Efeito da espessura oclusal do cimento e da sua união à cerâmica na resistência à fratura de coroas CAD/CAM: método de elementos finitos e testes monotônicos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Microfluidic electronic tongue

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

On the nu SiO infrared absorption of polysiloxane films

The infrared absorption of polysiloxanes involves a strong band at around 1050 cm(-1), attributed to the antisymmetric vibration of siloxane bridges. The splitting of this band into two components is generally attributed to coupling between next-neighbor siloxane groups along the polysiloxane chain. From a quantitative analysis of the spectra of these materials, we find that this splitting is larger when the material is in thin-film form, and that the relative intensity of the two components is polarization dependent. We show that these effects are fully understandable in the theoretical framework of infrared absorption by thin films, and are related to long-range dipolar interactions responsible for the longitudinal-transverse splitting effect in crystalline materials. As a consequence, the polarization dependence of the infrared absorption observed for thin films does not appear to be associated with an orientational ordering in the film. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nanopartikel durch Strukturfixierung mizellarer Assoziate aus amphiphilen, endgruppenfunktionalisierten Diblockcopolymeren

Nanopartikel durch Strukturfixierung mizellarer Assoziate aus amphiphilen, endgruppenfunktionalisierten Diblockcopolymeren Zwei unterschiedliche Diblockcopolymersysteme mit Molmassen unterhalb von Mw = 10 000 g/mol wurden über anionische Polymerisation synthetisiert. Ein hetero-telecheles a,w-Poly(dimethylsiloxan)-b-Poly(ethylenoxid) (PDMS-PEO) Diblockcopolymer wurde mit einer Methacrylatendgruppe am PDMS und entweder einer Benzyl-, Hydroxy- oder Carboxylatendgruppe am PEO funktionalisiert. Ein Poly(butadien)-b-Poly(ethylenoxid) (PB-PEO) Diblockcopolymer wurde am PEO ebenfalls entweder mit einer Benzyl-, Hydroxy- oder Carboxylatendgruppe funktionalisiert. In selektiven Lösungsmitteln wie Wasser oder Methanol bilden beide Diblockcopolymersysteme supramolekulare Strukturen mit sphärischer, zylindrischer oder toroider Geometrie aus, die mit statischer und dynamischer Lichtstreuung in Lösung und mit Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) auf der Oberfläche untersucht wurden. Durch Zusatz eines Vernetzers und Initiators wurden die selbstassoziierenden Mizellen des PDMS-PEO Diblockcopolymers permanent durch radikalische Polymerisation mit UV-Licht fixiert. Mizellen des PB-PEO Diblockcopolymers wurden über Bestrahlung mit gamma-Strahlen permanent fixiert. Die Untersuchung der resultierenden Nanopartikel beider Diblockcopolymersysteme mit AFM und TEM zeigte, daß diese sogar in nicht selektiven Lösungsmitteln wie Tetrahydrofuran formstabil bleiben.

Neue Methoden zur Darstellung von Blockcopolymeren unter Beteiligung radikalischer Polymerisationsmechanismen

Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden die Synthese und die Charakterisierung verschiedener, zum Teil neuartiger Blockcopolymere beschrieben, wobei die Einbeziehung radikalischer Polymeri-sationsmechanismen den konzeptionellen Kern ausmachte. Mit einer auf die jeweilige Kombination von Monomeren zugeschnittenen Syntheseroute gelang die Verknüpfung von Segmenten, die allein mittels der herkömmlich zur Synthese von Blockcopolymeren genutzten, ionischen Mechanismen nur mit hohem Aufwand oder gar nicht zu verbinden sind. Auf materieller Seite stand die Herstellung amphiphiler Strukturen im Vordergrund. Diese wurden entweder direkt beim Aufbau der Blockcopo-lymere oder nach anschließender polymeranaloger Umsetzung eines ihrer Segmente erhalten. Solche amphiphilen Substanzen besitzen aufgrund ihrer Grenzflächenaktivität Anwendungspotential z. B. als Stabilisatoren in der Dispersionspolymerisation oder als Flokkulantien. Es wurden drei Verfahren zum Aufbau von Blockcopolymeren untersucht:1. Die Transformation von anionischer zu freier radikalischer Polymerisation für die Synthese von Polystyrol-b-poly(N-vinylformamid) (PS-b-P(VFA)).2. Die Transformation von anionischer zu kontrollierter radikalischer Polymerisation (ATRP) für den Aufbau von Blockcopolymeren aus Poly(dimethylsiloxan) PDMS und Segmenten von t-Butylacrylat (t-BuA) bzw. (2-(Trimethylsiloxy)ethyl)methacrylat (TMS-HEMA).3. Die kontrollierte radikalische Polymerisation unter Einsatz von Triazolinyl als Gegenradikal zur Synthese von Poly[(2-(trimethylsiloxy)ethyl)methacrylat]-b-polystyrol (P(TMS-HEMA)-b-PS) als alternative Route zur anionischen Polymerisation.

An alternative blocking layer for titanium dioxide (TiO 2) solar cell applications

In hybrid organic solar cells a blocking layer between transparent electrode and nanocrystalline titania particles is essential to prevent short-circuiting and current loss through recombination at the electrode interface. Here the preparation of a uniform hybrid blocking layer which is composed of conducting titania nanoparticles embedded in an insulating polymer derived ceramic is presented. This blocking layer is prepared by sol-gel chemistry where an amphiphilic block copolymer is used as a templating agent. A novel poly(dimethylsiloxane) containing amphiphilic block copolymer poly(ethyleneglycol)methylethermethacrylate-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(ethyleneglycol)methylethermethacrylate has been synthesized to act as the templating agent. Plasma treatment uncovered titania surface from any polymer. Annealing at 450°C under nitrogen resulted in anatase titania with polymer derived silicon oxycarbide ceramic. Electrical characterization by conductive scanning probe microscopy experiments revealed a percolating titania network separated by an insulating ceramic matrix. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy showed predominant presence of titania particles on the surface creating a large surface area for dye absorption. The uniformity of the percolating structures was proven by microbeam grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering. First applications in hybrid organic solar cells in comparison with conventional titanium dioxide blocking layer containing devices revealed 15 fold increases in corresponding efficiencies. Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(ethyleneglycol)methylethermethacrylate and poly(ethyleneoxide)-poly(dimethylsiloxane)methylmethacrylate diblock copolymers were also synthesized. Their titania nanocomposite films were compared with the integrated blocking layer. Liner poly(ethyleneoxide) containing diblock copolymer resulted in highly ordered foam like structures. The effect of heating temperature rise to 600°C and 1000°C on titania morphology was investigated by scanning electron and force microscopy and x-ray scattering. Sol-gel contents, hydrochloric acid, titania precursor and amphiphilic triblock copolymer were altered to see their effect on titania morphology. Increase in block copolymer content resulted in titania particles of diameter 15-20 nm.

Application of a hybrid blocking layer in dye-sensitized solar cells

In dye-sensitized solar cells a blocking layer between the transparent electrode and the mesoporous titanium dioxide film is used to prevent short-circuits between the hole-conductor and the front electrode. The conventional approach is to use a compact layer of titanium dioxide prepared by spin coating or spray pyrolysis. The thickness of the blocking layer is critical. On one hand, the layer has to be thick enough to cover the rough substrate completely. On the other hand, the serial resistance increases with increasing film thickness, because the layer acts as an ohmic resistance itself. In this thesis an amphiphilic diblock copolymer is used as a functional template to produce an alternative, hybrid blocking layer. The hybrid blocking layer is thinner than the conventional, compact titanium dioxide film and thereby possesses a higher conductivity. Still, this type of blocking layer covers the rough electrode material completely and avoids current loss through charge recombination. The novel blocking layer is prepared using a tailored, amphiphilic block copolymer in combination with sol-gel chemistry. While the hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) part of the polymer coordinates a titanium dioxide precursor to form a percolating network of titania particles, the hydrophobic poly(dimethylsiloxane) part turns into an insulating ceramic layer. With this technique, crack-free films with a thickness down to 24 nm are obtained. The presence of a conductive titanium dioxide network for current flow, which is embedded in an insulating ceramic material, is validated by conductive scanning force microscopy. This is the first time that such a hybrid blocking layer is implemented in a solar cell. With this approach the efficiency could be increased up to 27 % compared to the conventional blocking layer. Thus, it is demonstrated that the hybrid blocking layer represents a competitive alternative to the classical approach.

Transport of nanoparticles into polymersomes : a minimal model system of particles passage through biological membranes

This thesis focuses on the design and characterization of a novel, artificial minimal model membrane system with chosen physical parameters to mimic a nanoparticle uptake process driven exclusively by adhesion and softness of the bilayer. The realization is based on polymersomes composed of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(2-methyloxazoline) (PMDS-b-PMOXA) and nanoscopic colloidal particles (polystyrene, silica), and the utilization of powerful characterization techniques. rnPDMS-b-PMOXA polymersomes with a radius, Rh ~100 nm, a size polydispersity, PD = 1.1 and a membrane thickness, h = 16 nm, were prepared using the film rehydratation method. Due to the suitable mechanical properties (Young’s modulus of ~17 MPa and a bending modulus of ~7⋅10-8 J) along with the long-term stability and the modifiability, these kind of polymersomes can be used as model membranes to study physical and physicochemical aspects of transmembrane transport of nanoparticles. A combination of photon (PCS) and fluorescence (FCS) correlation spectroscopies optimizes species selectivity, necessary for a unique internalization study encompassing two main efforts. rnFor the proof of concepts, the first effort focused on the interaction of nanoparticles (Rh NP SiO2 = 14 nm, Rh NP PS = 16 nm; cNP = 0.1 gL-1) and polymersomes (Rh P = 112 nm; cP = 0.045 gL-1) with fixed size and concentration. Identification of a modified form factor of the polymersome entities, selectively seen in the PCS experiment, enabled a precise monitor and quantitative description of the incorporation process. Combining PCS and FCS led to the estimation of the incorporated particles per polymersome (about 8 in the examined system) and the development of an appropriate methodology for the kinetics and dynamics of the internalization process. rnThe second effort aimed at the establishment of the necessary phenomenology to facilitate comparison with theories. The size and concentration of the nanoparticles were chosen as the most important system variables (Rh NP = 14 - 57 nm; cNP = 0.05 - 0.2 gL-1). It was revealed that the incorporation process could be controlled to a significant extent by changing the nanoparticles size and concentration. Average number of 7 up to 11 NPs with Rh NP = 14 nm and 3 up to 6 NPs with Rh NP = 25 nm can be internalized into the present polymersomes by changing initial nanoparticles concentration in the range 0.1- 0.2 gL-1. Rapid internalization of the particles by polymersomes is observed only above a critical threshold particles concentration, dependent on the nanoparticle size. rnWith regard possible pathways for the particle uptake, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) has revealed two different incorporation mechanisms depending on the size of the involved nanoparticles: cooperative incorporation of nanoparticles groups or single nanoparticles incorporation. Conditions for nanoparticle uptake and controlled filling of polymersomes were presented. rnIn the framework of this thesis, the experimental observation of transmembrane transport of spherical PS and SiO2 NPs into polymersomes via an internalization process was reported and examined quantitatively for the first time. rnIn a summary the work performed in frames of this thesis might have significant impact on cell model systems’ development and thus improved understanding of transmembrane transport processes. The present experimental findings help create the missing phenomenology necessary for a detailed understanding of a phenomenon with great relevance in transmembrane transport. The fact that transmembrane transport of nanoparticles can be performed by artificial model system without any additional stimuli has a fundamental impact on the understanding, not only of the nanoparticle invagination process but also of the interaction of nanoparticles with biological as well as polymeric membranes. rn

Interactions of gold nanoparticles with polymeric membranes

This thesis focuses on the interactions of nanoparticles with artificial membranes. The synthesis of the block copolymer poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyloxazoline) (PDMS-b-PMOXA) is described, as well as the formation of polymersomes in water. These polymersomes act as minimal cell models, consisting of an artificial bilayer membrane only, allowing the study of the interactions between nanoparticles and polymeric membranes. Both spherical and rod-shaped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used in this study and they were characterized using light scattering (PCS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV/Vis spectroscopy, and polarization anisotropy measurements. The polymer grafting on the spherical cores is asymmetric (shell asphericity) but is parallel to the inherent, due to polycrystallinity, core anisotropy, resulting in a characteristic scattering of the AuNPs in PCS.rnInteractions of polymersomes and AuNPs were investigated by PCS, cryo-TEM and UV/Vis. Three possible scenarios upon mixing of polymersomes and AuNPs can be distinguished by using only PCS: (i) no interactions between particles and vesicles, (ii) attachment of the particles to the outer side of the vesicles (decoration), and (iii) uptake of particles into the vesicles. It is shown that all three scenarios are possible, solely depending on the particle’s surface functionalization. In addition, it was revealed that the AuNPs need to be attached to the inner side of the membrane instead of diffusing freely within the vesicle. The present experimental findings essentially help with the understanding of the interactions of nanoparticles with membranes and show that the process of endocytosis can be attributed to physical processes only. rn

Modeling of electroosmotic and electrophoretic mobilization in capillary and microchip isoelectric focusing

Our dynamic capillary electrophoresis model which uses material specific input data for estimation of electroosmosis was applied to investigate fundamental aspects of isoelectric focusing (IEF) in capillaries or microchannels made from bare fused-silica (FS), FS coated with a sulfonated polymer, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Input data were generated via determination of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) using buffers with varying pH and ionic strength. Two models are distinguished, one that neglects changes of ionic strength and one that includes the dependence between electroosmotic mobility and ionic strength. For each configuration, the models provide insight into the magnitude and dynamics of electroosmosis. The contribution of each electrophoretic zone to the net EOF is thereby visualized and the amount of EOF required for the detection of the zone structures at a particular location along the capillary, including at its end for MS detection, is predicted. For bare FS, PDMS and PMMA, simulations reveal that EOF is decreasing with time and that the entire IEF process is characterized by the asymptotic formation of a stationary steady-state zone configuration in which electrophoretic transport and electroosmotic zone displacement are opposite and of equal magnitude. The location of immobilization of the boundary between anolyte and most acidic carrier ampholyte is dependent on EOF, i.e. capillary material and anolyte. Overall time intervals for reaching this state in microchannels produced by PDMS and PMMA are predicted to be similar and about twice as long compared to uncoated FS. Additional mobilization for the detection of the entire pH gradient at the capillary end is required. Using concomitant electrophoretic mobilization with an acid as coanion in the catholyte is shown to provide sufficient additional cathodic transport for that purpose. FS capillaries dynamically double coated with polybrene and poly(vinylsulfonate) are predicted to provide sufficient electroosmotic pumping for detection of the entire IEF gradient at the cathodic column end.

Controlling cell attachment on contoured surfaces with self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold.

This paper describes a method based on experimentally simple techniques--microcontact printing and micromolding in capillaries--to prepare tissue culture substrates in which both the topology and molecular structure of the interface can be controlled. The method combines optically transparent contoured surfaces with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold to control interfacial characteristics; these tailored interfaces, in turn, control the adsorption of proteins and the attachment of cells. The technique uses replica molding in poly(dimethylsiloxane) molds having micrometer-scale relief patterns on their surfaces to form a contoured film of polyurethane supported on a glass slide. Evaporation of a thin (< 12 nm) film of gold on this surface-contoured polyurethane provides an optically transparent substrate, on which SAMs of terminally functionalized alkanethiolates can be formed. In one procedure, a flat poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamp was used to form a SAM of hexadecanethiolate on the raised plateaus of the contoured surface by contact printing hexadecanethiol [HS(CH2)15CH3]; a SAM terminated in tri(ethylene glycol) groups was subsequently formed on the bare gold remaining in the grooves by immersing the substrate in a solution of a second alkanethiol [HS(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)3OH]. Then this patterned substrate was immersed in a solution of fibronectin, the protein adsorbed only on the methyl-terminated plateau regions of the substrate [the tri(ethylene glycol)-terminated regions resisted the adsorption of protein]; bovine capillary endothelial cells attached only on the regions that adsorbed fibronectin. A complementary procedure confined protein adsorption and cell attachment to the grooves in this substrate.

Synthesis, Modification, and Application of Siloxane Materials for Environmental Sensing

As human populations and resource consumption increase, it is increasingly important to monitor the quality of our environment. While laboratory instruments offer useful information, portable, easy to use sensors would allow environmental analysis to occur on-site, at lower cost, and with minimal operator training. We explore the synthesis, modification, and applications of modified polysiloxane in environmental sensing. Multiple methods of producing modified siloxanes were investigated. Oligomers were formed by using functionalized monomers, producing siloxane materials containing silicon hydride, methyl, and phenyl side chains. Silicon hydride-functionalized oligomers were further modified by hydrosilylation to incorporate methyl ester and naphthyl side chains. Modifications to the siloxane materials were also carried out using post-curing treatments. Methyl ester-functionalized siloxane was incorporated into the surface of a cured poly(dimethylsiloxane) film by siloxane equilibration. The materials containing methyl esters were hydrolyzed to reveal carboxylic acids, which could later be used for covalent protein immobilization. Finally, the siloxane surfaces were modified to incorporate antibodies by covalent, affinity, and adsorption-based attachment. These modifications were characterized by a variety of methods, including contact angle, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dye labels, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The modified siloxane materials were employed in a variety of sensing schemes. Volatile organic compounds were detected using methyl, phenyl, and naphthyl-functionalized materials on a Fabry-Perot interferometer and a refractometer. The Fabry-Perot interferometer was found to detect the analytes upon siloxane extraction by deformation of the Bragg reflectors. The refractometer was used to determine that naphthyl-functionalized siloxanes had elevated refractive indices, rendering these materials more sensitive to some analytes. Antibody-modified siloxanes were used to detect biological analytes through a solid phase microextraction-mediated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (SPME ELISA). The SPME ELISA was found to have higher analyte sensitivity compared to a conventional ELISA system. The detection scheme was used to detect Escherichia coli at 8500 CFU/mL. These results demonstrate the variety of methods that can be used to modify siloxanes and the wide range of applications of modified siloxanes has been demonstrated through chemical and biological sensing schemes.

An experimental and modelling study of the capture of CO2 from gas mixtures with different techniques, with focus on multicomponent effects.

In the present work, the deviations in the solubility of CO2, CH4, and N2 at 30 °c in the mixed gases (CO2/CH4) and (CO2/N2) from the pure gas behavior were studied using the dual-mode model over a wide range of equilibrium composition and pressure values in two glassy polymers. The first of which was PI-DAR which is the polyimide formed by the reaction between 4, 6-diaminoresorcinol dihydrochloride (DAR-Cl) and 2, 2’-bis-(3, 4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA). The other glassy polymer was TR-DAR which is the corresponding thermally rearranged polymer of PI-DAR. Also, mixed gas sorption experiments for the gas mixture (CO2/CH4) in TR-DAR at 30°c took place in order to assess the degree of accuracy of the dual-mode model in predicting the true mixed gas behavior. The experiments were conducted on a pressure decay apparatus coupled with a gas chromatography column. On the other hand, the solubility of CO2 and CH4 in two rubbery polymers at 30⁰c in the mixed gas (CO2/CH4) was modelled using the Lacombe and Sanchez equation of state at various values of equilibrium composition and pressure. These two rubbery polymers were cross-linked poly (ethylene oxide) (XLPEO) and poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Moreover, data about the sorption of CO2 and CH4 in liquid methyl dietahnolamine MDEA that was collected from literature65-67 was used to determine the deviations in the sorption behavior in the mixed gas from that in the pure gases. It was observed that the competition effects between the penetrants were prevailing in the glassy polymers while swelling effects were predominant in the rubbery polymers above a certain value of the fugacity of CO2. Also, it was found that the dual-mode model showed a good prediction of the sorption of CH4 in the mixed gas for small pressure values but in general, it failed to predict the actual sorption of the penetrants in the mixed gas.

Synthesis, Modification, and Application of Siloxane Materials for Environmental Sensing

As human populations and resource consumption increase, it is increasingly important to monitor the quality of our environment. While laboratory instruments offer useful information, portable, easy to use sensors would allow environmental analysis to occur on-site, at lower cost, and with minimal operator training. We explore the synthesis, modification, and applications of modified polysiloxane in environmental sensing. Multiple methods of producing modified siloxanes were investigated. Oligomers were formed by using functionalized monomers, producing siloxane materials containing silicon hydride, methyl, and phenyl side chains. Silicon hydride-functionalized oligomers were further modified by hydrosilylation to incorporate methyl ester and naphthyl side chains. Modifications to the siloxane materials were also carried out using post-curing treatments. Methyl ester-functionalized siloxane was incorporated into the surface of a cured poly(dimethylsiloxane) film by siloxane equilibration. The materials containing methyl esters were hydrolyzed to reveal carboxylic acids, which could later be used for covalent protein immobilization. Finally, the siloxane surfaces were modified to incorporate antibodies by covalent, affinity, and adsorption-based attachment. These modifications were characterized by a variety of methods, including contact angle, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dye labels, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The modified siloxane materials were employed in a variety of sensing schemes. Volatile organic compounds were detected using methyl, phenyl, and naphthyl-functionalized materials on a Fabry-Perot interferometer and a refractometer. The Fabry-Perot interferometer was found to detect the analytes upon siloxane extraction by deformation of the Bragg reflectors. The refractometer was used to determine that naphthyl-functionalized siloxanes had elevated refractive indices, rendering these materials more sensitive to some analytes. Antibody-modified siloxanes were used to detect biological analytes through a solid phase microextraction-mediated enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (SPME ELISA). The SPME ELISA was found to have higher analyte sensitivity compared to a conventional ELISA system. The detection scheme was used to detect Escherichia coli at 8500 CFU/mL. These results demonstrate the variety of methods that can be used to modify siloxanes and the wide range of applications of modified siloxanes has been demonstrated through chemical and biological sensing schemes.