Personal mastery is associated with reduced sympathetic arousal in stressed Alzheimer caregivers

OBJECTIVES: Spousal caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, possibly via sympathetic response to stressors and subsequent catecholamine surge. Personal mastery (i.e., belief that one can manage life's obstacles) may decrease psychological and physiological response to stressors. This study examines the relationship between mastery and sympathetic arousal in elderly caregivers, as measured by norepinephrine (NE) reactivity to an acute psychological stressor. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Data were collected by a research nurse in each caregiver's home. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-nine elderly spousal Alzheimer caregivers (mean age: 72.8 years) who were not taking beta-blocking medication. INTERVENTION: After assessment for mastery and objective caregiving stressors, caregivers underwent an experimental speech task designed to induce sympathetic arousal. MEASUREMENTS: Mastery was assessed using Pearlin's Personal Mastery scale and Alzheimer patient functioning was assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, Problem Behaviors Scale, and Activities of Daily Living Scale. Plasma NE assays were conducted using pre- and postspeech blood draws. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses revealed that mastery was significantly and negatively associated with NE reactivity (B = -9.86, t (61) = -2.03, p = 0.046) independent of factors theoretically and empirically linked to NE reactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers with higher mastery had less NE reactivity to the stressor task. Mastery may exert a protective influence that mitigates the physiological effects of acute stress, and may be an important target for psychosocial interventions in order to reduce sympathetic arousal and cardiovascular stress among dementia caregivers.

Somatic and cognitive domains of depression in an underserved region of Ecuador: some cultural considerations.

Not enough research efforts on depression have been carried out up to now in Latin America. The knowledge that has resulted from research activities in the United States or Europe offers limited generalizability to other regions of the world, including Latin America. In the Andean highlands of Ecuador, we found very high rates of moderate and severe depressive symptoms, a finding that must be interpreted within its cultural context. Somatic manifestations of depression predominated over cognitive manifestations, and higher education level was protective against depression. These findings call for an appreciation of culturally-specific manifestations of depression and the social factors that influence them. These factors must be further studied in order to give them the deserved priority, allocate resources appropriately, and formulate innovative psychosocial interventions.

How does family intervention improve the outcome of people with schizophrenia?

Background: There is strong evidence of the efficacy of family psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia, but evidence of the role played by the attitudes of relatives in the therapeutic process is lacking. Method: To study the effect of a family intervention on family attitudes and to analyse their mediating role in the therapeutic process 50 patients with schizophrenia and their key relatives undergoing a trial on the efficacy of a family psychosocial intervention were studied by means of the Affective Style Coding System, the Scale of Empathy, and the Relational Control Coding System. Specific statistical methods were used to determine the nature of the relationship of the relatives’ attitudes to the outcome of family intervention. Results: Family psychosocial intervention was associated with a reduction in relatives’ guilt induction and dominance and an improvement in empathy. Empathy and lack of dominance were identified as independent mediators of the effect of family psychosocial intervention. The change in empathy and dominance during the first 9 months of the intervention predicted the outcome in the following 15 months. Conclusion: Relatives’ empathy and lack of dominance are mediators of the beneficial effect of family psychosocial intervention on patient’s outcome.

Moderating Variables Impacting Adherence to the Reducing Disability in Alzheimer's Disease (RDAD) Intervention

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

The perceived benefits of the chronic disease self-management program among participants with stroke: A qualitative study

Despite the expense associated with rehabilitation following stroke, dissatisfaction with psychosocial outcomes is common (Thomas & Parry, 1996). The rehabilitation system has been critiqued as lacking a theoretical base for psychosocial interventions (Goldberg, Segal, Berk, Schall, & Gershkoff, 1997). The current paper examines the possible role of the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program ([CDSMP] Lorig, 1996) in contributing to the psychosocial rehabilitation of people with stroke. This paper focuses on the analysis of incidental comments made by participants about a version of the CDSMP, tailored for people with stroke. These comments, collected over an 18-month follow-up period, provide interesting insights into the key aspects of the program. Six informative themes emerged from the more specific comments, namely (1) the importance of social contact and comparison, (2) increased awareness and knowledge about stroke, (3) motivation to pursue goals and activities, (4) a sense of achievement, (5) maintenance of gains, and (6) the paradoxical nature of social support. According to participants, the program was associated with enhanced self-efficacy. Other reported benefits (such as social support and enhanced knowledge) were indirectly associated with the program and appeared to reflect social aspects of the group and its stroke-specific focus. Maintenance of gains made by participants was seen as a crucial issue.

Occupational therapy and evidence-based practice in mental health

Evidence-based practice (EBP) represents a paradigm shift in health care. This review has two aims. The first is to consider the merits of EBP,especially in respect of its use in mental health settings. The second is both to identify psychosocial interventions that have an established evidence base for effectiveness and to provide an analysis of the quality of this evidence and its implications for occupational therapy. Supported employment, family psychoeducation, assertive case management and integrated substance use treatment are examined in detail. It is proposed that occupational therapists working in mental health give priority to psychosocial interventions that are based on evidence and incorporate these into their practice. It is further proposed that, in implementing EBP,practitioners take an active evaluating position in relation to published evidence, paying particular attention to the evidence of effectiveness in equivalent clinical environments.

QUALIDADE DE VIDA E BEM-ESTAR SUBJETIVO DE ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS

Considerando a expansão do ensino superior e do aumento do número de estudantes universitários, aumentam-se as demandas e a necessidade de se promover um desenvolvimento integral para o estudante. Diante disso, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar subjetivo de estudantes universitários. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo e de delineamento transversal, no qual foram utilizados o Instrumento de Avaliação de Qualidade de Vida (WHOQOL-Bref) da Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS, a Escala de Bem-Estar Subjetivo - EBES e um Questionário de Caracterização Sociodemográfica. Participaram desse estudo 257 estudantes de ambos os gêneros e de seis cursos de graduação de uma universidade federal. A análise dos dados da qualidade de vida mostrou que o domínio com maior média (15,23) foi o de relações sociais e o pior (12,87) foi o de meio ambiente. Quando comparado a outros estudos, esses estudantes, em geral, apresentaram pior qualidade de vida. Quanto aos fatores da Escala de Bem-Estar Subjetivo foi encontrado maior média (3,80) na frequência de emoções negativas em comparação com as emoções positivas (3,27) e com a satisfação com a vida (3,57). A maioria dos estudantes, 185 (72%) apresentaram bem-estar subjetivo moderado. Através desses resultados, faz-se necessário pensar em ações de prevenção e promoção da saúde com o objetivo de amenizar ou eliminar os aspectos negativos encontrados e de fortalecer os positivos. Os resultados desse estudo apontam para a necessidade de uma ampliação das políticas de assistência ao estudante, com intervenções psicossociais que objetivem melhorar os índices de bem-estar subjetivo e de qualidade de vida.

Pharmacological enhancement of naltrexone treatment for opioid dependence: a review.

PURPOSE: Opioid dependence (OD) is a serious and growing clinical condition with increasing social costs that requires expanding treatment beyond opioid agonist substitution. The opioid antagonist naltrexone has displayed a remarkable association of theoretical effectiveness and poor clinical utility in treating OD due to noncompliant behavior and low acceptability among patients, only partly modified by psychosocial interventions. We reviewed pharmacological studies, including naltrexone depot formulations and combination treatments. METHOD: We searched PubMed for clinical studies on the use of naltrexone implants and slow-release injections in OD, and investigations using adjunct medications to improve naltrexone maintenance therapy of OD. We discussed the results in view of their application to the clinical practice. RESULTS: Significant reduction in opioid use and improved retention in treatment have been found in several studies using depot naltrexone formulations, some of which are controlled clinical trials. Pilot investigations have gathered initial positive results on the use of naltrexone in combination with serotonin reuptake inhibitors, α-2 adrenergic, opioid, and γ-aminobutyric acid agonist medications. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that more research on effectiveness and safety is needed in support of depot naltrexone treatment for OD. Further research comparing slow-release with oral naltrexone and opioid agonist medications will help characterize the role of opioid antagonist-mediated treatment of OD. Preliminary investigations on naltrexone combination treatments suggest the opportunity to continue study of new mixed receptor activities for the treatment of OD and other drug addictions.

Qualidade de vida e suporte social em doentes com esquizofrenia

A Esquizofrenia é considerada pela OMS como uma das dez doenças mais incapacitantes. Sendo uma perturbação complexa e de caráter crónico, gera prejuízos significativos na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O interesse por este tema surge aquando da desinstitucionalização dos doentes psiquiátricos, contudo os avanços no tratamento desta patologia nem sempre vêm acompanhados de melhora na qualidade de vida, fator este que levou a ter também em consideração, aspetos psicossociais. Assim, pretende-se com este estudo contribuir para a compreensão do nível de satisfação com o suporte social e qualidade de vida destes doentes, comparando-os com indivíduos sem psicopatologia. A amostra é composta por 202 participantes, os quais se dividem em dois grupos, indivíduos com esquizofrenia, que frequentam hospitais na zona norte, centro e sul do país (n=101) e indivíduos sem psicopatologia (n=101), com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 75 anos. Os participantes responderam a um protocolo de investigação composto por quatro instrumentos: um questionário sociodemográfico; o WHOQOL-Bref, que avalia a qualidade de vida; a escala de satisfação com o suporte social; e a escala de afeto positivo e negativo. Os resultados principais evidenciam a pouca literatura existente, mostrando que existem diferenças significativas no que refere à qualidade de vida e satisfação com o suporte social entre os indivíduos com esquizofrenia e indivíduos sem patologia psiquiátrica, sendo que os valores mais baixos destas variáveis se concentram nos indivíduos com esquizofrenia. Para estes doentes, verificou-se que a qualidade de vida está positivamente correlacionada com o suporte social e com o afeto positivo, estando também correlacionada negativamente com o afeto negativo. Contudo, não se verificaram correlações da qualidade de vida com a escolaridade, o número de internamentos e o tempo de doença. A satisfação com o suporte social e o afeto positivo e negativo revelaram-se preditores de qualidade de vida nos indivíduos com esquizofrenia. No sentido de promover a melhoria da qualidade de vida destes doentes deverão ser tidas em consideração em vários contextos, intervenções psicossociais.

Qualidade de vida, percepção de saúde, resiliência, auto-regulação e suporte social nos adolescentes portugueses com a doencça crónica

Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia na área de especialidade Psicologia da Saúde

El concepto y la práctica de la actividad física y su relación con calidad de vida en los modelos teóricos de la salud

Los estudios acerca del concepto actividad física (AF) son diversos, presentando diferentes concepciones; su relación con calidad de vida suele estar generada dentro del discurso médico, que propende por la ejecución de la Actividad Física desde una mirada netamente biológica. Si bien esta disertación es importante, se debe tener en cuenta que los estudios relacionados con calidad de vida y la AF se basan en la condición de bienestar y percepción frente al estado de salud; dichos estudios no se han realizado desde las condiciones de vida y del contexto social. Si bien es cierto que la mirada médica y lo estudios objetivos son relevantes, ya que arrojan estadísticas que permiten abordar recomendaciones en cuanto a la actividad física, en este documento se elaboró una investigación de tipo cualitativo por medio de la revisión documental del concepto de actividad física, sus prácticas y su relación con calidad de vida, que abordan diferentes autores. Para ello se elige la base de datos PubMed por su énfasis en las publicaciones de salud; se seleccionan artículos publicados del 2004 y 2014, que estudien el concepto de actividad física, sus prácticas y relaciones con calidad de vida, para finalmente hacer un análisis desde los modelos de determinación y determinantes sociales. De esta forma se analiza la posición de los autores con respecto al concepto, sus prácticas y las relaciones que puede llegar a surgir con la calidad de vida. En esta investigación se obtuvo como resultados tendencias biológicas, psicológicas, sociales y culturales, en los cuales los autores dejan clara la posición médica ya que en la mayoría de investigaciones centran sus relaciones en la funcionalidad, y es a través de la visión terapéutica donde buscan el bienestar, la satisfacción de los pacientes que padecen cualquier enfermedad. Además, aparecen categorías emergentes como: cuerpo como medio de publicidad, cibernética que avanza vertiginosamente y el papel del poder en la actividad física que pueden ser contempladas para otros estudios.

Actitudes hacia la Enfermedad del Alzheimer según el género y la edad de adultos colombianos

La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es la demencia más frecuente y su prevalencia continúa en aumento tanto en Colombia como en el mundo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar si las actitudes hacia la EA varían según la edad y género de 450 personas adultas colombianas. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio de corte transversal en el que se aplicó un cuestionario autodiligenciado. Se encontró que efectivamente hay algunas diferencias según la edad y el género en el componente cognoscitivo (creencias y conocimiento) y conductual (intención conductual y conducta) de las actitudes; y diferencias según el género en el componente afectivo. Se concluye que los conocimientos sobre la EA son escasos, que la tristeza es la emoción predominante hacia la EA y que es un tema de interés en el que predomina la idea de que afecta especialmente la memoria. Se discutieron los resultados reconociendo que esta es una aproximación inicial a las actitudes hacia la EA.

Abordagem terapêutica de enfermagem ao doente depressivo: o uso da psicoeducação no tratamento da sintomatologia depressiva

A depressão é uma doença, é necessário reconhece-la como tal e procurar capacitar as pessoas que com ela convivem a procurar ajuda e precocemente iniciar o seu tratamento. Dos indivíduos que receberam tratamento para um episódio depressivo apresentaram recaídas, muitas vezes devido à não adesão ao tratamento. Nesse contexto, o tratamento medicamentoso combinado com intervenções psicossociais torna-se cada vez mais utilizado, sendo a Psicoeducação uma das intervenções mais eficazes. O desenvolvimento de um programa Psicoeducativo nesse sentido teve como base e metodologia o processo de relação de ajuda. Pretende-se criar as condições necessárias para que a própria pessoa reconheça a sua patologia, os sintomas que dela decorrem, a importância da adesão terapêutica e a necessidade de suporte por parte da família na pessoa com depressão. No final, procura-se desenvolver e refletir as competências inerentes ao enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de Saúde Mental e Psiquiatria, no diagnostico, intervenção e avaliação na pessoa com sintomatologia depressiva; Abstract: Therapeutic approach to nursing depressive patient – the use of psychoeducation in the treatment of depressive symptomatology Depression is a disease, it is necessary to recognize it as such and seek to enable people to live with her to seek help early and start your treatment. Of individuals who received treatment for a depressive episode had relapses, often due to non-adherence to treatment. In this context, drug treatment combined with psychosocial interventions becomes increasingly used, the Psychoeducational one of the most effective interventions. The development of a program accordingly Psychoeducational was based on the methodology and process aid relationship. It is intended to create the necessary conditions so that the person recognize their disease, the symptoms resulting from it, the importance of adherence and the need for support by the family in person with depression. In the end, we seek to develop and reflect the skills inherent to the nurse specialist in nursing Mental Health and Psychiatry in the diagnosis, intervention and evaluation in people with depressive symptoms.

Psychosocial, educational and communicative interventions for patients with cachexia and their family carers

Purpose of review: Cancer cachexia has a substantial impact on both patients and their family carers. It has been acknowledged as one of the two most frequent and devastating problems of advanced cancer. The impact of cachexia spans biopsychosocial realms. Symptom management in cachexia is fraught with difficulties and globally, there remains no agreed standard care or treatment for this client group. There is a need to address the psychosocial impact of cachexia for both patients and their family carers.

Recent findings: Patients living at home and their family carers are often left to manage the distressing psychosocial impacts of cancer cachexia themselves. Successful symptom management requires healthcare professionals to address the holistic impact of cancer cachexia. High quality and rigorous research details the existential impact of cachexia on patients and their family carers. This information needs to inform psychosocial, educational and communicative supportive healthcare interventions to help both patients and their family carers better cope with the effects of cachexia.

Summary: Supportive interventions need to inform both patients and their family carers of the expected impacts of cachexia, and address how to cope with them to retain a functional, supported family unit who are informed about and equipped to care for a loved one with cachexia.