Comprometimento Organizacional, Autocriticismo e Autocompaixão na PSP

Introdução: São poucos os estudos que em Portugal se dedicaram a explorar constructos como o autocriticismo, autocompaixão, saúde mental e o comprometimento organizacional. São nossos objetivos analisar estas associações na Polícia de Segurança Pública, considerando igualmente a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais, bem como realizar análises preditivas que permitam verificar quais são as variáveis preditores do comprometimento organizacional. Metodologia: A amostra é constituída por 188 polícias com idades compreendidas entre os 30 e 56 anos (M = 43,75, DP = 5,66). Os participantes preencheram um protocolo integrante do projeto Organizar Positivamente do Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, composto por um questionário sociodemográfico, a SELFCS (Escala da Autocompaixão), a FSCRS (Escala das Formas do Autocriticismo e Autotranquilização), o MHI-5 (Mental Health Inventory) e o QCO (Questionário do Comprometimento Organizacional). Resultados: Os polícias parecem regular a sua relação com a organização através do comprometimento calculativo. A autocompaixão associa-se positivamente ao comprometimento afetivo, sobressaindo a capacidade de mindfulness. O autocriticismo, na forma eu inadequado - menos corrosivo que a forma eu detestado -, revela uma relação positiva com o comprometimento calculativo, pelo que a permanência na organização pode ser emocionalmente negativa, originar ataques ao eu e diminuir a capacidade afetiva. Porém, a capacidade autotranquilizadora (forma eu tranquilizador do autocriticismo) parece capacitar os polícias para o desenvolvimento de maiores níveis de comprometimento organizacional e afetivo. A idade, a antiguidade e menos habilitações literárias parecem favorecer o comprometimento calculativo. Discussão: A autocompaixão pode contribuir para uma atitude positiva e afetuosa do polícia para com a organização. Assim, através de uma intervenção baseada na autocompaixão e no mindfulness, com impacto positivo no comportamento afetivo e normativo, não só se poderá preservar e promover a saúde e o bem-estar dos polícias, mas também fomentar o empenho organizacional, atenuando os efeitos negativos da profissão policial. Esta abordagem poderá contribuir para os objetivos organizacionais, através da supressão das emoções aversivas, da diminuição da intenção de turnover e abandono da organização. / Introduction: There are few studies in Portugal that have been dedicated to explore constructs such as self-criticism, self-compassion, mental health and organizational commitment. Our goals are to analyze these associations at the Public Safety Police, considering also the influence of sociodemographic and professionals variables, as well as to conduct predictive analyses, in order to verify which variables may predict organizational commitment. Methodology: The sample consisted of 188 police with ages between 30 and 56 years (M = 43.75, SD = 5.66). The participants filled in a protocol from the project Organizar Positivamente, from Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, composed by a sociodemographic questionnaire, the SELFCS (Self-Compassion Scale), the FSCRS (Scale of Forms of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance, the MHI-5 (Mental Health Inventory) and the QCO (Organizational Commitment Questionnaire). Results: The police officers appear to regulate their relationship with the organization through calculative commitment. Self-compassion is associated positively to affective commitment, with mindfulness showing to be the most important competence in this professional group. Self-criticism, in its inadequate self form – which is less corrosive than the hated self form - reveals a positive relationship with calculative commitment, which might imply that staying in the organization may be emotionally negative, may provoke attacks against the self and diminish the affective capacity. However, the self reassurance capacity (reassure self form of self-criticism) may enable the police officers to develop higher levels of organizational commitment and affective commitment, as well. Age, seniority and fewer qualifications seem to support the calculative commitment. Discussion: Through self-compassion police officers may experience a positive and warmth attitude towards the organization. Thus, an intervention program based on self-compassion and mindfulness may stimulate affective and normative commitment, not only preserving and promoting health and the well-being of police officers, but also fostering organizational commitment and mitigating negative effects in the police profession. This approach may contribute to organizational goals’ through the suppression of aversive emotions, decreasing turnover and intention to abandon the organization.

Autocriticismo, Estima Corporal e Sintomas de Perturbação do Comportamento Alimentar em Adolescentes do Sexo Feminino, Praticantes de Ballet e Andebol

Introdução: As Perturbações do Comportamento Alimentar (PCA) constituem um grave problema de saúde pública. Poucos estudos em Portugal ligam esta temática a áreas como o autocriticismo e a estima corporal. Assim, são nossos objetivos principais: explorar, numa amostra de adolescentes do sexo feminino, as diferenças entre praticantes de ballet e praticantes de andebol, nos sintomas de PCA, índice de massa corporal (IMC), dimensões avaliativas da aparência e níveis de autocriticismo; analisar se níveis maiores de autocriticismo e uma visão mais depreciativa em termos de aparência se associam a níveis mais elevados de sintomas de PCA (nas duas modalidades desportivas). Em virtude das associações encontradas, pretendemos realizar análises preditivas, controlando a influência de sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e stress. Metodologia: A amostra é constituída por 105 adolescentes do sexo feminino (n = 52; 49,5% do ballet e n = 53; 50,5% do andebol) com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e 18 anos (M = 14,5; DP = 1,80). As participantes preencheram um protocolo composto por um questionário sociodemográfico, pela Escala de Autocriticismo e Autotranquilização (FSCRS), pelo Teste de Atitudes Alimentares-25 (TAA-25/EAT-25), pela Escala Estima Corporal (BES) e pela Escala Depressão Ansiedade e Stress (DASS-21). Resultados: Verificaram-se percentagens preocupantes de eventual PCA (ponto de corte de 19) nas praticantes de Ballet (7,7%) e de Andebol (9,4%). Quanto ao IMC, na amostra de praticantes de ballet, encontrou-se uma percentagem relevante de jovens com magreza (34,6%). As praticantes de Ballet e de Andebol apenas se diferenciaram no IMC e na dimensão FSCRS_eu inadequado (valores superiores nas praticantes de Andebol). Verificaram-se, na subamostra Ballet, associações significativas entre a Motivação para a Magreza e as formas de autocriticismo FSCRS_eu inadequado, FSCRS_eu detestado, FSCRS_eu tranquilizador e FSCRS_total e entre os Comportamentos Bulímicos e as formas de autocriticismo FSCRS_eu detestado e FSCRS_total. Na subamostra Andebol constataram-se associações significativas entre a Motivação para a Magreza e a forma de autocriticismo FSCRS_eu inadequado e FSCRS_total. A dimensão FSCRS_eu detestado mostrou predizer, na subamostra Ballet, a Motivação para a Magreza e os Comportamentos Bulímicos. Na subamostra Andebol o BES_Peso foi o preditor significativo da Motivação para a Magreza. Discussão: É preocupante a percentagem de eventual PCA (em ambas em subamostras) bem como a percentagem de jovens que praticam Ballet com um IMC indicador de magreza, principalmente por serem jovens atletas e estarem mais focadas no seu corpo e forma física, estando mais vulneráveis ao desenvolvimento da patologia. É um contributo fundamental deste trabalho verificar associações (bem como o papel preditivo) nestas duas modalidades desportivas, separadamente, entre as formas de autocriticismo e as dimensões do TAA-25 Motivação para a Magreza e Comportamentos Bulímicos. Parece essencial o desenvolvimento de ações de sensibilização junto dos professores/treinadores, com o intuito de despertar uma maior atenção para a visão crítica das suas bailarinas/atletas em relação ao seu corpo, que parece influenciar as suas atitudes alimentares. Será importante iniciar estas ações/intervenções precocemente (antes mesmo da adolescência) não esquecendo a inclusão das figuras paternas, com vista a melhorar o seu sucesso, tendo consciência que particularmente no “nicho” desportivo do ballet a imagem/aparência e o peso continuam e continuarão, muito provavelmente, a ser valorizados e reforçados. / Introduction: Eating Disorders are a major public health problem. Few studies in Portugal associate this theme with areas such as self-criticism and body esteem. Thus, our main objectives are: to explore, in a sample of female adolescents, the differences between ballet and handball practitioners as to symptoms of eating disorders, body mass index (BMI) and evaluative dimensions of appearance and self-criticism levels; to analyze whether higher levels of self-criticism and a more derogatory vision in terms of appearance are associated with higher levels of PCA symptoms (in both sports). Having these associations into account, we intend to perform predictive analysis, controlling the influence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Methodology: Our sample is composed by 105 female adolescents (n = 52; 49.5% from ballet and n = 53; 50.5% from handball) with ages between 12 and 18 years (M = 14.5; DP = 1.80). The participants filled in a protocol composed by a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Forms of Self-Criticizing and Reassuring Scale (FSCRS), the Eating Attitudes Test-25 (TAA-25/EAT-25), the Body Esteem Scale (BES) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: There were worrying percentages of eventual PCA (cutoff of 19) in Ballet practitioners (7.7%) and Handball (9.4%). As to the BMI, in the sample of practitioners of ballet we found a significant percentage of young people with malnutrition (34.6%). Ballet and Handball practitioners only differed in BMI and in the inadequate self form (higher values in Handball practitioners). In the Ballet subsample there were significant associations between Motivation for thinness and forms of self-criticism, inadequate self form, hated self form, reassure self form and total self criticism and between Bulimic behaviors and inadequate self form and total self criticism. In the Handball subsample, significant associations were found between Motivation for thinness, the inadequate self form and total self criticism. The hated self form predicted, in the Ballet subsample, Motivation for thinness and Bulimic behaviors. In the subsample Handball BES_Weight was the significant predictor of Motivation for thinness. Discussion: The percentage of any Eating Disorders (in both subsamples) and the percentage of young people who practice ballet with a IMC indicating thinness is worrying, especially in young athletes who are more focused on their body and physical form, being more vulnerable to develop these disorders/symptoms. A major contribution of this work is to have shown the associations (as well as the predictive role), in these two sports, separately, between self-criticism forms and the TAA-25 dimensions Motivation for thinness and Bulimic behaviors. It seems essential to develop awareness-raising among teachers/trainers, in order to raise greater attention to the critical view of their dancers / athletes in relation to their body, which seems to influence their eating attitudes. It will be important to start these actions/interventions earlier (even before adolescence) not forgetting the inclusion of parents in order to improve their success, particularly in the ballet “niche”, where image/appearance and weight will most likely continue to be valued and reinforced.

Humanização do atendimento à criança na atenção básica: visão dos profissionais

Objetivou-se compreender a humanização do atendimento à criança na Atenção Básica na visão dos profissionais. Estudo qualitativo, realizado em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família de Natal-RN, Brasil. Dezesseis profissionais responderam a um formulário contendo questões referentes ao atendimento à criança, à humanização e às práticas realizadas para humanizar o atendimento. Os dados foram categorizados por temas e analisados a partir dos princípios da Política Nacional de Humanização. Para os profissionais, humanizar o atendimento envolve acolher, escutar, aconselhar sobre o que está sendo realizado com a criança, valorizar a família, e tornar o sujeito ativo no atendimento, mesmo que de forma incipiente. A maioria dos profissionais descreveu atendimento que valorizava parte dos princípios da política de humanização, mesmo com dificuldades para implementá-los na rotina. Requer, portanto, estímulos e atualização dos profissionais para uma postura autocrítica sobre o atendimento

Comprometimento Organizacional, Autocriticismo e Autocompaixão em Profissionais/Cuidadores Formais que Trabalham com Pessoas com Deficiência/Doença Mental

Introdução: Alguns estudos internacionais e nacionais têm-se dedicado a estudar as caraterísticas psicológicas de profissionais/cuidadores que trabalham na área da prestação de cuidados a pessoas com doença e deficiência mental. Porém, segundo temos conhecimento são escassos ou mesmo inexistentes os estudos que abordem os níveis de autocriticismo, autocompaixão e comprometimento organizacional destes profissionais/cuidadores. Foram nossos objetivos: caraterizar uma amostra de cuidadores formais/profissionais que trabalham com pessoas com doença e deficiência mental em diferentes variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais; analisar os níveis de autocriticismo, autocompaixão e comprometimento organizacional destes cuidadores formais/profissionais, bem como explorar as associações entre todas estas variáveis (entre si e com as variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais). Metodologia: 55 cuidadores formais de pessoas com doença/deficiência mental (sexo feminino/n = 49, 84,5%; idade média de 45,21; DP = 10,92; variação = 22-65) preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico, o Questionário de Comprometimento Organizacional, a Escala das Formas do Autocriticismo e Autotranquilização e a Escala de Autocompaixão. Resultados: O Eu inadequado apresentou um valor médio bastante maior que o Eu detestado. O valor médio do Eu tranquilizador foi superior a qualquer dimensão de autocriticismo. O Calor-Compreensão (autocompaixão) apresentou o valor médio mais elevado e a Autocrítica o valor médio mais baixo. O Eu inadequado e detestado associaram-se positivamente às dimensões negativas de autocompaixão e o Eu tranquilizador às dimensões positivas de autocompaixão. O Comprometimento Afetivo associou-se positivamente ao Autocriticismo total. O Comprometimento Calculativo associou-se positivamente ao Eu detestado, que foi seu preditor. O Comprometimento Normativo associou-se de forma positiva ao Eu detestado, Autocriticismo total e idade negativamente ao Mindfulness. A idade foi o seu preditor. O Comprometimento Afetivo associou-se positivamente aos meses de trabalho na instituição, que foram seus preditores. Os cuidadores com um familiar com deficiência mental tiveram um valor mais baixo de Eu inadequado. Discussão: No geral, esta amostra de cuidadores formais apresentou caraterísticas psicológicas que nos tranquilizam quanto ao papel que desempenham junto de pessoas com doença/deficiência mental, mas as instituições devem sempre encontrar formas de estimular os níveis de comprometimento e autocompaixão dos seus profissionais. / Introduction: Some international and national studies have focused on studying the psychological characteristics of professionals/caregivers working with people with mental disease and intelectual disability. However, to our knowledge, the studies exploring levels of selfcriticism, self-compassion and organizational commitment in these professionals are scarce or even nonexistent. Our goals were to: characterize a sample of formal caregivers/professionals who work with people with mental illness and intellectual in different sociodemographic and professional variables; analyze the levels of selfcriticism, self-compassion and organizational commitment of these formal caregivers/professionals, as well as explore the associations between all these variables (with each other and with the sociodemographic and professional variables and professionals). Methodology: 55 caregivers of people with mental disease/intelectual disability (female/n = 49, 84.5%; mean age of 45,21; DP = 10,92; variation = 22-65) completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Commitment questionnaire, the Forms of Self Criticism Rating Scale and the Self- Compassion Scale. Results: Inadequate Self had na higher mean value than the Hated Self. The mean value of the Reassuring Self was higher than any dimension of selfcriticism. Self-Kindness was the one with a higher mean value (of self-compassion) and Self-Judjment the one with the lowest mean value. The Inadequate Self and the Hated Self were positively associated with the negative dimensions of selfcompassion and the Reassuring Self with the positive dimensions of selfcompassion. The Affective Commitment was positively associated to total selfcriticism. The Continuance Commitment was associated with the Hated Self (positively), being its predictor. The Normative Commitment was positively associated to the Hated Self, the total selfcriticism and age and negatively to Mindfulness. Age was its predictor. The Affective Commitment was positively associated to months of work at the institution. This variable was its predictor. Professionals with a family member with intellectual disability had a lower value of Inadequate Self. Discussion: In general, this sample of formal caregivers presented psychological characteristics that reassure us about the role that they have while working with people with mental disease/intellectual disability, but the institutions must always find ways of stimulating the commitment and selfcompassion levels of their professionals.

Atenção automática para faces de compaixão no auto-criticismo

O auto-criticismo é um traço de personalidade preditor de psicopatologia. Sabe-se que indivíduos com elevado auto-criticismo tendem a processar a compaixão como um estímulo ameaçador. Apesar destes dados, a literatura é escassa no que se refere à forma como os indivíduos com elevado auto-criticismo reagem perante emoções complexas, como o criticismo e a compaixão. Desta forma, no presente estudo foram utilizadas faces de compaixão, criticismo e neutras como estímulos distratores, em que o estímulo relevante consistiu na identificação de uma letra num conjunto delas. Os resultados mostraram que as pessoas com elevado auto-criticismo tenderam a errar mais e a ter maiores tempos de resposta na tarefa principal quando o estímulo distrator foi uma face de compaixão. Estes dados sugerem que a atenção automática de indivíduos com elevado auto-criticismo pode ser afetada perante estímulos faciais de compaixão.

Humanização do atendimento à criança na atenção básica: visão dos profissionais

Objetivou-se compreender a humanização do atendimento à criança na Atenção Básica na visão dos profissionais. Estudo qualitativo, realizado em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família de Natal-RN, Brasil. Dezesseis profissionais responderam a um formulário contendo questões referentes ao atendimento à criança, à humanização e às práticas realizadas para humanizar o atendimento. Os dados foram categorizados por temas e analisados a partir dos princípios da Política Nacional de Humanização. Para os profissionais, humanizar o atendimento envolve acolher, escutar, aconselhar sobre o que está sendo realizado com a criança, valorizar a família, e tornar o sujeito ativo no atendimento, mesmo que de forma incipiente. A maioria dos profissionais descreveu atendimento que valorizava parte dos princípios da política de humanização, mesmo com dificuldades para implementá-los na rotina. Requer, portanto, estímulos e atualização dos profissionais para uma postura autocrítica sobre o atendimento

Parental Rejection, Personality, and Depression in the Prediction of Suicidality in a Sample of Nonclinical Young Adults

This study tested a prediction model of suicidality in a sample of young adults. Predictor variables included perceived parental rejection, self-criticism, neediness, and depression. Participants (N 5 165) responded to the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire,theInventoryforAssessingMemoriesofParentalRearingBehavior, theCenterforEpidemiologicalStudiesDepressionScale,andtheSuicideBehaviors Questionnaire—Revised. Perceived parental rejection, personality, and depression wereassessedinitiallyatTime1,anddepressionagainandsuicidalitywereassessed 5 months later at Time 2. The proposed structural equation model fit the observed data well in a sample of young adults. Parental rejection demonstrated direct and indirect relationships with suicidality, and self-criticism and neediness each had indirect associations with suicidality. Depression was directly related to suicidality. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.

Testing a Theory-Based Model of Suicidality in a Community Sample

The aim of the present study is to test a theory-based model of suicide in a low-risk nonclinical sample. A community sample of convenience of 200 adults, 102 men and 98 women, responded to the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, the Center for the Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale, the Psychache Scale, the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, and the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire Revised. The hypothesized structural equation model, including trait dimensions of self-criticism and neediness, and state dimensions of depression, psychache, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness, fit the observed data well and significantly explained 49% of the variance of suicidality.

Authorizing a tradition: Theory, criticism and (self-) canonization in French Caribbean writing

As critics have noted, Antillean literature has developed in tandem with a strong (self-) critical and theoretical body of work. The various attempts to theorize Antillean identity (négritude, antillanité, créolité) have been controversial and divisive, and the literary scene has been characterized as explosive, incestuous and self-referential. Yet writers aligned with, or opposed to, a given theory often have superior visibility. Meanwhile writers who claim to operate outside the boundaries of theory, such as Maryse Condé, are often canny theoretical operators who, from prestigious academic or cultural positions, manipulate readers’ responses and their own self-image through criticism. While recent polemics have helped to raise the critical stock of the islands generally, they have particularly enhanced the cultural capital of Chamoiseau and Condé, whose literary antagonism is in fact mutually sustaining. Both writers, through a strong awareness of (and contribution to) the critical field in which their work is read, position themselves as canonical authors.

Pauline Kael and the Western genre as critical displacement of self & nation: metaphorics and affects of 'taste' in American film criticism

Pauline Kael (1919–2001) is one of the most influential American film critics of the second half of the twentieth century. Many people are writing on her presently, with at least half an eye to her future cultural, political and historical importance. Certainly the full impact of Kael’s work, both within and beyond the borders of cinema (however defined), has not yet been established. This article unpacks the mechanisms and operations of ‘taste’ in Kael’s writings by using two notions drawn from Roland Barthes’ observations about another key figure of current cultural critique: Julia Kristeva. The comparison of Kael with Kristeva is not dwelt upon; instead, the article focuses on how Kael used the concepts of ‘taste’ and ‘dis-taste’ to draw her readership into a field of what might be termed ‘permanent dissent’. This article concludes by sketching out why Jewish-American Kael’s taste might endure, through the dual transition she occupies from a Cold War to a post-Cold War period, and from an era when cinema was the supreme, undisputed, screen artform, to the rise of the myriad screen technologies of the networked, Internet age.

The city, self, and connections : transyouth and urban social networking in Seoul

The end of the Korean War in 1953 marked the beginning of Seoul’s transformation from the shattered capital city of South Korea to one of the most connected, populous, and fast-changing hubs of global economy. Seoul’s technosocial development has been celebrated nationally and internationally. To the outside, young Koreans’ swift and extensive adoption and adaptation to digital technologies has been a subject of exotification; to adults in Korea, it has been a subject of criticism (see Yoon in this volume). With the understanding that ‘the city is connections,’ it is crucial to study not only the macro-level design of the city as a network (through policy, for example), but also its micro-level construction at the intersection of people, place, and technology. Accordingly, this chapter explores this exact intersection to comprehensively portray the constant renewal of the city as imagined and experienced by young Koreans. The chapter is based on fieldwork conducted in Seoul, South Korea, from 2007 to 2008 as part of a research project on the mobile play culture of Seoul transyouth, the transitional demographic situated between youth and adulthood, and the pioneers of the Korean ‘broadband miracle’ (Hazlett, 2004). The study draws upon transdisciplinary research data including interviews, questionnaires, diaries, and Shared Visual Ethnography (SVE) to render the everyday urban social networking of young Seoulites with and through which they interact to constantly (re)create the city and the self.

The search for individualism : Self-expression through product personalisation

This research paper explores the impact product personalisation has upon product attachment and aims to develop a deeper understanding of why, how and if consumers choose to do so. The current research in this field is mainly based on attachment theories and is predominantly product specific. This paper researches the link between product attachment and personalisation through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, where the data has been thematically analysed and broken down into three themes, and nine sub-themes. It was found that participants did become more attached to products once they were personalised and the reasons why this occurred varied. The most common reasons that led to personalisation were functionality and usability, the expression of personality through a product and the complexity of personalisation. The reasons why participants felt connected to their products included strong emotions/memories, the amount of time and effort invested into the personalisation, a sense of achievement. Reasons behind the desire for personalisation included co-designing, expression of uniqueness/individualism and having choice for personalisation. Through theme and inter-theme relationships, many correlations were formed, which created the basis for design recommendations. These recommendations demonstrate how a designer could implement the emotions and reasoning for personalisation into the design process.

Self in the City : Young Adult Fiction about New York City after 9/11

This chapter discusses fictional texts set in New York City soon after Septem- ber 11, 2001 (9/11), or whose characters are affected by the attacks on the World Trade Center. Whereas these texts may not have been directly marketed at young adults, they all address ‘youth issues’. Each of the books discussed here contain or are focalized through the eyes of adolescent protagonists. They are all coming-of-age narratives in that the crises within them are usually a result of a catastrophe, taking the characters on journeys of self-discovery, which, once fulfilled, lead them back home.1 As Jerry Griswold (1992) has suggested, coming-of-age stories are especially well suited to the American psyche, and are already familiar to readers of literature based in New York City (the most familiar work being J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye). As with other clas- sic American young adult (YA) literature, the journey and homecoming com- monly associated with coming-of-age are often employed in fiction about 9/11. With the key elements of loss and suffering, self-awareness, introspection, and growth, the coming-of-age novel also fulfils agendas common to both litera- ture and politics: the literary journey becomes the nation’s journey.