have stunted the growth and success of India.

Dimensions of gender relations and reproductive health inequity perceived by female undergraduate students in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: a qualitative exploration

Introduction Increasing evidence indicates that gender equity has a significant influence on women’s health; yet few culturally specific indicators of gender relations exist which are applicable to health. This study explores dimensions of gender relations perceived by female undergraduate students in southern Vietnamese culture, and qualitatively examines how this perceived gender inequity may influence females’ sexual or reproductive health. Methods Sixty-two female undergraduate students from two universities participated in eight focus group discussions to talk about their perspectives regarding national and local gender equity issues. Results Although overall gender gaps in the Mekong Delta were perceived to have decreased in comparison to previous times, several specific dimensions of gender relations were emergent in students’ discussions. Perceived dimensions of gender relations were comparable to theoretical structures of the Theory of Gender and Power, and to findings from several reports describing the actual inferiority of women. Allocation of housework and social paid work represented salient dimensions of labor. The most salient dimension of power related to women in positions of authority. Salient dimensions of cathexis related to son preference, women’s vulnerability to blame or criticism, and double standards or expectations. Findings also suggested that gender inequity potentially influenced women’s sexual and reproductive health as regards to health information seeking, gynecological care access, contraceptive use responsibility, and child bearing. Conclusion Further investigations of the associations between gender relations and different women’s sexual and reproductive health outcomes in this region are needed. It may be important to address gender relations as a distal determinant in health interventions in order to promote gender-based equity in sexual and reproductive health.

The sources of inequity in the education system of Serbia and how to combat them

The concept of equal opportunity for all students is deeply embedded in the Serbian constitution and in education laws. On that level, there is no doubt that everyone is ensured an opportunity to receive quality education. Many measures in education policy have been created specifically to achieve this objective and make the system fair and inclusive. The Coleman Report was linked to a wave of optimism that certain educational measures would help in achieving these noble goals. This aim is a high priority in education in a democratic country, and due to its importance needs to be re-examined. Thus, the present research examines the equity of students in the Serbian education system, detecting areas on all educational levels that could be (or already are) systemic sources of inequity (e.g., criteria for preschool institution enrolment, the system of student awards, rationalisation of the school network, the concept of entrance exams to secondary school or university, etc.). A number of measures have already been taken in the system specifically to deal with inequity (e.g., the Preschool Preparatory Programme, dropout measures, inclusion, scholarships, etc.). The effects of these measures in particular are analysed in the present work. In addition to an analysis of the systemic sources of inequity in the Serbian education system, the article also makes recommendations for their overcoming. (DIPF/Orig.)

Effective Approaches to Enhancing the Social Dimension of Higher Education

Despite all intentions in the course of the Bologna Process and decades of investment into improving the social dimension, results in many national and international studies show that inequity remains stubbornly persistent, and that inequity based on socio-economic status, parental education, gender, country-of-origin, rural background and more continues to prevail in our Higher Education systems and at the labour market. While improvement has been shown, extrapolation of the gains of the last 40 years in the field show that it could take over 100 years for disadvantaged groups to catch up with their more advantaged peers, should the current rate of improvement be maintained. Many of the traditional approaches to improving equity have also necessitated large-scale public investments, in the form of direct support to underrepresented groups. In an age of austerity, many countries in Europe are finding it necessary to revisit and scale down these policies, so as to accommodate other priorities, such as balanced budgets or dealing with an aging population. An analysis of the current situation indicates that the time is ripe for disruptive innovations to mobilise the cause forward by leaps and bounds, instead of through incrementalist approaches. Despite the list of programmes in this analysis there is very little evidence as to the causal link between programmes, methodologies for their use and increases/improvements in equity in institutions. This creates a significant information gap for institutions and public authorities seeking for indicators to allocate limited resources to equity improving initiatives, without adequate evidence of effectiveness. The IDEAS project and this publication aims at addressing and improving this information gap. (DIPF/Orig.)

[the Teaching Of Social Sciences In Health: Between Practice And Theory].

The models of teaching social sciences and clinical practice are insufficient for the needs of practical-reflective teaching of social sciences applied to health. The scope of this article is to reflect on the challenges and perspectives of social science education for health professionals. In the 1950s the important movement bringing together social sciences and the field of health began, however weak credentials still prevail. This is due to the low professional status of social scientists in health and the ill-defined position of the social sciences professionals in the health field. It is also due to the scant importance attributed by students to the social sciences, the small number of professionals and the colonization of the social sciences by the biomedical culture in the health field. Thus, the professionals of social sciences applied to health are also faced with the need to build an identity, even after six decades of their presence in the field of health. This is because their ambivalent status has established them as a partial, incomplete and virtual presence, requiring a complex survival strategy in the nebulous area between social sciences and health.

[almost An Autobiography: A Study Of Social Scientists In Health Based On The Lattes Curriculum].

Among the various ways of adopting the biographical approach, we used the curriculum vitaes (CVs) of Brazilian researchers who work as social scientists in health as our research material. These CVs are part of the Lattes Platform of CNPq - the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, which includes Research and Institutional Directories. We analyzed 238 CVs for this study. The CVs contain, among other things, the following information: professional qualifications, activities and projects, academic production, participation in panels for the evaluation of theses and dissertations, research centers and laboratories and a summarized autobiography. In this work there is a brief review of the importance of autobiography for the social sciences, emphasizing the CV as a form of autobiographical practice. We highlight some results, such as it being a group consisting predominantly of women, graduates in social sciences, anthropology, sociology or political science, with postgraduate degrees. The highest concentration of social scientists is located in Brazil's southern and southeastern regions. In some institutions the main activities of social scientists are as teachers and researchers with great thematic diversity in research.

Juan César García: Social Medicine As Project And Endeavor.

This paper analyses some aspects of the trajectory of the Argentinian physician and sociologist Juan César García (1932-1984) in the field of Latin American Social Medicine. Three dimensions constituting his basic orientations are highlighted: the elaboration of systematic and reflective social thought; a critical attitude in questioning teaching and professional practices; a commitment to the institutionalization and dissemination of health knowledge.

Brazilian multicentre study of common mental disorders in primary care: rates and related social and demographic factors

Mental health problems are common in primary health care, particularly anxiety and depression. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders and their associations with socio-demographic characteristics in primary care in Brazil (Family Health Strategy). It involved a multicenter cross-sectional study with patients from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Fortaleza (Ceará State) and Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul State), assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). The rate of mental disorders in patients from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Fortaleza and Porto Alegre were found to be, respectively, 51.9%, 53.3%, 64.3% and 57.7% with significant differences between Porto Alegre and Fortaleza compared to Rio de Janeiro after adjusting for confounders. Prevalence proportions of mental problems were especially common for females, the unemployed, those with less education and those with lower incomes. In the context of the Brazilian government's moves towards developing primary health care and reorganizing mental health policies it is relevant to consider common mental disorders as a priority alongside other chronic health conditions.

Identidade social e auto conceito do dançarino em cadeira de rodas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Procurando o lazer no Constituinte : sua inclusão como direito social na Constituição de 1988

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física