Ethnography of technological competence in clinical midwifery practice

Background. Concept analysis has identified three domains in the competent use of birth technology â?? interpersonal skills, professional knowledge and clinical proficiency â?? and tentative criteria for birth technology competence. Aim. Fieldwork was undertaken to observe, confirm and explore pre-defined attributes of birth technology competence. Method. The Swartz-Barcott and Kim (2000) hybrid model of concept development was expanded to include an ethnographic observation of theory in action. Findings. Key attributes of birth technology competence found in â??real-worldâ?? midwifery practice were skills in using the machines, decision-making and traditional midwifery skills. Conclusions. The confusion surrounding the use of technology in midwifery practice needs to be addressed by both professionals and educationalists. Midwives should be taught to value traditional midwifery skills alongside those of machine skills. The identification of a model of appropriate technology use is needed in midwifery.

Vulnérabilité, observance et adhésion thérapeutique : quels risques? : la prévention de la tuberculose chez les enfants immigrants à Montréal

Si le nombre de nouveaux cas de tuberculose au Québec a considérablement baissé au cours des dernières décennies, l’épidémiologie mondiale rappelle toutefois que cette maladie est responsable de plus de deux millions de morts par an. Au Canada, certains groupes seraient plus vulnérables, notamment les immigrants provenant de pays où la tuberculose est endémique. La Clinique de tuberculose du Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine est un outil de lutte active contre cette maladie, entre autres grâce à son programme de dépistage scolaire auprès des enfants immigrants. Ce dépistage vise à identifier les porteurs de la tuberculose latente, c’est-à-dire la forme non contagieuse de la maladie. Un traitement préventif de neuf mois est offert aux enfants qui présentent un résultat positif afin de prévenir le développement de la tuberculose maladie (forme active). Dans 28 % des cas, ce traitement n’est pas adéquatement complété et dans 11 % des cas, il est refusé. La présente étude porte à la fois sur la question de l’observance thérapeutique et sur les conditions de vie post-migratoires. L’observation de consultations à la Clinique de tuberculose et les entrevues auprès des soignants et des familles ont engendré une réflexion sur la prévention de la tuberculose en contexte migratoire de même que sur le caractère multifactoriel de la non-observance thérapeutique. L’analyse des données fait ressortir l’impact du vécu migratoire et des conditions de vie (le logement, l’emploi, la maîtrise de la langue, etc.) sur la prise irrégulière du médicament, permettant une meilleure compréhension de ce comportement (chapitre 4). Il a également été possible de documenter une distinction entre les conduites (l’observance) et les attitudes (l’adhésion) nuançant la compréhension des diverses trajectoires thérapeutiques à l’aide de rationalités plurielles et diversifiées (chapitres 5 et 6). Il s’en dégage une réflexion sur le caractère normatif de la catégorisation de « groupe » et de « comportement » à risque laissant place aux différents univers référentiels et, plus globalement, aux conditions de vie des familles (chapitre 7).

La rétroaction corrective écrite en francisation au Québec : les techniques, les types d’erreurs et la compétence des apprenants à l’écrit

La rétroaction corrective (RC) se définit comme étant un indice permettant à l’apprenant de savoir que son utilisation de la L2 est incorrecte (Lightbown et Spada, 2006). Les chercheurs reconnaissent de plus en plus l’importance de la RC à l’écrit (Ferris, 2010). La recherche sur la RC écrite s’est grandement concentrée sur l’évaluation des différentes techniques de RC sans pour autant commencer par comprendre comment les enseignants corrigent les textes écrits de leurs élèves et à quel point ces derniers sont en mesure d’utiliser cette RC pour réviser leurs productions écrites. Cette étude vise à décrire quelles techniques de RC sont utilisées par les enseignants de francisation ainsi que comment les étudiants incorporent cette RC dans leur révision. De plus, elle veut aussi vérifier si les pratiques des enseignants et des étudiants varient selon le type d’erreur corrigée (lexicale, syntaxique et morphologique), la technique utilisée (RC directe, indirecte, combinée) et la compétence des étudiants à l’écrit (faible ou fort). Trois classes de francisation ont participé à cette étude : 3 enseignants et 24 étudiants (12 jugés forts et 12 faibles). Les étudiants ont rédigé un texte qui a été corrigé par les enseignants selon leur méthode habituelle. Puis les étudiants ont réécrit leur texte en incorporant la RC de leur enseignant. Des entrevues ont aussi été réalisées auprès des 3 enseignants et des 24 étudiants. Les résultats indiquent l’efficacité générale de la RC à l’écrit en langue seconde. En outre, cette efficacité varie en fonction de la technique utilisée, des types d’erreurs ainsi que du niveau de l’apprenant. Cette étude démontre que ces trois variables ont un rôle à jouer et que les enseignants devraient varier leur RC lorsqu’ils corrigent.

Gestão de recursos financeiros no setor educacional: uma análise das escolas da rede estadual de Pernambuco

A dissertação que ora é apresentada procura identificar se há a adoção dos princípios norteadores da nova gestão pública na gestão dos recursos financeiros que são transferidos para as escolas públicas. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi feito um levantamento teórico-conceitual sobre o processo de reforma do estado e consultados os dados oficiais sobre administração financeira pública e proficiência dos alunos da rede estadual de Pernambuco. O estudo não identificou relação significativa entre o valor repassado para as escolas e a variação da proficiência dos alunos das escolas estudadas. O resultado do trabalho indica que ainda é muito incipiente a introdução das práticas do modelo gerencial na área de gestão dos recursos públicos para a educação, o que gera atrasos na transferência dos recursos financeiros que as escolas fazem jus. Para reverter esse quadro é necessário romper com os modelos tradicionais de administrar os recursos públicos e a introdução de uma nova cultura de gestão, que permita a atuação de forma ágil e eficiente dos diversos atores envolvidos nessa atividade. A introdução de práticas gerenciais extraídas da gestão privada, como preconiza a nova gestão pública, poderá ser um caminho.

A relação entre proficiência e dispersão de idade na sala de aula: a influência do nível de qualificação do professor

In this article we show that among elementary school students in Brazil there is a negative and significant relationship between within-class age dispersion and pupil’s proficiency. The relationship between the age-grade delay and school proficiency is usually explained by several factors that influence the educational process, since both student’s age-grade and his/her proficiency reflect difficulties implicit in the child's life. However, we show that the negative relation between within-class age dispersion and individual proficiency can be mitigated by the presence of teachers with high levels of certain attributes, such as teaching experience and years of schooling. This relationship supports the hypothesis that the greater the within-class age dispersion, the difficulties of implementing uniform learning projects are more significant, considering that there is a greater diversity of interests. Therefore, under those circumstances the role of the teacher in class seems to be essential to minimize any negative effect that age diversity may have on individual performance.

O uso de tarefas comunicativas e pré-comunicativas no ensino de língua inglesa em uma faculdade particular

Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos - IBILCE

Desempenho oral em português para falantes de outras línguas: da avaliação à aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras em contexto online

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da proficiência oral em inglês como língua estrangeira: foco na competência lexical e uma proposta para o processo de validação do descritor vocabulário de um teste de proficiência para professores de língua inglesa

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Autonomous Acquisition of Natural Situated Communication

An important part of human intelligence, both historically and operationally, is our ability to communicate. We learn how to communicate, and maintain our communicative skills, in a society of communicators – a highly effective way to reach and maintain proficiency in this complex skill. Principles that might allow artificial agents to learn language this way are in completely known at present – the multi-dimensional nature of socio-communicative skills are beyond every machine learning framework so far proposed. Our work begins to address the challenge of proposing a way for observation-based machine learning of natural language and communication. Our framework can learn complex communicative skills with minimal up-front knowledge. The system learns by incrementally producing predictive models of causal relationships in observed data, guided by goal-inference and reasoning using forward-inverse models. We present results from two experiments where our S1 agent learns human communication by observing two humans interacting in a realtime TV-style interview, using multimodal communicative gesture and situated language to talk about recycling of various materials and objects. S1 can learn multimodal complex language and multimodal communicative acts, a vocabulary of 100 words forming natural sentences with relatively complex sentence structure, including manual deictic reference and anaphora. S1 is seeded only with high-level information about goals of the interviewer and interviewee, and a small ontology; no grammar or other information is provided to S1 a priori. The agent learns the pragmatics, semantics, and syntax of complex utterances spoken and gestures from scratch, by observing the humans compare and contrast the cost and pollution related to recycling aluminum cans, glass bottles, newspaper, plastic, and wood. After 20 hours of observation S1 can perform an unscripted TV interview with a human, in the same style, without making mistakes.

The Impact of Language Opacity and Proficiency on Reading Strategies in Bilinguals: An Eye Movement Study

Reading strategies vary across languages according to orthographic depth - the complexity of the grapheme in relation to phoneme conversion rules - notably at the level of eye movement patterns. We recently demonstrated that a group of early bilinguals, who learned both languages equally under the age of seven, presented a first fixation location (FFL) closer to the beginning of words when reading in German as compared with French. Since German is known to be orthographically more transparent than French, this suggested that different strategies were being engaged depending on the orthographic depth of the used language. Opaque languages induce a global reading strategy, and transparent languages force a local/serial strategy. Thus, pseudo-words were processed using a local strategy in both languages, suggesting that the link between word forms and their lexical representation may also play a role in selecting a specific strategy. In order to test whether corresponding effects appear in late bilinguals with low proficiency in their second language (L2), we present a new study in which we recorded eye movements while two groups of late German-French and French-German bilinguals read aloud isolated French and German words and pseudo-words. Since, a transparent reading strategy is local and serial, with a high number of fixations per stimuli, and the level of the bilingual participants' L2 is low, the impact of language opacity should be observed in L1. We therefore predicted a global reading strategy if the bilinguals' L1 was French (FFL close to the middle of the stimuli with fewer fixations per stimuli) and a local and serial reading strategy if it was German. Thus, the L2 of each group, as well as pseudo-words, should also require a local and serial reading strategy. Our results confirmed these hypotheses, suggesting that global word processing is only achieved by bilinguals with an opaque L1 when reading in an opaque language; the low level in the L2 gives way to a local and serial reading strategy. These findings stress the fact that reading behavior is influenced not only by the linguistic mode but also by top-down factors, such as readers' proficiency.

O professor/educador como gestor da autoridade e dos afetos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem

Relatório de estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Santarém para obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação pré-escolar e Ensino do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico

Global Mental Health: Five Areas for Value-Driven Training Innovation.

OBJECTIVE: In the field of global mental health, there is a need for identifying core values and competencies to guide training programs in professional practice as well as in academia. This paper presents the results of interdisciplinary discussions fostered during an annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture to develop recommendations for value-driven innovation in global mental health training. METHODS: Participants (n = 48), who registered for a dedicated workshop on global mental health training advertised in conference proceedings, included both established faculty and current students engaged in learning, practice, and research. They proffered recommendations in five areas of training curriculum: values, competencies, training experiences, resources, and evaluation. RESULTS: Priority values included humility, ethical awareness of power differentials, collaborative action, and "deep accountability" when working in low-resource settings in low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Competencies included flexibility and tolerating ambiguity when working across diverse settings, the ability to systematically evaluate personal biases, historical and linguistic proficiency, and evaluation skills across a range of stakeholders. Training experiences included didactics, language training, self-awareness, and supervision in immersive activities related to professional or academic work. Resources included connections with diverse faculty such as social scientists and mentors in addition to medical practitioners, institutional commitment through protected time and funding, and sustainable collaborations with partners in low resource settings. Finally, evaluation skills built upon community-based participatory methods, 360-degree feedback from partners in low-resource settings, and observed structured clinical evaluations (OSCEs) with people of different cultural backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS: Global mental health training, as envisioned in this workshop, exemplifies an ethos of working through power differentials across clinical, professional, and social contexts in order to form longstanding collaborations. If incorporated into the ACGME/ABPN Psychiatry Milestone Project, such recommendations will improve training gained through international experiences as well as the everyday training of mental health professionals, global health practitioners, and social scientists.

Biliteracy effects on phonological awareness, oral language proficiency and reading skills in Taiwanese Mandarin-English bilingual children

The present study examined the effect of learning to read a heritage language on Taiwanese Mandarin-English bilingual children’s Chinese and English phonological awareness, Chinese and English oral language proficiency, and English reading skills. Participants were 40 Taiwanese Mandarin-English bilingual children and 20 English monolingual children in the U.S. Based on their performance on a Chinese character reading test, the bilingual participants were divided into two groups: the Chinese Beginning Reader and Chinese Nonreader groups. A single child categorized as a Chinese Advanced Reader also participated. Children received phonological awareness tasks, produced oral narrative samples from a wordless picture book, and took standardized English reading subtests. The bilingual participants received measures in both English and Chinese, whereas English monolingual children received only English measures. Additional demographic information was collected from a language background survey filled out by parents. Results of two MANOVAs indicated that the Chinese Beginning Reader group outperformed the Chinese Nonreader and English Monolingual groups on some phonological awareness measures and the English nonword reading test. In an oral narrative production task in English, the English Monolingual group produced a greater total number of words (TNW) and more different words (NDW) than the Chinese Nonreader group. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether bilingual children’s Chinese character reading ability would still account for a unique amount of variance in certain outcome variables, independent of nonverbal IQ and other potential demographic or performance variables and to clarify the direction of causality for bilingual children’s performance in the three domains. These results suggested that learning to read in a heritage language directly or indirectly enhances bilingual children’s ability in phonological awareness and certain English reading skills. It also appears that greater oral language proficiency in Chinese promotes early reading in the heritage language. Advanced heritage reading may produce even larger gains. Practical implications of learning a heritage language in the U.S. are discussed.

O professor/educador como gestor da autoridade e dos afetos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem

Relatório de estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Santarém para obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação pré-escolar e Ensino do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico

Peer interaction in mixed age groups: a study in the computer area of an early childhood education center in Portugal

The study was developed as a teacher-research project during initial teacher education – Masters Degree of Early Childhood and Primary Education, in Portugal. It analysed the interactions between children of 3 to 6 years old, during the use of the computer as a free choice activity, confronting situations between peers of the same age and situations between peers of different ages. The focus of the analysis was the collaborative interactions. This was a qualitative study. Children could choose the computer, amongst other interest areas, and work for around an hour in pairs. In the computer, children used mainly educational games. During four weeks, the interactions between the pairs were audio recorded. Field notes and informal interviews to the children were also used to collect data. Eleven children were involved in the study with ages ranging from 3 to 6 years old. Baseline data on children’s basic computer proficiency was collected using the Individualized Computer Proficiency Checklist (ICPC) by Hyun. The recorded interactions were analysed using the types of talk offered by Scrimshaw and Perkins and Wegerif and Scrimshaw: cumulative talk, exploratory talk, disputational talk, and tutorial talk. This framework was already used in a study in an early childhood education context in Portugal by Amante. The results reveal differences in computer use and characterize the observed interactions. Seven different pairs of children's interactions were analysed. More than a third of the interactions were cumulative talk, followed by exploratory talk, tutorial talk and disputational talk. Comparing same and mixed age pairs, we observed that cumulative talk is the more present interaction, but in same age pairs this is followed by exploratory talk whereas in the mixed age pairs it is tutorial talk that has the second largest percentage. The pairs formed by the children were very asymmetrical in terms of age and computer proficiency. This lead to the more tutorial interactions, where one children showed the other or directed him/her on how to play. The results show that collaboration is present during the use of a computer area in early childhood education. The free choice of the children means the adults can only suggest pairing suited to specific interactions between the children. Another way to support children in more exploratory talk interactions could be by discussing the way the older children can help the younger ones beyond directing or correcting their work.