SOCS3 Targets Siglec 7 for Proteasomal Degradation and Blocks Siglec 7-mediated Responses

CD33-related Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) 5–11 are inhibitory receptors that contain a membrane proximal ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) (I/V/L/)XYXX(L/V), which can recruit SHP-1/2. However, little is known about the regulation of these receptors. SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3) is up-regulated during inflammation and competes with SHP-1/2 for binding to ITIM-like motifs on various cytokine receptors resulting in inhibition of signaling. We show that SOCS3 binds the phosphorylated ITIM of Siglec 7 and targets it for proteasomal-mediated degradation, suggesting that Siglec 7 is a novel SOCS target. Following ligation, the ECS E3 ligase is recruited by SOCS3 to target Siglec 7 for proteasomal degradation, and SOCS3 expression is decreased concomitantly. In addition, we found that SOCS3 expression blocks Siglec 7-mediated inhibition of cytokine-induced proliferation. This is the first time that a SOCS target has been reported to degrade simultaneously with the SOCS protein and that inhibitory receptors have been shown to be degraded in this way. This may be a mechanism by which the inflammatory response is potentiated during infection.

The myeloproliferative disorder-associated JAK2 V617F mutant escapes negative regulation by suppressor of cytokine signaling 3

The somatic JAK2 valine-to-phenylalanine (V617F) mutation has been detected in up to 90% of patients with polycythemia and in a sizeable proportion of patients with other myeloproliferative disorders such as essential thrombocythemia and idiopathic myelofibrosis. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is known to be a strong negative regulator of erythropoietin (EPO) signaling through interaction with both the EPO receptor (EPOR) and JAK2. We report here that JAK2 V617F cannot be regulated and that its activation is actually potentiated in the presence of SOCS3. Instead of acting as a suppressor, SOCS3 enhanced the proliferation of cells expressing both JAK2 V617F and EPOR. Additionally, although SOCS1 and SOCS2 are degraded in the presence of JAK2 V617F, turnover of SOCS3 is inhibited by the JAK2 mutant kinase and this correlated with marked tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS3 protein. We also observed constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of SOCS3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients homozygous for the JAK2 V617F mutant. These findings suggest that the JAK2 V617F has overcome normal SOCS regulation by hyperphosphorylating SOCS3, rendering it unable to inhibit the mutant kinase. Thus, JAK2 V617F may even exploit SOCS3 to potentiate its myeloproliferative capacity.

SO and CS observations of molecular clouds - II. Analysis and modelling of the abundance ratios - probing O-2/CO with SO/CS?

We here analyse the observational SO and CS data presented in Nilsson ct al. (2000). The SO/CS integrated intensity ratio maps are presented for 19 molecular clouds, together with tables of relevant ratios at strategic positions, where we have also observed (SO)-S-34 and/or (CS)-S-34. The SO/CS abundance ratio as calculated from an LTE analysis is highly varying within and between the sources. Our isotopomer observations and Monte Carlo simulations verify that this is not an artifact due to optical depth problems. The variation of the maximum SO/CS abundance ratio between the clouds is 0.2-7. The largest variations within a cloud are found for the most nearby objects, possibly indicating resolution effects. We have also performed time dependent chemical simulations. We compare the simulations with our observed SO/CS abundance ratios and suggest a varying oxygen to carbon initial abundance, differing temporal evolution, density differences and X-ray sources associated with young stellar objects as possible explanations to the variations. In particular, the observed variation of the maximum SO/CS abundance ratio between the clouds can be explained by using initial O/C+ abundance ratios in the range 1.3-2.5. We finally derive a relationship between the SO/CS and O-2/CO abundance ratios, which may be used as a guide to find the most promising interstellar O-2 search targets.

CCL11 blocks IL-4 and GM-CSF signaling in hematopoietic cells and hinders dendritic cell differentiation via suppressor of cytokine signaling expression

The chemokine eotaxin/CCL11 is an important mediator of leukocyte migration, but its effect on inflammatory cytokine signaling has not been explored. In this study, we find that CCL11 induces suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 and SOCS3 expression in murine macrophages, human monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs). We also discover that CCL11 inhibits GM-CSF-mediated STAT5 activation and IL-4-induced STAT6 activation in a range of hematopoietic cells. This blockade of cytokine signaling by CCL11 results in reduced differentiation and endocytic ability of DCs, implicating CCL11-induced SOCS as mediators of chemotactic inflammatory control. These findings demonstrate cross-talk between chemokine and cytokine responses, suggesting that myeloid cells tracking to the inflammatory site do not differentiate in the presence of this chemokine, revealing another role for SOCS in inflammatory regulation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 85: 289-297; 2009.

Design and implementation of a field programmable CRC circuit architecture

The design and implementation of a programmable cyclic redundancy check (CRC) computation circuit architecture, suitable for deployment in network related system-on-chips (SoCs) is presented. The architecture has been designed to be field reprogrammable so that it is fully flexible in terms of the polynomial deployed and the input port width. The circuit includes an embedded configuration controller that has a low reconfiguration time and hardware cost. The circuit has been synthesised and mapped to 130-nm UMC standard cell [application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)] technology and is capable of supporting line speeds of 5 Gb/s. © 2006 IEEE.

SOCS2 regulates T helper type 2 differentiation and the generation of type 2 allergic responses

The incidence of allergy and asthma in developed countries is on the increase and this trend looks likely to continue. CD4(+) T helper 2 (Th2) cells are major drivers of these diseases and their commitment is controlled by cytokines such as interleukin 4, which are in turn regulated by the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. We report that SOCS2(-/-) CD4(+) T cells show markedly enhanced Th2 differentiation. SOCS2(-/-) mice, as well as RAG1(-/-) mice transferred with SOCS2(-/-) CD4(+) T cells, exhibit elevated type 2 responses after helminth antigen challenge. Moreover, in in vivo models of atopic dermatitis and allergen-induced airway inflammation, SOCS2(-/-) mice show significantly elevated IgE, eosinophilia, type 2 responses, and inflammatory pathology relative to wild-type mice. Finally, after T cell activation, markedly enhanced STAT6 and STAT5 phosphorylation is observed in SOCS2(-/-) T cells, whereas STAT3 phosphorylation is blunted. Thus, we provide the first evidence that SOCS2 plays an important role in regulating Th2 cell expansion and development of the type 2 allergic responses.

Regulation of Foxp3+ Inducible Regulatory T Cell Stability by SOCS2

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are key regulators of CD4+ T cell differentiation, and in particular, we have recently shown that SOCS2 inhibits the development of Th2 cells and allergic immune responses. Interestingly, transcriptome analyses have identified SOCS2 as being preferentially expressed in both natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inducible Tregs (iTregs); however, the role of SOCS2 in Foxp3+ Treg function or development has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we show that despite having no effect on natural Treg development or function, SOCS2 is highly expressed in iTregs and required for the stable expression of Foxp3 in iTregs in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, SOCS2-deficient CD4+ T cells upregulated Foxp3 following in vitro TGF-ß stimulation, but failed to maintain stable expression of Foxp3. Moreover, in vivo generation of iTregs following OVA feeding was impaired in the absence of SOCS2 and could be rescued in the presence of IL-4 neutralizing Ab. Following IL-4 stimulation, SOCS2-deficient Foxp3+ iTregs secreted elevated IFN-? and IL-13 levels and displayed enhanced STAT6 phosphorylation. Therefore, we propose that SOCS2 regulates iTreg stability by downregulating IL-4 signaling. Moreover, SOCS2 is essential to maintain the anti-inflammatory phenotype of iTregs by preventing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these results suggest that SOCS2 may prevent IL-4-induced Foxp3+ iTreg instability. Foxp3+ iTregs are key regulators of immune responses at mucosal surfaces; therefore, this dual role of SOCS2 in both Th2 and Foxp3+ iTregs reinforces SOCS2 as a potential therapeutic target for Th2-biased diseases.

The role of SOCS3/pSTAT3 pathway in the development of diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins are feedback inhibitors of the JAK/STAT pathway. SOCS3 critically controls STAT3 activation, cytokine signalling and inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and microglia. In this study, we investigated the role of SOCS3/STAT3 in myeloid cells in the initiation and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). 
Methods: Mice with a conditional deletion of SOCS3 in myeloid cells (LysMCre-SOCS3 fl/fl) and C57BL/6J (as control) were rendered diabetic by a low-dose multiple intraperitoneal injections of Stroptozocine. Diabetes related retinal changes, including leukostasis, acellular capilliaries, and microglial activation were assessed at different stages of disease. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) from LysMCreSOCS3 fl/fl and C57BL/6J mice were cultured in high glucose (HG) medium, and cell activation was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR.
Results: In C57BL/6J diabetic mice the expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) was increased and SOCS3 was decreased in the retina. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), the main cytokine that stimulates STAT3 activation, was increased in the plamsa in diabetic mice. Although blood glucose levels and Hbac-1 were comparable between LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl and WT mice after STZ injection, the LysMCreSOCS3 fl/fl diabetic mice developed severe retinal vasculopathy, including increased leukostasis and microglial activation at one month and enhanced acellular capillary formation at 6 months after diabetes induction. 
Conclusions: our study suggests that the JAK/STAT3 pathway is involved in the initiation and progression of DR, and uncontrolled STAT3 activation results in accelerated DR progression. Targeting the STAT3 pathway may be a novel approach for the management of DR.

Conceção de um tutorial de Iniciação ao co-projeto de Hardware/software

A crescente evolução dos dispositivos contendo circuitos integrados, em especial os FPGAs (Field Programmable Logic Arrays) e atualmente os System on a chip (SoCs) baseados em FPGAs, juntamente com a evolução das ferramentas, tem deixado um espaço entre o lançamento e a produção de materiais didáticos que auxiliem os engenheiros no Co- Projecto de hardware/software a partir dessas tecnologias. Com o intuito de auxiliar na redução desse intervalo temporal, o presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de documentos (tutoriais) direcionados a duas tecnologias recentes: a ferramenta de desenvolvimento de hardware/software VIVADO; e o SoC Zynq-7000, Z-7010, ambos desenvolvidos pela Xilinx. Os documentos produzidos são baseados num projeto básico totalmente implementado em lógica programável e do mesmo projeto implementado através do processador programável embarcado, para que seja possível avaliar o fluxo de projeto da ferramenta para um projeto totalmente implementado em hardware e o fluxo de projeto para o mesmo projeto implementado numa estrutura de harware/software.

Étude du mécanisme de régulation de la sénescence et de p53 par la protéine SOCS1

Les mécanismes cellulaires anti-prolifératifs, lesquels comprennent l’apoptose, aussi appelée la mort cellulaire programmée, l’arrêt transitoire du cycle cellulaire et la sénescence, permettent à la cellule de prévenir, en réponse à différents stress, l’accumulation de mutations pouvant conduire à une prolifération incontrôlée et, éventuellement, au développement d’une tumeur. La régulation de ces différents mécanismes requiert l’activation de protéines appelées des suppresseurs de tumeur, dont le principal est p53. p53 est un facteur de transcription dont la stabilisation et l’activation conduit à une hausse de l’expression de gènes directement impliqués dans l’arrêt de la prolifération. Au cours des dernières années, l’ensemble des travaux sur p53 ont permis de mettre en évidence la complexité de sa fonction, de même que la multitude de voies de signalisation et de protéines avec lesquelles il coopère pour maintenir l’intégrité du génome. De ce fait, l’étude des mécanismes d’activation de p53 est de mise pour la compréhension de sa régulation et, éventuellement, pour la prévention et l’élaboration de nouvelles stratégies de traitement contre le cancer. L’objet de cette thèse est la mise en évidence d’un mécanisme d’activation de p53 et de la sénescence par la protéine SOCS1, un suppresseur de la signalisation par les cytokines. Ce mécanisme implique une interaction directe entre les deux protéines, plus précisément entre le domaine SH2 de SOCS1 et le domaine de transactivation de p53. SOCS1 interagit également, au niveau de son SOCS Box, avec les kinases ATM et ATR de la voie du dommage à l’ADN de façon à faciliter la phosphorylation de p53 en sérine 15. Ainsi, en interagissant à la fois avec p53 et ATM/ATR, SOCS1 contribue à la stabilisation et à l’activation de p53. En accord avec ce modèle, l’inhibition de SOCS1 dans des fibroblastes humains normaux tend à diminuer le nombre de cellules sénescentes suite à l’expression de l’oncogène ca-STAT5A et à réduire l’accumulation nucléaire de p53 dans ces cellules. De la même façon, les lymphocytes T provenant de souris Socs1-/-Ifnγ-/- sont moins susceptibles d’entrer en apoptose que les lymphocytes provenant de souris Socs1+/+Ifnγ+/+, suite à une exposition à des radiations. Dans les deux contextes, on observe une baisse de l’expression des gènes cibles de p53, ce qui démontre que SOCS1 est impliquée dans l’activation de p53 in vivo. Cette thèse a également pour but de mettre en évidence l’implication de SOCS1 dans l’activation d’autres facteurs de transcription et, par le fait même, de démontrer qu’elle peut agir comme un régulateur plus général de la transcription. Une étude approfondie de l’interaction entre SOCS1 et p53 a permis de démontrer que le domaine de transactivation II de p53 (acides aminés 36-67) est suffisant pour l’interaction. Plus précisément, il semble que le tryptophane 53 (W53) et la phénylalanine 54 (F54) sont les principaux résidus impliqués. Une analyse structurale de ce domaine de p53 a conduit à l’identification d’un motif conservé dans plusieurs autres facteurs de transcription pourvus d’un domaine de transactivation acide, dont p63, p73 et E2F1. En accord avec ces résultats, SOCS1 est en mesure d’interagir avec chacune des deux protéines. Ainsi, la capacité de SOCS1 d’interagir et de réguler l’activité de p53 peut s’étendre à d’autres facteurs de transcription. En terminant, le mécanisme présenté dans cette thèse contribue à la compréhension de la régulation de p53, le principal suppresseur de tumeur de la cellule. De plus, il met en évidence une nouvelle fonction de SOCS1, laquelle était jusqu’alors essentiellement connue pour inhiber la voie de signalisation JAK/STAT. Ce nouveau rôle pour SOCS1 permet d’expliquer de quelle manière une activation aberrante de la signalisation par les cytokines peut déclencher la sénescence ou l’apoptose. Enfin, le fait que SOCS1 puisse réguler différents facteurs de transcription permet de la qualifier de régulateur général des facteurs de transcription composés d’un domaine de transactivation acide.

Application du concept des transactions pour la modélisation et la simulation multicoeur des systèmes sur puce

Avec la complexité croissante des systèmes sur puce, de nouveaux défis ne cessent d’émerger dans la conception de ces systèmes en matière de vérification formelle et de synthèse de haut niveau. Plusieurs travaux autour de SystemC, considéré comme la norme pour la conception au niveau système, sont en cours afin de relever ces nouveaux défis. Cependant, à cause du modèle de concurrence complexe de SystemC, relever ces défis reste toujours une tâche difficile. Ainsi, nous pensons qu’il est primordial de partir sur de meilleures bases en utilisant un modèle de concurrence plus efficace. Par conséquent, dans cette thèse, nous étudions une méthodologie de conception qui offre une meilleure abstraction pour modéliser des composants parallèles en se basant sur le concept de transaction. Nous montrons comment, grâce au raisonnement simple que procure le concept de transaction, il devient plus facile d’appliquer la vérification formelle, le raffinement incrémental et la synthèse de haut niveau. Dans le but d’évaluer l’efficacité de cette méthodologie, nous avons fixé l’objectif d’optimiser la vitesse de simulation d’un modèle transactionnel en profitant d’une machine multicoeur. Nous présentons ainsi l’environnement de modélisation et de simulation parallèle que nous avons développé. Nous étudions différentes stratégies d’ordonnancement en matière de parallélisme et de surcoût de synchronisation. Une expérimentation faite sur un modèle du transmetteur Wi-Fi 802.11a a permis d’atteindre une accélération d’environ 1.8 en utilisant deux threads. Avec 8 threads, bien que la charge de travail des différentes transactions n’était pas importante, nous avons pu atteindre une accélération d’environ 4.6, ce qui est un résultat très prometteur.

Structure-function analysis of SOCSI mediated Growth arrest

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Description du développement épiphysaire du tarse et du grasset équin à l’IRM et au CT : un pas vers la compréhension de l’OCD

L’ostéochondrite disséquante (OCD) est un défaut focal du processus d’ossification endochondrale en des sites spécifiques au niveau épiphysaire. Elle est caractérisée par la présence de fragments ostéochondraux pouvant se détacher de la surface articulaire. Cette maladie a un impact majeur sur les performances athlétiques des chevaux. Les deux hypothèses principales présentement véhiculées quant à sa pathogénie sont une nécrose ischémique du cartilage de croissance et une altération du métabolisme de la matrice de collagène de type II au sein du cartilage de croissance. Malgré de nombreuses années de recherche sur le sujet, plusieurs aspects de cette maladie demeurent inconnus. L’objectif de cette étude était de décrire le développement épiphysaire équin au niveau du membre pelvien à l’aide de l’imagerie médicale afin de déterminer si des variations du processus de maturation à certains sites pouvaient être un facteur prédisposant au développement de lésions d’OCD. Des membres pelviens de fœtus et de jeunes poulains ont été étudiés post-mortem. L’épiphyse du fémur distal, tibia distal et du talus ont été examinées par tomodensitométrie (CT) et résonnance magnétique 1.5 Tesla (IRM) dans le but de documenter le degré et le patron d’ossification, la régularité du front d’ossification, de même que le pourcentage du diamètre épiphysaire demeurant occupé par le complexe de cartilage articulaire-épiphysaire, et ce au niveau de certains sites prédéterminés. Les centres secondaires d’ossification (SOCs) ont été détectés pour la première fois à 7 mois de gestation (MOG) au niveau de l’épiphyse fémorale distale et à 8 MOG au niveau de l’épiphyse tibiale distale et du talus. À 8-9 MOG la lèvre latérale de la trochlée fémorale, la malléole médiale du tibia (MM) et la partie crâniale de la crête intermédiaire du tibia distal (DIRT(Cr)), tous des sites prédisposés à la maladie, avaient le plus haut pourcentage de cartilage de tous les sites évalués. Post-partum, le pourcentage de cartilage de la MM et de la DIRT(Cr) sont demeurés importants. Le CT et l’IRM ont su illustrer le développement épiphysaire équin et soutenir d’avantage le fait qu’un cartilage plus épais à certains sites articulaires pourrait avoir un rôle dans le développement de lésions d’OCD.

Short communication: Suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 mRNA increases after parturition in the liver of dairy cows

After parturition, the somatotropic axis of the dairy cow is uncoupled, partly because of reduced concentration of liver-specific GH receptor (GHR) 1A. Estradiol-17 beta (E-2) concentrations increase at parturition and E-2 upregulates suppressors of cytokine signaling-2 (SOCS-2) mRNA expression, potentially inhibiting GH signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that SOCS-2 mRNA is upregulated after parturition. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 18) were dried off 45 d before expected parturition and fed diets to meet nutrient requirements at ad libitum or limited dry matter intake during the dry period. All cows were fed the same diet ad libitum from calving until 4 wk after parturition. Blood samples were collected weekly and more frequently near parturition. Liver biopsies obtained at -21, -7, 2, and 28 d relative to parturition were assessed for SOCS-2 and GHR 1A mRNA by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR. The relative amount of SOCS-2 mRNA increased after parturition with both treatments and was greater on d 2 for cows limit-fed during the dry period compared with cows fed at ad libitum dry matter intake. Plasma E2 concentrations increased on d -13, -5 and 1 relative to parturition and the increases were greater in limit-fed cows. Plasma GH concentration was greater for limit-fed cows and increased after parturition in all cows. The amount of GHR 1A mRNA did not differ between diets but decreased on d 2. In addition to reduced GHR 1A, increased SOCS-2 mRNA after parturition, perhaps because of increased E-2, may further uncouple GH signaling in the liver of the transition dairy cow.

Integrating a sense of coherence into the neonatal environment

Background: Family centred care (FCC) is currently a valued philosophy within neonatal care; an approach that places the parents at the heart of all decision-making and engagement in the care of their infant. However, to date, there is a lack of clarity regarding the definition of FCC and limited evidence of FCCs effectiveness in relation to parental, infant or staff outcomes. Discussion: In this paper we present a new perspective to neonatal care based on Aaron Antonovksy's Sense of Coherence (SOC) theory of well-being and positive health. Whilst the SOC was originally conceptualised as a psychological-based construct, the SOCs three underpinning concepts of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness provide a theoretical lens through which to consider and reflect upon meaningful care provision in this particular care environment. By drawing on available FCC research, we consider how the SOC concepts considered from both a parental and professional perspective need to be addressed. The debate offered in this paper is not presented to reduce the importance or significance of FCC within neonatal care, but, rather, how consideration of the SOC offers the basis through which meaningful and effective FCC may be delivered. Practice based implications contextualised within the SOC constructs are also detailed. Summary: Consideration of the SOC constructs from both a parental and professional perspective need to be addressed in FCC provision. Service delivery and care practices need to be comprehensible, meaningful and manageable in order to achieve and promote positive well-being and health for all concerned.