Enteral nutrition: intervention 1

This resource is intended for student nurses at the University of Southampton

Enteral nutrition: intervention 2

This resource is intended for use by student nurses at the University of Southampton

Costos asociados al soporte nutricional enteral en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, revisión de literatura

Objetivo:Describir los costos asociados al soporte nutricional enteral en pacientes adultos hospitalizados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), Metodología: La elaboración de este documento se realizó en una búsqueda exhaustiva de acuerdo a las especificaciones y recomendaciones de la revisión de literatura, en MEDLINE, PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, EBSCO por considerarse como bases de datos reconocidas por contener artículos de mayor fiabilidad y más usadas en el ámbito académico. Se evidencio en los 70 artículosel cumplimiento de los criterios de inclusión, enel cual se realizó un análisis de costos en el manejo del soporte nutricional enteral y se identificó la importancia del manejo de la nutrición en pacientes adultos del servicio de UCI. Resultados: De tal manera la importancia del soporte nutricional enteral, en su proceso precoz se identifica la reducción de costos y de recursos que se puede manejar ante el paciente crítico. Dentro de este marco se resalta que el soporte nutricional enteral debe ser la primera opción en paciente. Conclusión:La nutrición enteral considerada un modelo de innovación al soporte nutricional en las últimas décadas, ha evolucionado contribuyendo una adecuada alternativa de intervención y sin efectos adversos clínicos relevantes, que además mejoran la calidad de vida y contribuyen a la toma de decisiones clínicas basadas en la evidencia y en los análisis de costes con el uso racional de los recursos, así mismo, es una práctica costo- efectiva,con componente de costo- beneficio para el usuario al mejorar calidad de vida, obteniendo mayores beneficios a un menor costo.

Absenteísmo no setor de nutrição em um hospital público de Belém - Pará, ano-2009

O Setor de uma Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição, não se caracteriza como atrativo para a mão-de-obra, um dos indicadores para esse fato são os altos índices de absenteísmo. Desta forma, objetivou-se caracterizar o índice de absenteísmo em trabalhadores deste setor de uma instituição Hospitalar pública em Belém-PA no ano de 2009. A amostra foi composta por 63 funcionários. A coleta de dados foi realizada através pesquisa em documentos fornecidos pela instituição. Os dados foram analisados no Software Excel 2007 pertencente ao pacote Office 2007 da Microsoft. O estudo mostrou os elevados índices de absenteísmo no ano em questão principalmente nos meses de julho (9,7%) e setembro (8,9%), sendo que a maioria dos funcionários faltosos é do sexo feminino (81%) e o turno onde estas ausências são mais freqüentes corresponde ao turno da manhã (64,96%). Dentre os vários motivos de faltas, o maior percentual está relacionado à licença saúde. A taxa de absenteísmo mostrou-se como uma relação parcialmente completa, mas que permite uma referência para a intervenção tanto no aspecto preventivo de sua inserção quanto para reparar uma condição já instalada, fazendo-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos qualitativos e quantitativos sensíveis às diversas possibilidades de explicação.

Importância da utilização das ferramentas de gestão da qualidade para a produção de alimentos seguros : análise de uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição (UAN) na cidade de Belém - PA

As empresas do segmento de alimentação coletiva cresceram significativamente nos últimos anos, influenciadas, principalmente, pela exigência dos usuários que têm como referência a grande variedade de produtos e serviços disponíveis no consumo de refeições fora do âmbito doméstico. A quantidade de pessoas que se alimenta fora de casa é cada vez maior, devido a fatos como crescimento das cidades, inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho e tempo indisponível para o preparo das refeições. Para garantir a segurança dos alimentos oferecidos, é necessária a aplicação de ferramentas da qualidade como as Boas Práticas, procedimentos operacionais padronizados e outras, que devem ser adotadas na linha de processamento de alimentos com o objetivo de evitar possíveis doenças transmitidas por alimentos. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi de analisar a importância da utilização das ferramentas da qualidade no processamento das preparações culinárias produzidas em uma Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) na cidade de Belém do Pará. Foram coletadas 50 amostras de preparações culinárias produzidas no estabelecimento onde foi observada contaminação de 36% por coliforme a 45ºC,16% por S. aureus e 4% por salmonella spp., foi aplicado um check-list (lista de verificação) baseada na legislação vigente, de forma a identificar as não-conformidades apresentadas pelos estabelecimentos.Os resultados mostraram que 47,4% dos itens de boas práticas não estão sendo aplicadas no estabelecimento. Observou-se durante a pesquisa na Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição que as ferramentas da qualidade não são aplicadas e algumas são aplicadas inadequadamente durante o processamento das preparações culinárias, concorrendo para a possibilidade de ofertar aos comensais de produtos impróprios para o consumo. Conclui-se que a utilização das ferramentas da qualidade são importantes recursos para a obtenção da garantia da qualidade que podem ser aprimoradas através do desenvolvimento de treinamentos de habilidades e percepção para trabalhar atitudes de cada colaborador dentro da linha de produção de alimentos seguros.

Impacto das questões relacionadas com a idade e a nutrição na promoção da saúde e redução do risco das doenças mais comuns nos idosos

Será revisto o Estado da Arte do Conhecimento sobre o impacto das questões relacionadas com a idade e a nutrição, que promovam a saúde e reduzem o risco das doenças mais comuns em idosos, particularmente as doenças cardiovasculares.

Nutrição parentérica em recém-nascidos prematuros

A nutrição parentérica é um importante aliado no crescimento e desenvolvimento de recém-nascidos prematuros. A nutrição parentérica consiste numa solução contendo nutrientes, como glicose, proteínas, lípidos, eletrólitos, vitaminas e oligoelementos, administrada por via endovenosa de modo a garantir um crescimento saudável do recém-nascido. O objetivo deste trabalho é abordar de uma forma discritiva a nutrição dos prematuros desde os seus componentes, as vias de administração, as suas indicações e contra-indicações até à manipulação propriamente dita destas soluções. Para finalizar é apresentado um caso clínico de um recém-nascido do Hospital São Francisco Xavier, evidenciando desta forma, todo o trabalho em contexto real, de farmacêuticos e técnicos hospitalares nesta área.

Fecal microbiota in patients receiving enteral feeding are highly variable and may be altered in those who develop diarrhea

Background: The pathogenesis of diarrhea in patients receiving enteral feeding includes colonic water secretion, antibiotic prescription, and enteropathogenic colonization, each of which involves an interaction with the gastrointestinal microbiota. Objective: The objective was to investigate temporal changes in the concentrations of fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in patients starting 14-d of enteral feeding and to compare these changes between patients who do and do not develop diarrhea. Design: Twenty patients starting exclusive nasogastric enteral feeding were monitored for 14 d. Fecal samples were collected at the start, middle, and end of this period and were analyzed for major bacterial groups by using culture independent fluorescence in situ hybridization and for SCFAs by using gas-liquid chromatography. Results: Although no significant changes in fecal microbiota or SCFAs were observed during enteral feeding, stark alterations occurred within individual patients. Ten patients (50%) developed diarrhea, and these patients had significantly higher concentrations of clostridia (P = 0.026) and lower concentrations (P = 0.069) and proportions (P = 0.029) of bifidobacteria. Patients with and without diarrhea had differences in the proportion of bifidobacteria (median: 0.4% and 3.7%; interquartile range: 0.8 compared with 4.3; P = 0.035) and clostridia (median: 10.4% and 3.7%; interquartile range: 14.7 compared with 7.0; P = 0.063), respectively, even at the start of enteral feeding. Patients who developed diarrhea had higher concentrations of total fecal SCFAs (P = 0.044), acetate (P = 0.029), and butyrate (P = 0.055). Conclusion: Intestinal dysbiosis occurs in patients who develop diarrhea during enteral feeding and may be involved in its pathogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 240-7.

A randomised clinical trial to assess the effect of total enteral and total parenteral nutritional support on metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative markers in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (APACHE II >= 66)

Background: Total enteral nutrition (TEN) within 48 h of admission has recently been shown to be safe and efficacious as part of the management of severe acute pancreatitis. Our aim was to ascertain the safety of immediate TEN in these patients and the effect of TEN on systemic inflammation, psychological state, oxidative stress, plasma glutamine levels and endotoxaemia. Methods: Patients admitted with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (APACHE II score 15) were randomised to total enteral (TEN; n = 8) or total parenteral nutrition (TPN; n = 9). Measurements of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein), fatigue ( visual analogue scale), oxidative stress ( plasma thiobarbituric acid- reactive substances), plasma glutamine and anti-endotoxin IgG and IgM antibody concentrations were made on admission and repeated on days 3 and 7 thereafter. Clinical progress was monitored using APACHE II score. Organ failure and complications were recorded. Results: All patients tolerated the feeding regime well with few nutrition-related complications. Fatigue improved in both groups but more rapidly in the TEN group. Oxidative stress was high on admission and rose by similar amounts in both groups. Plasma glutamine concentrations did not change significantly in either group. In the TPN group, 3 patients developed respiratory failure and 3 developed non-respiratory single organ failure. There were no such complications in the TEN group. Hospital stay was shorter in the TEN group [ 7 (4-14) vs. 10 (7-26) days; p = 0.05] as was time to passing flatus and time to opening bowels [1 (0-2) vs. 2 (1-5) days; p = 0.01]. The cost of TEN was considerably less than of TPN. Conclusion: Immediate institution of nutritional support in the form of TEN is safe in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. It is as safe and as efficacious as TPN and may be beneficial in the clinical course of this disease. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel and IAP.

Analysis of response to enteral infusion of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease

Objective: We present a new evaluation of levodopa plasma concentrations and clinical effects during duodenal infusion of a levodopa/carbidopa gel (Duodopa ) in 12 patients with advanced Parkinson s disease (PD), from a study reported previously (Nyholm et al, Clin Neuropharmacol 2003; 26(3): 156-163). One objective was to investigate in what state of PD we can see the greatest benefits with infusion compared with corresponding oral treatment (Sinemet CR). Another objective was to identify fluctuating response to levodopa and correlate to variables related to disease progression. Methods: We have computed mean absolute error (MAE) and mean squared error (MSE) for the clinical rating from -3 (severe parkinsonism) to +3 (severe dyskinesia) as measures of the clinical state over the treatment periods of the study. Standard deviation (SD) of the rating was used as a measure of response fluctuations. Linear regression and visual inspection of graphs were used to estimate relationships between these measures and variables related to disease progression such as years on levodopa (YLD) or unified PD rating scale part II (UPDRS II).Results: We found that MAE for infusion had a strong linear correlation to YLD (r2=0.80) while the corresponding relation for oral treatment looked more sigmoid, particularly for the more advanced patients (YLD>18).

Nursing administration of medication via enteral tubes in adults : a systematic review

Background Enteral tubes are frequently inserted as part of medical treatment in a wide range of patient situations. Patients with an enteral tube are cared for by nurses in a variety of settings, including general and specialised acute care areas, aged care facilities and at home. Regardless of the setting, nurses have the primary responsibility for administering medication through enteral tubes. Medication administration via an enteral tube is a reasonably common nursing intervention that entails a number of skills, including preparing the medication, verifying the tube position, flushing the tube and assessing for potential complications. If medications are not given effectively through an enteral tube, harmful consequences may result leading to increased morbidity, for example, tube occlusion, diarrhoea and aspiration pneumonia. There are resultant costs for the health-care system related to possible increased length of stay and increased use of equipment. Presently what is considered to be best practice to give medications through enteral tubes is unknown.

Objectives The objective of this systematic review was to determine the best available evidence on which nursing interventions are effective in minimising the complications associated with the administration of medications via enteral tubes in adults. Nursing interventions and considerations related to medication administration included form of medication, verifying tube placement before administration, methods used to give medication, methods used to flush tubes, maintenance of tube patency and specific practices to prevent possible complications related to the administration of enteral medications.

Search strategy The following databases were searched for literature reported in English only: CINAHL, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, Current Contents/All Editions, EMBASE, Australasian Medical Index and PsychINFO. There was no date restriction applied. In addition, the reference lists of all included studies were scrutinised for other potentially relevant studies.

Selection criteria Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and RCTs that compared the effectiveness of nursing interventions and considerations used in the administration of medications via enteral tubes. Other research methods, such as non-randomised controlled trials, longitudinal studies, cohort and case control studies, were also included. Exclusion criteria included studies investigating drug–nutrient interactions or the bioavailability of specific medications.

Data collection and analysis Initial consideration of potential relevance to the review was carried out by the primary author (NP). Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility for inclusion. A meta-analysis could not be undertaken, as there were no comparable RCTs identified. All data were presented in a narrative summary.

Results There is very limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of nursing interventions in minimising the complications associated with enteral tube medication administration in adults. The review highlights a lack of high quality research on many important nursing issues relating to enteral medication administration. There is huge scope for further research. Some of the evidence that was identified included that nurses should consider the use of liquid form medications as there may be fewer tube occlusions than with solid forms in nasoenteral tubes and silicone percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tubes. Nurses may need to consider the sorbitol content of some liquid medications, for example, elixirs, as diarrhoea has been attributed to the sorbitol content of the elixir, not the drug itself. In addition, the use of 30 mL of water for irrigation when administering medications or flushing small-diameter nasoenteral tubes may reduce the number of tube occlusions.