Comportamiento de clones de álamos en San Carlos : Mendoza, Argentina

Desde hace más de 30 años el Instituto Forestal de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina, ha realizado la introducción de clones de álamos de diversos orígenes, con el fin de evaluar sus comportamientos frente a agentes bióticos y abióticos, ampliar la base genética disponible y mejorar los rendimientos volumétricos promedio de las plantaciones comerciales de la región. Como parte de esta línea de investigación, en 1996 se instaló un ensayo en un establecimiento agrícola-forestal ubicado en el Departamento de San Carlos, provincia de Mendoza, a los 33°46' S; 69°02' O y 940 msnm. Se evaluaron 10 clones de álamos: cuatro P. x deltoides (Stoneville 124, EEA Delta 107/68, INTA 69/69, Fierolo) y seis Populus x canadensis (El Campeador, Neva, Luisa Avanzo, B. L. Constanzo, I-42, I-455), que se dispusieron en parcelas de 9 plantas cada una distribuidas al azar con 4 repeticiones. La distancia de plantación fue de 4 x 6 m. Se realizaron mediciones anuales de diámetro altura pecho (DAP) y altura total de los árboles, además de registrar periódicamente el estado sanitario, en particular en lo referido a la presencia de ataques de cancrosis producida por Septoria musiva Peck. Los clones que produjeron un mayor volumen de madera/ha fueron: Stoneville 124 con una producción de 322 m3/ha, EEA Delta 107/68 con 293 m3/ha, INTA 69/69 con 285 m3/ha y Fierolo con 239 m3/ha. El clon Luisa Avanzo y el clon I-42 presentaron una alta susceptibilidad a cancrosis, lo que motivó un altísimo porcentaje de fallas a partir del tercer año, fallas que se repitieron en menor medida en el resto de los clones P. x canadensis. Cabe concluir que los clones con mejor comportamiento bajo las condiciones del ensayo fueron: Stoneville 124, EEA Delta 107/68 e INTA 69/69.

Registro de enfermedades de las plantas nuevas o poco conocidas : la "viruela" del tomate y la "roya" de la remolacha en Mendoza

Fil: Pontis, Rafael E.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias

Evaluación de la incidencia de enfermedades criptogámicas foliares en cereales de invierno y primavera en España. Periodo 1993-1996.

El trabajo presenta los resultados de evaluar las micosis foliares de los cereales durante tres campañas de cultivo consecutivas: 1993-94; 1994-95 y 1995-96. En la campaña 1993-1994 fueron evaluadas 154 variedades de trigo, triticale y cebada. Durante 1994-1995 se valoraron 145 variedades. En 1995-1996 fueron 161 las prospectadas y se ampliaron las observaciones a 9 cultivares de avena. Las variedades estuvieron cultivadas en ocho toponimias cerealícolas de España. Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que las enfermedades más importantes fueron: Septoria tritici, Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici, Puccinia recondita f.sp.tritici y Pyrenophora teres, en trigo blando o harinero(primavera e invierno),trigo duro y triticale. Muy discreta fue la presencia de la roya amarilla (Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici). En cebada (primavera y verano), Pyrenophora teres, Rhynchosporium secalis y Blumeria graminis f.sp.hordei fueron las especies fúngicas más importantes. Para las variedades de avena fue Puccinia coronata (roya coronada la enfermedad más frecuente. No pudieron establecerse diferencias entre variedades por su resistencia a alguno de los patógenos encontrados.

Isolation of Ethylene-Insensitive Soybean Mutants That Are Altered in Pathogen Susceptibility and Gene-for-Gene Disease Resistance1

Plants commonly respond to pathogen infection by increasing ethylene production, but it is not clear if this ethylene does more to promote disease susceptibility or disease resistance. Ethylene production and/or responsiveness can be altered by genetic manipulation. The present study used mutagenesis to identify soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) lines with reduced sensitivity to ethylene. Two new genetic loci were identified, Etr1 and Etr2. Mutants were compared with isogenic wild-type parents for their response to different soybean pathogens. Plant lines with reduced ethylene sensitivity developed similar or less-severe disease symptoms in response to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea and Phytophthora sojae, but some of the mutants developed similar or more-severe symptoms in response to Septoria glycines and Rhizoctonia solani. Gene-for-gene resistance against P. syringae expressing avrRpt2 remained effective, but Rps1-k-mediated resistance against P. sojae races 4 and 7 was disrupted in the strong ethylene-insensitive etr1-1 mutant. Rps1-k-mediated resistance against P. sojae race 1 remained effective, suggesting that the Rps1-k locus may encode more than one gene for disease resistance. Overall, our results suggest that reduced ethylene sensitivity can be beneficial against some pathogens but deleterious to resistance against other pathogens.

Population differentiation in the banana leaf spot pathogen Mycosphaerella musicola, examined at a global scale

Single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to determine the genetic structure of the global population of Mycosphaerella musicola, the cause of Sigatoka (yellow Sigatoka) disease of banana. The isolates of M. musicola examined were grouped into four geographic populations representing Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Australia and Indonesia. Moderate levels of genetic diversity were observed for most of the populations (H = 0.22-0.44). The greatest genetic diversity was found in the Indonesian population (H = 0.44). Genotypic diversity was close to 50% in all populations. Population differentiation tests showed that the geographic populations of Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Australia and Indonesia were genetically different populations. Using F-ST tests, very high levels of genetic differentiation were detected between all the population pairs (F-ST > 0.40), with the exception of the Africa and Latin America-Caribbean population pair. These two populations differed by only 3% (F-ST = 0.03), and were significantly different (P < 0.05) from all other population pairs. The high level of genetic diversity detected in Indonesia in comparison to the other populations provides some support for the theory that M. musicola originated in South-east Asia and that M. musicola populations in other regions were founded by isolates from the South-east Asian region. The results also suggest the migration of M. musicola between Africa and the Latin America-Caribbean region.

The genetic structure of Australian populations of Mycosphaerella musicola suggests restricted gene flow at the continental scale

Mycosphaerello musicolo causes Sigatoka disease of banana and is endemic to Australia. The population genetic structure of M. musicola in Australia was examined by applying single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphism probes to hierarchically sampled populations collected along the Australian cast coast. The 363 isolates studied were from 16 plantations at 12 sites in four different regions, and comprised 11 populations. These populations displayed moderate levels of gene diversity (H = 0.142 to 0.369) and similar levels of genotypic richness and evenness. Populations were dominated by unique genotypes, but isolates sharing the same genotype (putative clones) were detected. Genotype distribution was highly localized within each population, and the majority of putative clones were detected for isolates sampled from different sporodochia in the same lesion or different lesions on a plant. Multilocus gametic disequilibrium tests provided further evidence of a degree of clonality within the populations at the plant scale. A complex pattern of population differentiation was detected for M. musicola in Australia. Populations sampled from plantations outside the two major production areas were genetically very different to all other populations. Differentiation was much lower between populations of the two major production areas, despite their geographic separation of over 1,000 km. These results suggest low gene flow at the continental scale due to limited spore dispersal and the movement of infected plant material.

Identification of resistance factors to the main wheat diseases in the Mediterranean area

Several diseases challenge bread and durum wheat productions worldwide. The importance of these cereals requires adequate protection to pathogens that can cause strong yield and grain quality losses. The main work of this thesis was related to phenotype GDP (Global Durum Panel) in the Mediterranean region (Italy, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and Turkey) and Argentina across three years (2019-2021) for yellow rust resistance (infection type and severity). GWAS shows in particular, loci in chromosome 1B, 2B, 4B, 5A, 6A, 7B showed high significance across nurseries/years, with various patterns of GxE. The second chapter is about Zymoseptoria tritici, agent of STB (Septoria Tritici Blotch), a foliar pathogen that yearly causes high damages if not controlled. In recent years research in durum wheat breeding is focused on the identification of novel, underexploited resistance genes to be subsequently and conveniently moved into the pre-breeding and breeding stream. The plants were phenotyped for disease height characters, infection type at the flag leaf and infection type at the level of the canopy below the flag leaf. This experiment opens up a rich scenario of analysis and opportunities to investigate and discover new loci of resistance to STB. Third chapter is about Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease caused by pathogens belonging to the genus Fusarium. In particular, Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum species cause severe grain yield losses and accumulation of mycotoxins in wheat that compromise food safety. Over 250 QTL/genes for FHB resistance have been identified in bread wheat, such as Fhb 1 and Fhb 5 but only a small number of FHB resistance loci have been mapped in durum wheat. The aim of this work is to find loci of partial resistance to FHB already present in durum and bread wheat germplasm and therefore easily cumulative.