969 resultados para Producción rural


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Resumen basado en el de la publicación

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Contiene: I. Modelo didáctico; II. Cuaderno del alumno; III. Mapas, planos y datos; IV. Dossier informativo

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Después de varias reflexiones sobre la relación e interacción campo-ciudad en Brasil, se señalan diversos argumentos y evidencias que defienden la existencia de un proceso de extinción de lo campesino. Así, se ve fundamental para la modernización de la agricultura brasileña un proyecto de educación que coopere con la realidad campesina, por lo que existe la urgencia de acometer la interpretación y producción de conocimiento de la agricultura. Un primer paso es reconocer la necesidad de la escuela del campo. Valorar ese condicionante es el punto de partida. Se defiende la construcción de la escuela que vincule la educación a las cuestiones sociales inherentes a su realidad y no la copia de modelos importados, de escuelas que no contribuyen a la comprensión de estas realidades. Finalmente se citan varias experiencias de escuelas del campo, que son fuentes de un proyecto posible, de una pedagogía que contribuya a una educación del medio rural.

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El propósito de la presente investigación es aportar al mejoramiento de la calidad educativa del sector y la zona donde se desarrolla el trabajo del Colegio Técnico Particular Yachana y de esta manera incidir para que mejoren las condiciones de vida de los estudiantes, sus familias y las comunidades, al ofrecer una educación práctica que permitan desarrollar las competencias necesarias para el empleo y la auto - generación de empleo en los jóvenes que se educan en este colegio. Esta propuesta se desarrolla a través de la metodología de investigación en el lugar donde funciona el proyecto del colegio Yachana, parte de un diagnóstico en el primer capítulo que ayudó al conocimiento sistemático del contexto que implica: aspectos sociales, culturales, económicos, productivos y comunitarios de la zona de Mondaña, parroquia rural de Chontapunta en la provincia de Napo, donde está ubica. A partir del trabajo investigación que sirvió como diagnóstico en el primer capítulo, se implementó en el segundo capítulo la propuesta curricular según el modelo del colegio Yachana, la misma que está fundamentada en el principio filosófico de “aprender en el trabajo”, el cual busca integrar: estudio, trabajo y producción. Esta propuesta tiene tres ejes sobre el cual se va a construir dicha propuesta: el Desarrollo Sustentable, la Interculturalidad y el Medio Ambiente. El tercer capítulo se concreta finalmente la propuesta del desarrollo por competencias, generales y específicas a desarrollar en los estudiantes, así como los diferentes ámbitos de estudio, las áreas y las asignaturas que se recomienda trabajar; esto como un aporte para un cambio metodológico y diferente que parte desde el contexto y sus necesidades, es decir desde un nivel micro curricular y no desde lo macro curricular como se ha venido trabajando hasta la actualidad.

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Mastitis is an inflammatory process in the udder that can affect the quality and quantity of milk produced causing economic losses and risks for health. Considering the somatic cell count (SCCs) as indicator of udder health and the milk yield (MY) of buffaloes from São Paulo State, this study aimed to quantify the related losses in milk due to somatic cells count (SCC). 9404 sources of information from 2198 lactations that occurred between 1997 and 2004 were analysed. There was no relation between MY and the SCCs in the buffaloes at first parity. For the second parity in the months 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 of lactation, there was a negative and significant relationship between SCCs and MY. For parities of three or more there was a significant and negative regression coefficient during every month of lactation betrween MY and SCC. The average losses varied from 0,18 to 2,2 milk liters per unit of SCCs. The results indicated large losses observed in the miltiparous buffaloes and that this category needs received special attention in terms of udder health. The effect of farm, parity and year, must be considered comparison between animals.

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Incluye Bibliografía

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There were analyzed 4757 complete lactations of the Murrah breed, daughters of 187 bulls, with the goal of verifying the viability upon employing the test-day (PDLC), on substitution of the milk yield at 305th day of lactation (PL305), in the genetic evaluations. The components of variance for the PDLC1 to PDLC9 and for the PL305 were estimated in uni-traits analysis according to maximum restricted likelihood method. The used model included the genetic direct additive random effects, of residual and permanent environment. There were considered as fixed effects, the contemporary group and the number of milkings and the age of the cow at the moment of parity co-variable (quadratic and linear effect). The contemporary groups were constituted by the herd-year-month of control for the PDLC and by herd-year-epoch of parity for PL305. The estimates of heritability for the PDLC and PL305 were 0.12 to 0.23 and 0.22, respectively. The correlations of order of the predicted genetic values for the 187 bulls, obtained between the PDLC and the PL305, were from moderate to high, varying from 67.74 to 83.12. From the minimum selection of the 10% of the best bulls relating to the predicted genetic value for the PL305, the coincidence among the classification of these animals was over 68%, when evaluated by the PDLC3,PDLC4,PDLC5 and PDLC6. Upon selecting the 5% of the best animals that coincidence presented a lower value.

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Incluye Bibliografía

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A total of 5575 monthly test-day yield records from 796 lactations buffaloes first in the north coast of Colombia. The model included random direct additive genetic and permanent environment effects. As fixed effects were included, contemporary groups, and age of cow at calving as covaraible, linear and quadratic effects. Test-day (PLDC) yield was 3.89 ± 1.14 kg. The PLDC ranged from 2.86 kg to 4.26 kg while the highest values towards the middle of lactation. The heritability estimates obtained for PLDC ranged from 0.23 to 0.47. Genetic correlations between PLDC, declining steadily increased the distance between PLDC. Phenotypic variances were higher in the initial PLDC and decreasing towards the end of lactation. The results found in this study indicate that there is a high genetic variability for the PLDC in the population studied using a random regression model.

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Examina las actividades de divulgación del Brasil, que durante mucho tiempo se centraron en esferas y bienes de producción, que respondían mejor a los incentivos de fomento del gobierno federal y contribuyeron de ese modo a la concentración del ingreso, y que sólo a partir de 1974 introducen programas de producción para productores de bajos ingresos de las zonas rurales.

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Objective of present work was study a influence of environmental and genetic effects over characteristics of milk total production (PL) and lactation duration (DL), from 2572 lactations of 477 Guzerat cows, collected since 1957 to 2002, in Rio de Janeiro State. Environmental effects were analyzed by an statistical model that include male randomized effect, fixed effect of contemporary group, and the (co)variables age of cow (lineal and quadratic) and lactation duration. The contemporary group had significant effect just for PL. Bayesian inference was used to obtain estimatives of genetic parameters over an animal model, in which was included as fixed effect the contemporary group and the covariables age of cow (linear and quadratic). The estimates of heritability and repeatability were 0.36 and 0.75 for PL and 0.29 and 0.36 for DL, respectively. The estimated genetic correlation was 0.97. The heritability estimates for PL and DL were moderate, indicating that it is possible answer to the selection of the characteristics under study. The genetic correlation was high and indicates that selection for increase milk production will be accompanied with increase in lactation duration.