Identification of larval sea basses (Centropristis spp.) using ribosomal DNA-specific molecular assays

The identification of sea bass (Centropristis) larvae to species is difficult because of similar morphological characters, spawning times, and overlapping species ranges. Black sea bass (Centropristis striata) is an important fishery species and is currently considered to be overfished south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. We describe methods for identifying three species of sea bass larvae using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays based on species-specific amplification of rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. The assays were tested against DNA of ten other co-occurring reef fish species to ensure the assay's specificity. Centropristis larvae were collected on three cruises during cross-shelf transects and were used to validate the assays. Seventy-six Centropristis larva were assayed and 69 (91%) were identified successfully. DNA was not amplified from 5% of the larvae and identification was inconclusive for 3% of the larvae. Those assays can be used to identify sea bass eggs and larvae and will help to assess spawning locations, spawning times, and larval dispersal.

Characterization of the benthos, marine debris and bottom fish at Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary

Executive Summary: Baseline characterization of resources is an essential part of marine protected area (MPA) management and is critical to inform adaptive management. Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS) currently lacks adequate characterization of several key resources as identified in the 2006 Final Management Plan. The objectives of this characterization were to fulfill this need by characterizing the bottom fish, benthic features, marine debris, and the relationships among them for the different bottom types within the sanctuary: ledges, sparse live bottom, rippled sand, and flat sand. Particular attention was given to characterizing the different ledge types, their fish communities, and the marine debris associated with them given the importance of this bottom type to the sanctuary. The characterization has been divided into four sections. Section 1 provides a brief overview of the project, its relevance to sanctuary needs, methods of site selection, and general field procedures. Section 2 provides the survey methods, results, discussion, and recommendations for monitoring specific to the benthic characterization. Section 3 describes the characterization of marine debris. Section 4 is specific to the characterization of bottom fish. Field surveys were conducted during August 2004, May 2005, and August 2005. A total of 179 surveys were completed over ledge bottom (n=92), sparse live bottom (n=51), flat sand (n=20), and rippled sand (n=16). There were three components to each field survey: fish counting, benthic assessment, and quantification of marine debris. All components occurred within a 25 x 4 m belt transect. Two divers performed the transect at each survey site. One diver was responsible for identification of fish species, size, and abundance using a visual survey. The second diver was responsible for characterization of benthic features using five randomly placed 1 m2 quadrats, measuring ledge height and other benthic structures, and quantifying marine debris within the entire transect. GRNMS is composed of four main bottom types: flat sand, rippled sand, sparsely colonized live bottom, and densely colonized live bottom (ledges). Independent evaluation of the thematic accuracy of the GRNMS benthic map produced by Kendall et al. (2005) revealed high overall accuracy (93%). Most discrepancies between map and diver classification occurred during August 2004 and likely can be attributed to several factors, including actual map or diver errors, and changes in the bottom type due to physical forces. The four bottom types have distinct physical and biological characteristics. Flat and rippled sand bottom types were composed primarily of sand substrate and secondarily shell rubble. Flat sand and rippled sand bottom types were characterized by low percent cover (0-2%) of benthic organisms at all sites. Although the sand bottom types were largely devoid of epifauna, numerous burrows indicate the presence of infaunal organisms. Sparse live bottom and ledges were colonized by macroalgae and numerous invertebrates, including coral, gorgonians, sponges, and “other” benthic species (such as tunicates, anemones, and bryozoans). Ledges and sparse live bottom were similar in terms of diversity (H’) given the level of classification used here. However, percent cover of benthic species, with the exception of gorgonians, was significantly greater on ledge than on sparse live bottom. Percent biotic cover at sparse live bottom ranged from 0.7-26.3%, but was greater than 10% at only 7 out of 51 sites. Colonization on sparse live bottom is likely inhibited by shifting sands, as most sites were covered in a layer of sediment up to several centimeters thick. On ledge bottom type, percent cover ranged from 0.42-100%, with the highest percent cover at ledges in the central and south-central region of GRNMS. Biotic cover on ledges is influenced by local ledge characteristics. Cluster analysis of ledge dimensions (total height, undercut height, undercut width) resulted in three main categories of ledges, which were classified as short, medium, and tall. Median total percent cover was 97.6%, 75.1%, and 17.7% on tall, medium, and short ledges, respectively. Total percent cover and cover of macroalgae, sponges, and other organisms was significantly lower on short ledges compared to medium and tall ledges, but did not vary significantly between medium and tall ledges. Like sparse live bottom, short ledges may be susceptible to burial by sand, however the results indicate that ledge height may only be important to a certain threshold. There are likely other factors not considered here that also influence spatial distribution and community structure (e.g., small scale complexity, ocean currents, differential settlement patterns, and biological interactions). GRNMS is a popular site for recreational fishing and boating, and there has been increased concern about the accumulation of debris in the sanctuary and potential effects on sanctuary resources. Understanding the types, abundance, and distribution of debris is essential to improving debris removal and education efforts. Approximately two-thirds of all observed debris items found during the field surveys were fishing gear, and about half of the fishing related debris was monofilament fishing line. Other fishing related debris included leaders and spear gun parts, and non-gear debris included cans, bottles, and rope. The spatial distribution of debris was concentrated in the center of the sanctuary and was most frequently associated with ledges rather than at other bottom types. Several factors may contribute to this observation. Ledges are often targeted by fishermen due to the association of recreationally important fish species with this bottom type. In addition, ledges are structurally complex and are often densely colonized by biota, providing numerous places for debris to become stuck or entangled. Analysis of observed boat locations indicated that higher boat activity, which is an indication of fishing, occurs in the center of the sanctuary. On ledges, the presence and abundance of debris was significantly related to observed boat density and physiographic features including ledge height, ledge area, and percent cover. While it is likely that most fishing related debris originates from boats inside the sanctuary, preliminary investigation of ocean current data indicate that currents may influence the distribution and local retention of more mobile items. Fish communities at GRNMS are closely linked to benthic habitats. A list of species encountered, probability of occurrence, abundance, and biomass by habitat is provided. Species richness, diversity, composition, abundance, and biomass of fish all showed striking differences depending on bottom type with ledges showing the highest values of nearly all metrics. Species membership was distinctly separated by bottom type as well, although very short, sparsely colonized ledges often had a similar community composition to that of sparse live bottom. Analysis of fish communities at ledges alone indicated that species richness and total abundance of fish were positively related to total percent cover of sessile invertebrates and ledge height. Either ledge attribute was sufficient to result in high abundance or species richness of fish. Fish diversity (H`) was negatively correlated with undercut height due to schools of fish species that utilize ledge undercuts such as Pareques species. Concurrent analysis of ledge types and fish communities indicated that there are five distinct combinations of ledge type and species assemblage. These include, 1) short ledges with little or no undercut that lacked many of the undercut associated species except Urophycis earlii ; 2) tall, heavily colonized, deeply undercut ledges typically with Archosargus probatocephalus, Mycteroperca sp., and Pareques sp.; 3) tall, heavily colonized but less undercut with high occurrence of Lagodon rhomboides and Balistes capriscus; 4) short, heavily colonized ledges typically with Centropristis ocyurus, Halichoeres caudalis, and Stenotomus sp.; and 5) tall, heavily colonized, less undercut typically with Archosargus probatocephalus, Caranx crysos and Seriola sp.. Higher levels of boating activity and presumably fishing pressure did not appear to influence species composition or abundance at the community level although individual species appeared affected. These results indicate that merely knowing the basic characteristics of a ledge such as total height, undercut width, and percent cover of sessile invertebrates would allow good prediction of not only species richness and abundance of fish but also which particular fish species assemblages are likely to occur there. Comparisons with prior studies indicate some major changes in the fish community at GRNMS over the last two decades although the causes of the changes are unknown. Species of interest to recreational fishermen including Centropristis striata, Mycteroperca microlepis, and Mycteroperca phenax were examined in relation to bottom features, areas of assumed high versus low fishing pressure, and spatial dispersion. Both Mycteroperca species were found more frequently when undercut height of ledges was taller. They often were found together in small mixed species groups at ledges in the north central and southwest central regions of the sanctuary. Both had lower mode size and proportion of fish above the fishery size limit in heavily fished areas of the sanctuary (i.e. high boat density) despite the presence of better habitat in that region. Black sea bass, C. striata, occurred at 98% of the ledges surveyed and appeared to be evenly distributed throughout the sanctuary. Abundance was best explained by a positive relationship with percent cover of sessile biota but was also negatively related to presence of either Mycteroperca species. This may be due to predation by the Mycteroperca species or avoidance of sites where they are present by C. striata. Suggestions for monitoring bottom features, marine debris, and bottom fish at GRNMS are provided at the end of each chapter. The present assessment has established quantitative baseline characteristics of many of the key resources and use issues at GRNMS. The methods can be used as a model for future assessments to track the trajectory of GRNMS resources. Belt transects are ideally suited to providing efficient and quantitative assessment of bottom features, debris, and fish at GRNMS. The limited visibility, sensitivity of sessile biota, and linear nature of ledge habitats greatly diminish the utility of other sampling techniques. Ledges should receive the bulk of future characterization effort due to their importance to the sanctuary and high variability in physical structure, benthic composition, and fish assemblages. (PDF contains 107 pages.)

The Summer Flounder, Scup, and Black Sea Bass Fishery of the Middle Atlantic Bight and Southern New England Waters

Summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, scup, Stenotomus chrysops, and black sea bass, Centropristis striata, cooccur within the Middle Atlantic Bight and off southern New England and are important components of commercial and recreational fisheries. The commercial otter trawl fishery for these species is primarily a winter fishery, whereas the recreational fishery takes place between late spring and autumn. The otter trawl fishery generally targets summer flounder, and less frequently scup, while black sea bass occurs as bycatch. Trips in which all three species were present yielded highest aggregate landings per unit of effort (LPUE) levels and occurred more often than trips landing only one or two species. More than 50% of the trips in the trawl fishery landed at least two of the three species. In contrast, greater than 75% of the recreational landings of each species occurred as a result of trips landing only one species. Differences in the fisheries resulted from the interactions of seasonal changes in species distributions and gear selectivity. (PDF file contains 18 pages.)

Age determination methods for northwest Atlantic species

The successful application of techniques to enhance detection of age marks in biological specimens is of vital importance in fisheries research. This manual documents age determination techniques used by staff at the Woods Hole Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service. General information on procedures for preparing anatomical structures is described, together with criteria used to interpret growth patterns and assign ages. Annotated photographs of age structures are provided to illustrate criteria. Detailed procedures are given for the following species: Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), pollock (Pollachius virens), silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), red hake (Urophycis chuss), black sea bass (Centropristis striata), weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus), redfish (Sebastes fasciatus), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), surf clam (Spisula solidissima), and ocean quahog (Arctica islandica). (PDF file contains 142 pages.)

Morphological variation with interspecific implications in a population of Sigara dorsalis (Leach) (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Corixidae), and a request for British specimens

Sigara dorsalis belongs to a very closely related group of six species forming the sub-genus Sigara sensu strictu. Each of the six species has a distinct allopatric geographical distribution in Europe. Studies were started on a series of populations in the north west Midlands of England. All the populations examined, except one, contained only males with the typical diagnostic features of S. dorsalis, albeit with considerable variation. One pond near Congleton, Cheshire situated in a permanent-ley pasture and apparently free from pollution contained typical S. dorsalis males but, in addition, many atypical individuals. From one sample of forty-six males, all possessed left parameres with the slight point on the dorsal surface characteristic of S. dorsalis. However, almost half possessed additional morphological features intermediate between S. dorsalis and S. striata.

Studi Pendahuluan Kualitas Air Untuk Pengembangan Budidaya Perikanan di Kecamatan Sampoinit Aceh Jaya Pasca Tsunami

The preliminary study of water quality assessment for developing aquaculture effort was done in Sampoinit sub district for one week (1-8 December 2007). The objective of the present study is to evaluate the suitability of sites for developing of aquaculture. The explorative survey method was used in this study by determine of several sampling points at identified sites. The survey was covered four villages i.e. Meunasah Kulam, Crak Mong, Krueng No dan Pulo Raya. The results show that Meunasah Kulam, Crak Mong, Krueng No dan Pulo Raya were suitable for brackish water aquaculture of Scylla serrata, Mugil sp, Tilapia mossambica), Tilapia nilotica and Channos channos, while Crak Mong was suitable for freshwater aquaculture of Clarias batrachus and Channa striata. A semi intensive of aquaculture was suitable to be developed.

Analysis of permanent magnets as elasmobranch bycatch reduction devices in hook-and-line and longline trials

Previous studies indicate that elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates and rays) detect the Earth’s geomagnetic field by indirect magnetoreception through electromagnetic induction, using their ampullae of Lorenzini. Applying this concept, we evaluated the capture of elasmobranchs in the presence of permanent magnets in hook-and-line and inshore longline fishing experiments. Hooks with neodymium-iron-boron magnets significantly reduced the capture of elasmobranchs overall in comparison with control and procedural control hooks in the hook-and-line experiment. Catches of Atlantic sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae) and smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) were signif icantly reduced with magnetic hook-and-line treatments, whereas catches of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria) were not. Longline hooks with barium-ferrite magnets significantly reduced total elasmobranch capture when compared with control hooks. In the longline study, capture of blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) and southern stingrays (Dasyatis americana) was reduced on magnetic hooks, whereas capture of sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) was not affected. Teleosts, such as red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), black sea bass (Centropristis striata), and the bluefish (Pomatomas saltatrix), showed no hook preference in either hook-and-line or longline studies. These results indicate that permanent magnets, although eliciting species-specific capture trends, warrant further investigation in commercial longline and recreational fisheries, where bycatch mortality is a leading contributor to declines in elasmobranch populations.

龙胆科蔓龙胆属及其相关类群的系统学研究

本文回顾了龙胆科蔓龙胆属、双蝴蝶属、龙胆属狭蕊组和翼萼蔓属的研究历史，对这些类群的外部形态、花部解剖结构、染色体、花粉形态及胚胎学进行了研究，并结合已有的资料，探讨了这些类群的分类学问题。主要结论如下： 1．外部形态 蔓龙胆属、双蝴蝶属、龙胆属狭蕊组和龙胆属其他组之 间以及蔓龙胆属和翼萼蔓属之间在外部形态上均存在差异。 2．花部解剖结构 蔓龙胆属、双蝴蝶属、龙胆属狭蕊组和龙胆属其他组的花部解剖结构存在较多地相似之处，同时蔓龙胆属和双蝴蝶属的花被维管束和腺体比龙胆属狭蕊组和龙胆属其他组的特化。而翼萼蔓属的花部解剖结构与蔓龙胆属的差异较大，与扁蕾属的花部解剖结构较相似。 3．染色体 本文对蔓龙胆属、双蝴蝶属、龙胆属狭蕊组和翼萼蔓属的7种植物的染色体数目、基数和核型对称性作了研究，其中6种植物的染色体为首次报道，它们是：披针叶蔓龙胆C．delavayi、双蝴蝶T.chnense、峨眉双蝴蝶T．cordatum、锯齿龙胆 G．serra、毛脉龙胆G．souliei、和翼萼蔓P．volubilis。蔓龙胆属、双蝴蝶属和龙胆属狭蕊组的核型不对称性稍强于龙胆属其他组，但在染色体组成上十分相似。翼萼蔓属和蔓龙胆属的染色体差异较大，面与扁蕾属的染色体较相似。 4.花粉形态蔓龙胆属、双蝴蝶属、龙胆属狭蕊组和龙胆属其他组均具有球形或长球形、3孔沟、沟长而宽、外壁纹饰为条纹一无穿孔和条纹一穿孔的花粉类型。而翼萼蔓属的花粉为球形、纹饰为网状纹馋与蔓龙胆属不同，与扁蕾属的花粉较相似。 5．胚胎学 本文对披针叶蔓龙胆C，delavayi、双蝴蝶T．chinense、峨眉双蝴蝶T．cordatum、条纹龙胆G. striata和翼萼蔓P．volubilis作了较详细的胚胎学研究，这些类群在花药壁的分化和形成、胚珠和胎座类型、卵器中的助细胞和反足细胞、种皮以及胚发育等特征上存在差异，并且在胚胎学特征上各自拥有原始和进化的性状。蔓龙胆属、双蝴蝶属和龙胆属之间的胚胎学性状差异较大，龙胆属狭蕊组与双蝴蝶属的胚胎学性状较相似，而与蔓龙胆属和龙胆属其他组的差吴较大。翼萼蔓属的胚胎学性状与扁蕾属的较相似，而与蔓龙胆属的差异较大。 6．综合分析外部形态、花部解剖结构、染色体、花粉形态及胚胎学性状，结果表明，蔓龙胆属、双蝴蝶属、龙胆属狭蕊组和龙胆属其他组是亲缘关系十分相近的类群，在某些特征上已存在明显地演化极向，但在大多数特征上演化极向不明。蔓龙胆属和双蝴蝶属分别作为独立属处理较为合适，而且两属的亲缘关系很近。狭蕊组仍应放在龙胆属，蔓龙胆属比双蝴蝶属与龙胆属的亲缘关系更近一些。翼萼蔓属也应作为一独立属处理，而且该属可能与扁蕾属的亲缘关系较近，而与蔓龙胆属亲缘关系较远。 7．本文还讨论了蔓龙胆属、双蝴蝶属、龙胆属狭蕊组和翼萼蔓属的地理分布。

Biodeterioration of cellulose materials in Karingote, Nileswaram, Kavvayi and Ramapuram Backwater systems of Kerala

The hydrographic conditions prevailing in an estuarine system along the southwest coast of India are described. The nature of destruction of timber in these backwaters has been examined in detail which revealed the existence of 8 species of shipworms, 2 species each of pholads and isopods. The shipworms are represented by Dicyathifer manni, Lyrodus pedicellatus, Teredo furcifera, T. clappi, Nausitora dunlopei, Bankia carinata, B. campanellata; the pholads by Martesia striata and M. (Purticoma) nairi; and the isopods by Sphaeroma terebrans and S. annandalei. The incidence and relative abundance of these pests are discussed in relation to the salinity profile of the estuary.

Vertical distribution of marine wood boring and fouling organisms from the estuarine areas of the south west coast of India

Vertical distribution of marine wood boring and fouling organisms from three different estuarine areas namely, the Ernakulam channel in the Cochin backwaters, Ayiramthengu in the Kayamkulam Lake and Neendakara in the Asthamudi Lake during the post-monsoon, the pre-monsoon and the monsoon periods is presented. The boring organisms noticed during the present study were Martesia striata, Teredo furcifera, Nausitora hedleyi and Sphaeroma terebrans. The dominant fouling organisms were Balanus amphitrite amphitrite, calcareous worms and Modiolus sp. Algae and diatoms were very common on the sub-tidal panels during the monsoon. The incidence of Teredo, Nausitora and calcareous tube worms were significantly high on the bottom panels. Sphaeroma, Balanus and Modiolus occurred in greater numbers on the intertidal panels.

星肋小环藻的一新变种

<正> 作者在进行四川、云南硅藻分类研究中,发现了星肋小环藻的一新变种,定名为星肋小环藻线纹变种(Cyclotella asterocoaata var.striata),为编写《中国硅藻志》提供资料。星肋小环藻线纹变种(新变种)(图1)。Cyclotella asterocostata var. striata, var. nov. Differt a typo valvis in margine areae centralis striis puncticulosis (22—24 in 10μm)r

凤鹛属鸟类（Yuhina, Aves）的系统发育研究

本研究以凤鹛属（Yuhina）鸟类为研究对象，分别使用分子生物学性状和形 态学性状来重建凤鹛属种间的系统发育关系，为东南亚地区鹛类的起源与进化研 究提出新的见解。分子生物学研究的内群不仅包括了凤鹛属（11 种中的10 种）， 而且还包括了菲律宾特有穗鹛属（Stachyris）和绣眼鸟属（Zosterops）等近缘种。 通过测定线粒体上两个蛋白编码基因Cyt b、ND3 的全长序列和两个RNA 编码 基因 12S, 16S 的部分序列，得到长度为2379bp 的联合序列，使用最大简约法、 最大似然法和贝叶斯法进行系统发育分析的结果表明，菲律宾岛特有的穗鹛（金 冠穗鹛S. dennistouni、纹穗鹛S. striata、怀氏穗鹛S. whiteheadi）与绣眼鸟属（暗 绿绣眼Z. japonicus、红胁绣眼Z. erythropleurus、灰腹绣眼Z. palpebrosus）聚为 一支，位于凤鹛属支系内部。通过凤鹛、菲律宾穗鹛、绣眼鸟三个类群羽冠性状 演化趋势的分析，发现羽冠性状在菲律宾特有穗鹛和绣眼鸟支系中发生丢失。与 前人的研究结果相比，新发现纹喉凤鹛Y. gularis 与棕肛凤鹛Y. occipitalis 是姐妹 群，黄颈凤鹛Y. flavicollis 和白项凤鹛Y. bakeri 是姐妹群，这两个姐妹群又聚为 一大支的关系。 在分类问题上，暗绿绣眼、红胁绣眼和灰腹绣眼在本研究中与鹛类表现出近 缘关系，与前人使用绣眼鸟属其它物种进行的相关研究显示出高度一致性，说明 绣眼鸟属的系统学地位存在很大疑问，应该扩大取样进行深入研究。栗冠凤鹛 Y. everetti 与栗耳凤鹛Y. castaniceps 聚为姐妹群的关系，但是二者之间较小的遗 传距离和形态学差别显示二者之间应该为亚种关系，而不是种级关系。依据栗耳 凤鹛特有的尾羽形态提出的Staphiada 属没有得到本分子生物学研究结果的支持 （Harrison, 1986a, b）。在白腹凤鹛Y. zantholeuca 不属于凤鹛属支系这一结果的 提示下，发现白腹凤鹛独有的形态学特征，例如羽冠由冠羽形成、鼻孔半裸露、 飞羽外翈没有异色羽缘，这些独有的特征与其特殊的系统学地位相对应。因此， 我们支持前人提出的将白腹凤鹛从凤鹛属中分出去，单独成Erpornis 属的建议 （Cibois et al., 2002）。 在历史生物地理学方面，根据菲律宾特有穗鹛和绣眼鸟的近缘关系，认为菲 律宾特有穗鹛的祖先具有与现在绣眼鸟一样的跨海迁移的能力，在中新世末期（5.74Mya）由喜马拉雅地区或印度支那起源地经大巽他地区扩散到菲律宾岛屿 上，经过长期独立进化后，形成现在高度特有的穗鹛支系。更新世冰期时，大巽 他地区海平面下降，使栗冠凤鹛得以扩散至婆罗州（1.66Mya）。在上新世初期台 湾岛成陆后，由于台湾岛与中国大陆相连，褐头凤鹛Y. brunneiceps 的祖先扩散 至台湾岛屿上（5.05Mya）。高黎贡山为第四纪冰期时凤鹛属鸟类的避难场所，因 此形成了现在凤鹛属鸟类在高黎贡山地区密集分布的格局。喜马拉雅山和青藏高 原的隆起导致青藏高原上植被带的变化和喜马拉雅山南麓在第四纪冰期中避难 所的作用，是纹喉凤鹛、棕肛凤鹛、黄颈凤鹛、白项凤鹛等种类现今在喜马拉雅 山南麓密集分布的可能原因。 在凤鹛属分子系统学的研究基础上，从形态学角度探讨凤鹛属除白领凤鹛外 其它物种之间的系统发育关系。使用最先分化出来的白领凤鹛为外群以外群比较 法进行51 个形态学特征的性状极化，使用最大简约法分析后，结果不仅支持一 些分子系统学揭示的物种之间的亲缘关系，例如，栗耳凤鹛与栗冠凤鹛姐妹群的 关系，黑颏凤鹛和褐头凤鹛姐妹群的关系，三种绣眼鸟聚为一支，再与怀氏穗鹛 聚为一个大支；而且发现了新的系统关系，黄颈凤鹛与缅甸凤鹛Y. humilis 是姐 妹群，具有浅色下体的凤鹛属物种具有较近的系统关系。分子数据和形态数据对 凤鹛属系统发育树中部节点解决能力的差异，说明凤鹛属物种之间分化间隔时间 很短。 通过综述近年来核基因在鸟类分子系统发育研究中的应用情况，建议未来研 究中增加核基因的内含子序列，例如肌球素基因内含子2（ myoglobin intron Ⅱ） 或β纤维蛋白原基因内含子7（β-fibrinogen intron7, β-fibint 7）来解决本研究 中未确定的末端分枝分歧顺序。

Urceolatin, a structurally unique bromophenol from Polysiphonia urceolata

6-Bromo-1-(3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)phenanthro[4,5-bcd]furan-2,3,5-triol (urceolatin, 1), a highly oxygenated bromophenol containing an unprecedented naturally occurring benzylphenanthro[4,5-bcd]furan unit, was isolated from the marine red alga Polysiphonia urceolata. Its structure was established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 displayed significant DPPH radical-scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 7.9 mu M, which is 10-fold more potent than that of the positive control, butylated hydroxytoluene.

条纹龙胆的胚胎学研究(英文)

首次报道了条纹龙胆(Gentiana striata Maxim.) 的胚胎学特征, 研究结果用以讨论龙胆属狭蕊组(Gentiana Sect.Stenogyne) 的系统演化关系。主要研究结果如下: 花药四室; 药壁发育为双子叶型; 绒毡层细胞仅来源于初生壁细胞, 故绒毡层起源属单型起源, 细胞具单核,原位退化, 属腺质型绒毡层, 药隔处的绒毡层细胞经多次平周分裂形成2 层至多层的绒毡层细胞, 其余部位的绒毡层细胞仍为1 层细胞; 中层细胞1 层；在花药成熟时, 花药的表皮细胞和药室内壁均部分纤维状加厚且柱状伸长。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型, 四分体的排列主要为四面体形；成熟花粉为32细胞型。子房为2心皮, 1室, 侧膜胎座。胚珠4列。薄珠心,单珠被, 珠心基部产生珠被原基, 进而形成珠被, 条纹龙胆仅有1 层珠被。珠被沿珠心向上生长并将珠心包围, 于胚珠顶部形成珠孔。胚珠在发育过程中, 整个胚珠的本体倒转, 而且珠柄继续生长并弯曲, 使珠孔与合点端的连线与珠柄垂直, 形成Hypertropous 胚珠。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4 个大孢子呈直列式排列, 合点端的大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。极核在受精前融合为次生核, 反足细胞3 个、多宿存。雄蕊先熟。珠孔受精。胚乳发育为核型。胚胎发育为茄型酸浆Ⅱ变型。通过比较龙胆属狭蕊组与龙胆属其它组和双蝴蝶属的胚胎学特征表明, 龙胆属狭蕊组在一些重要的胚胎学特征上与双蝴蝶属较相似, 而与龙胆属其它组存在较大差异, 故建议应将龙胆属狭蕊组从龙胆属中移出。

Fitoplancton del mar peruano en el verano 2008

La biomasa planctónica en promedio fue 0,36 mL.m-3; el 95% de los volúmenes fue <0,5 mL.m-3, el fitoplancton fue 35% y se caracterizó por el dominio de diatomeas de afloramiento (Skeletonema costatum, Lithodesmium undulatum, Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira subtilis y Thalassionema nit schioides) entre Salaverry- Chancay y Pisco-Ilo (30 mn) y abundancia de diatomeas oceánicas y dinoflagelados termófilos (Guinardia striata, G. flaccida, Cerataulina pelagica, Coscinodiscus wailesii, Proboscia spp., Ceratium massiliense, C. tripos v. atlanticum y Goniodoma polyedricum) entre Puerto Pizarro-Chicama y Punta Mendieta–Ilo hasta 120 mn en la zona norte. La distribución de los indicadores biológicos estuvieron acorde a las condiciones ambientales, Protoperidinium obtusum, indicador de Aguas Costeras Frías se registró desde Punta Falsa hasta Ilo (30 mn). Ceratium praelongum y C. incisum, indicadores de Aguas Subtropicales Superficiales se registraron frente a Punta Falsa y San Juan (60 mn) ampliando su distribución en Atico (120 mn). Ceratium breve, indicador de AES estuvo ampliamente distribuido al norte de 10°S (120 mn), con acercamientos a la costa en Puerto Pizarro y Punta Falsa. Messodinium rubrum se registró desde Punta Mendieta hasta Matarani, concentración de 8756x103 cel.L-1.