952 resultados para Simulações numéricas
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Neste trabalho foi estudado através de simulações numéricas o fenômeno de canalização do vento em vales. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar para que intervalos dos números de Froude e de Rossby a canalização é observada. Considerações teóricas mostram que a canalização ocorre se estes números estão limitados em uma região no espaço definida por estes parâmetros. Outros aspectos como ondas de gravidade e zonas de circulação reversa à sotavento do vale também foram bem caracterizadas.
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O estudo dos mecanismos de fadiga por contato tem grande relevância para o estudo dos componentes mecânicos que estão sujeitos ao desgaste. O desgaste é um tipo de falha que ocorre na maioria dos componentes que trabalham em contato. Atualmente para prever o desgaste são utilizados métodos experimentais que permitem ajustar curvas semi-empíricas, ou seja, o resultado depende de vários testes que além de caros são demorados. Com o aumento da competitividade na indústria, o tempo se tornou artigo de luxo e com isso o aprimoramento dos modelos de cálculo e das simulações numéricas são muito bem justificados. O estudo aprofundado do mecanismo de fratura por contato sem dúvida pode dar subsídios para um melhor projeto do componente mecânico e assim conseguir predizer com maior precisão quando a falha por desgaste ocorrerá e assim evitar falhas catastróficas e paradas de máquinas não programadas gerando grandes prejuízos e também risco de vidas humanas Este estudo apresenta um modelo numérico utilizando o método dos elementos finitos computacional para a simulação do spalling em componentes mecânicos sujeitos à fadiga de contato. O modelo foi simplificado para duas dimensões e foi considerado estado plano de deformações. Este estudo apresenta uma aproximação na aplicação dos conceitos da Mecânica da Fratura para estimar a vida de componentes mecânicos. O resultado do modelo numérico é confrontado qualitativamente com resultados práticos. A geometria dos pits assim como as relações entre o Fator de intensidade de tensões e o tamanho da trinca é apresentado.
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A inconsistência entre a teoria e o comportamento empírico dos agentes no que tange ao mercado privado de pensões tem se mostrado um dos mais resistentes puzzles presentes na literatura econômica. Em modelos de otimização intertemporal de consumo e poupança sob incerteza em relação ao tempo de vida dos agentes, anuidades são ativos dominantes, anulando ou restringindo fortemente a demanda por ativos cujos retornos não estão relacionados à probabilidade de sobrevivência. Na prática, entretanto, consumidores são extremamente céticos em relação às anuidades. Em oposição ao seguro contra longevidade oferecido pelas anuidades, direitos sobre esses ativos - essencialmente ilíquidos - cessam no caso de morte do titular. Nesse sentido, choques não seguráveis de liquidez e a presença de bequest motives foram consideravelmente explorados como possíveis determinantes da baixa demanda verificada. Apesar dos esforços, o puzzle persiste. Este trabalho amplia a dominância teórica das anuidades sobre ativos não contingentes em mercados incompletos; total na ausência de bequest motives, e parcial, quando os agentes se preocupam com possíveis herdeiros. Em linha com a literatura, simulações numéricas atestam que uma parcela considerável do portfolio ótimo dos agentes seria constituída de anuidades mesmo diante de choques de liquidez, bequest motives, e preços não atuarialmente justos. Em relação a um aspecto relativamente negligenciado pela academia, mostramos que o tempo ótimo de conversão de poupança em anuidades está diretamente relacionado à curva salarial dos agentes. Finalmente, indicamos que, caso as preferências dos agentes sejam tais que o nível de consumo ótimo decaia com a idade, a demanda por anuidades torna-se bastante sensível ao sobrepreço (em relação àquele atuarialmente justo) praticado pela indústria, chegando a níveis bem mais compatíveis com a realidade empírica.
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Este trabalho visa o uso da função de Green de valor inicial no ajuste geostrófico e do método Semi-Lagrangeano na integração de um modelo acoplado oceano-atmosfera descrito pelas equações de águas rasas. O ajuste geostrófico é considerado atravées de perturbações na pressão e do vento. No caso de sistemas sem rotação, é discutida a relação da equação hidrostática com ondas longas não-dispersivas. Com rotação, a conservação da vorticidade potencial permite escolher a elevação correspondente a um estado de equilíbrio geostrófico. O sistema de equações de águas rasas é desacoplado em equações de Klein-Gordon com valores iniciais e termos não-homogêneos acoplados. A resposta dinâmica formada pela resposta transiente e a resposta forçada é obtida para uma perturbação inicial da elevação. A ação do vento como forçante nas equações de momento 2D, através do transporte de Eckman, conduz a uma equação de águas rasas forçada. Uma decomposição da resposta forçada é realizada com uma resposta permanente, que satisfaz a equação de Helmholtz , e com o uso da base dinâmica gerada pela resposta impulso. Um modelo hidrodinâmico 3D introduzido por Casulli e governado por equações não-lineares de águas rasas é integrado na vertical para a obtenção de um modelo 2D. Com isto, as condições de contorno devido a tensão do vento e a fricção devido a topografia do fundo, transformam-se em forçantes do modelo. O modelo foi integrado com um método semi-implícito em diferenças finitas, utilizando-se o método Semi-Lagrangeano para a parte advectiva. Simulações simbólicas foram realizadas para o ajuste geostrófico devido a perturbações de duração infinita e finita para a elevação e para o efeito da tensão do vento. Foram realizadas simulações numéricas para variadas geometrias, em particular a Baia de Guanabara e a Lagoa do Patos.
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The research and development of wind turbine blades are essential to keep pace with worldwide growth in the renewable energy sector. Although currently blades are typically produced using glass fiber reinforced composite materials, the tendency for larger size blades, particularly for offshore applications, has increased the interest on carbon fiber reinforced composites because of the potential for increased stiffness and weight reduction. In this study a model of blade designed for large generators (5 MW) was studied on a small scale. A numerical simulation was performed to determine the aerodynamic loading using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Two blades were then designed and manufactured using epoxy matrix composites: one reinforced with glass fibers and the other with carbon fibers. For the structural calculations, maximum stress failure criterion was adopted. The blades were manufactured by Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM), typical for this type of component. A weight comparison of the two blades was performed and the weight of the carbon fiber blade was approximately 45% of the weight of the fiberglass reinforced blade. Static bending tests were carried out on the blades for various percentages of the design load and deflections measurements were compared with the values obtained from finite element simulations. A good agreement was observed between the measured and calculated deflections. In summary, the results of this study confirm that the low density combined with high mechanical properties of carbon fibers are particularly attractive for the production of large size wind turbine blades
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The oil companies in the area in general are looking for new technologies that can increase the recovery factor of oil contained in reservoirs. These investments are mainly aimed at reducing the costs of projects which are high. Steam injection is one of these special methods of recovery in which steam is injected into the reservoir in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and make it more mobile. The process assisted gravity drainage steam (SAGD) using steam injection in its mechanism, as well as two parallel horizontal wells. In this process steam is injected through the horizontal injection well, then a vapor chamber is formed by heating the oil in the reservoir and, by the action of gravitational forces, this oil is drained down to where the production well. This study aims to analyze the influence of pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the SAGD process. Numerical simulations were performed using the thermal simulator STARS of CMG (Computer Modeling Group). The parameters studied were the thermal conductivity of the formation, the flow of steam injection, the inner diameter of the column, the steam quality and temperature. A factorial design was used to verify the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. We also analyzed different injection flow rates for the model with pressure drop and no pressure drop, as well as different maximum flow rates of oil production. Finally, we performed an economic analysis of the two models in order to check the profitability of the projects studied. The results showed that the pressure drop in injection well have a significant influence on the SAGD process.
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Nowadays, most of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world are in the form of heavy oil, ultra - heavy or bitumen. For the extraction and production of this resource is required to implement new technologies. One of the promising processes for the recovery of this oil is the Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well. The completion of the process occurs upon injection of a hydrocarbon additive at low concentration in conjunction with steam. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/ solvent. The main force acting in this process is the gravitational and the heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection and latent heat of steam. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. This study aims to analyze the influence of the pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the ES-SAGD process. The model used for the study is a homogeneous reservoir, semi synthetic with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast and numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: percentage of solvent injected, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells and steam quality. All of them were significant in oil recovery factor positively influencing this. The results showed that, for all cases analyzed, the model considers the pressure drop has cumulative production of oil below its respective model that disregards such loss. This difference is more pronounced the lower the value of the flow of steam injection
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A numerical study on the behavior of tied-back retaining walls in sand, using the finite element method (FEM) is presented. The analyses were performed using the software Plaxis 2D, and were focused on the development of horizontal displacements, horizontal stresses, shear forces and bending moments in the structure during the construction process. Emphasis was placed on the evaluation of wall embedment, tie-back horizontal spacing, wall thickness, and free anchor length on wall behavior. A representative soil profile of a specific region at the City of Natal, Brazil, was used in the numerical analyses. New facilities built on this region often include retaining structures of the same type studied herein. Soil behavior was modeled using the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model, whereas the structural elements were modeled using the linear elastic model. Shear strength parameters of the soil layers were obtained from direct shear test results conducted with samples collected at the studied site. Deformation parameters were obtained from empirical correlations from SPT test results carried out on the studied site. The results of the numerical analyses revealed that the effect of wall embedment on the investigated parameters is virtually negligible. Conversely, the tie-back horizontal spacing plays an important role on the investigated parameters. The results also demonstrated that the wall thickness significantly affects the wall horizontal displacements, and the shear forces and bending moments within the retaining structure. However, wall thickness was not found to influence horizontal stresses in the structure
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In this Thesis, the development of the dynamic model of multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle with vertical takeoff and landing characteristics, considering input nonlinearities and a full state robust backstepping controller are presented. The dynamic model is expressed using the Newton-Euler laws, aiming to obtain a better mathematical representation of the mechanical system for system analysis and control design, not only when it is hovering, but also when it is taking-off, or landing, or flying to perform a task. The input nonlinearities are the deadzone and saturation, where the gravitational effect and the inherent physical constrains of the rotors are related and addressed. The experimental multirotor aerial vehicle is equipped with an inertial measurement unit and a sonar sensor, which appropriately provides measurements of attitude and altitude. A real-time attitude estimation scheme based on the extended Kalman filter using quaternions was developed. Then, for robustness analysis, sensors were modeled as the ideal value with addition of an unknown bias and unknown white noise. The bounded robust attitude/altitude controller were derived based on globally uniformly practically asymptotically stable for real systems, that remains globally uniformly asymptotically stable if and only if their solutions are globally uniformly bounded, dealing with convergence and stability into a ball of the state space with non-null radius, under some assumptions. The Lyapunov analysis technique was used to prove the stability of the closed-loop system, compute bounds on control gains and guaranteeing desired bounds on attitude dynamics tracking errors in the presence of measurement disturbances. The controller laws were tested in numerical simulations and in an experimental hexarotor, developed at the UFRN Robotics Laboratory
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In a real process, all used resources, whether physical or developed in software, are subject to interruptions or operational commitments. However, in situations in which operate critical systems, any kind of problem may bring big consequences. Knowing this, this paper aims to develop a system capable to detect the presence and indicate the types of failures that may occur in a process. For implementing and testing the proposed methodology, a coupled tank system was used as a study model case. The system should be developed to generate a set of signals that notify the process operator and that may be post-processed, enabling changes in control strategy or control parameters. Due to the damage risks involved with sensors, actuators and amplifiers of the real plant, the data set of the faults will be computationally generated and the results collected from numerical simulations of the process model. The system will be composed by structures with Artificial Neural Networks, trained in offline mode using Matlab®
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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
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We report two theoretical works, based in numerical simulations. The first study consists in the investigation of equilibrium phases and vortex formation in Ferro and Permalloy circular and square nanoelements.The another have the aim to investigate the magnetostatic interaction between pairs of nanodisks of Ferro and Permalloy and it`s impact in the vortex structure
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In this work we present a mathematical and computational modeling of electrokinetic phenomena in electrically charged porous medium. We consider the porous medium composed of three different scales (nanoscopic, microscopic and macroscopic). On the microscopic scale the domain is composed by a porous matrix and a solid phase. The pores are filled with an aqueous phase consisting of ionic solutes fully diluted, and the solid matrix consists of electrically charged particles. Initially we present the mathematical model that governs the electrical double layer in order to quantify the electric potential, electric charge density, ion adsorption and chemical adsorption in nanoscopic scale. Then, we derive the microscopic model, where the adsorption of ions due to the electric double layer and the reactions of protonation/ deprotanaç~ao and zeta potential obtained in modeling nanoscopic arise in microscopic scale through interface conditions in the problem of Stokes and Nerst-Planck equations respectively governing the movement of the aqueous solution and transport of ions. We developed the process of upscaling the problem nano/microscopic using the homogenization technique of periodic structures by deducing the macroscopic model with their respectives cell problems for effective parameters of the macroscopic equations. Considering a clayey porous medium consisting of kaolinite clay plates distributed parallel, we rewrite the macroscopic model in a one-dimensional version. Finally, using a sequential algorithm, we discretize the macroscopic model via the finite element method, along with the interactive method of Picard for the nonlinear terms. Numerical simulations on transient regime with variable pH in one-dimensional case are obtained, aiming computational modeling of the electroremediation process of clay soils contaminated
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Para avaliar o comportamento da suspensão do pulverizador autopropelido, foram desenvolvidos modelos físicos e matemáticos em função da excitação ocasionada pelas irregularidades do solo. Neste trabalho, estas irregularidades são representadas por obstáculos de uma pista normalizada segundo a norma ISO 5008. As equações do movimento são obtidas a partir dos modelos matemáticos de meio veículo. As simulações numéricas são executadas nos softwares Matlab® e Simulink®. A partir da entrada conhecida, podem-se determinar as características dos elementos da suspensão para obter níveis desejáveis de conforto e segurança. Foram analisadas quatro diferentes configurações do sistema, variando-se a relação de rigidez a partir de um modelo considerado padrão. Constatou-se que o aumento da relação de rigidez resulta na redução da aceleração vertical e no aumento do curso da suspensão, melhorando o conforto e diminuindo a segurança.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)