Biaxial Characterisation of Materials for Thermoforming and Blow Moulding

During free surface moulding processes such as thermoforming and blow moulding heated polymer materials are subjected to rapid biaxial deformation as they are drawn into the shape of a mould. In the development of process simulations it is therefore essential to be able to accurately measure and model this behaviour. Conventional uniaxial test methods are generally inadequate for this purpose and this has led to the development of specialised biaxial test rigs. In this paper the results of several programmes of biaxial tests conducted at Queen’s University are presented and discussed. These have included tests on high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polypropylene (PP) and aPET, and the work has involved a wide variety of experimental conditions. In all cases the results clearly demonstrate the unique characteristics of materials when subjected to biaxial deformation. PP draws the highest stresses and it is the most temperature sensitive of the materials. aPET is initially easier to form but exhibits strain hardening at higher strains. This behaviour is increased with increasing strain rate but at very high strain rates these effects are increasingly mollified by adiabatic heating. Both aPET and PP (to a lesser degree) draw much higher stresses in sequential stretching showing that this behaviour must be considered in process simulations. HIPS showed none of these effects and it is the easiest material to deform.

Polystyrene and asphaltene micelles within blends with a bitumen of an SBS block copolymer and styrene and butadiene homopolymers

Using fluorescence microscopy, DSC and DMTA we have explored blends of a bitumen with a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer, and with blends of the bitumen with SBS and one or two homopolymers - a polystyrene and a poly(cis-butadiene). The SBS polymer was progressively replaced with quantities of the homopolymers both together in the proportions found in the block copolymer and then by each homopolymer separately. At low temperatures the blends are all softer than the bitumen itself, so the polymers plasticise the bitumen-rich phase, and above 50°C the blends' stiffness (E') falls below a plateau only when a critical proportion of the block copolymer has been replaced with the two homopolymers: this supports the idea of an extensive network created by the polystyrene-rich spherical microphases that is effective even when the polystyrene microphases have melted. In one polymer blend the stiffness rose as the temperature was raised above 100°C, suggesting the development of a mesophase based upon polybutadiene plus asphaltenes, in another E' was enhanced and E" remained constant as the temperature rose above 70°C, perhaps for a similar reason; in some loss process appeared and the stiffness fell as temperature rose; but in others a good part of the SBS was replaced by either polystyrene or polybutadiene without changing the appearance of a rubbery plateau, that is, without a diminution of the mechanical properties of the soft matter.

Distinguishing between similar tubular objects using pulse reflectometry: a study of trumpet and cornet leadpipes

Acoustic pulse reflectometry is used to reconstruct the internal bore profile of trumpet and cornet leadpipe. The method distinguishes between radii differences as small as 0.03 mm, and has since been used by various UK-based brass instrument manufacturers as a diagnostic tool to detect defects that are significant enough to acoustically alter performance.

A marine reservoir correction database and on-line interface

Calibration is essential for interpretation of radiocarbon dates, especially when the 14C dates are compared to historical or climatic records with a different chronological basis. 14C ages of samples from the marine environment, such as shells or fish bones, or samples with a marine component, such as human bone in coastal regions, require an additional consideration because of the reservoir age of the ocean. While the pre-industrial global mean reservoir correction, R(t), is about 400 years, local variations (?R) can be several hundred years or more. ?R compilations on a global scale have been undertaken previously (Stuiver et al. 1986; Stuiver and Braziunas 1993), but have not been updated recently. Here we describe an on-line reservoir correction database accessed via mapping software. Rather than publishing a static ?R compilation, new data will be incorporated when it becomes available. The on-line marine reservoir correction database can be accessed at the website http://www.calib.org/.

Influence of plasticizer type and storage conditions on properties of poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) bioadhesive films

Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) formed films from aqueous formulations with characteristics that are ideal as a basis for producing a drug-containing bioadhesive delivery system when plasticized with a monohydroxyl functionalized plasticizer. Hence, films containing a novel plasticizer, tripropylene glycol methyl ether (TPME), maintained their adhesive strength and tensile properties when packaged in aluminized foil for extended periods of time. Films plasticized with commonly used polyhydric alcohols, such as the glycerol in this study, underwent an esterification reaction that led to polymer crosslinking, as shown in NMR studies. These revealed the presence of peaks in the ester/carbonyl region, suggesting that glyceride residue formation had been initiated. Given the polyfunctional nature of glycerol, progressive esterification would result in a polyester network and an accompanying profound alteration in the physical characteristics. Indeed, films became brittle over time with a loss of both the aqueous solubility and bioadhesion to porcine skin. In addition, a swelling index was measurable after 7 days, a property not seen with those films containing TPME. This change in bioadhesive strength and pliability was independent of the packaging conditions, rendering the films that contain glycerol as unsuitable as a basis for topical bioadhesive delivery of drug substances. Consequently, films containing TPME have potential as an alternative formulation strategy.

Statistical Monitoring of Dynamic Multivariate Processes: Part I: Modeling Auto- and Cross-Correlation

The work in this paper is of particular significance since it considers the problem of modelling cross- and auto-correlation in statistical process monitoring. The presence of both types of correlation can lead to fault insensitivity or false alarms, although in published literature to date, only autocorrelation has been broadly considered. The proposed method, which uses a Kalman innovation model, effectively removes both correlations. The paper (and Part 2 [2]) has emerged from work supported by EPSRC grant GR/S84354/01 and is of direct relevance to problems in several application areas including chemical, electrical, and mechanical process monitoring.

Statistical Monitoring of Dynamic Multivariate Processes: Part II: Identifying Fault Magnitude and Signature

This paper builds on work presented in the first paper, Part 1 [1] and is of equal significance. The paper proposes a novel compensation method to preserve the integrity of step-fault signatures prevalent in various processes that can be masked during the removal of both auto- and cross correlation. Using industrial data, the paper demonstrates the benefit of the proposed method, which is applicable to chemical, electrical, and mechanical process monitoring. This paper, (and Part 1 [1]), has led to further work supported by EPSRC grant GR/S84354/01 involving kernel PCA methods.