Optical characteristics of DBR with inhomogeneous graded interfaces

Optical properties of Al0.9Ga0.1As/Al gamma Ga1-gamma As/GaAs/Al chi Ga1-chi As DBR with inhomogeneous graded interfaces has been investigated by using characteristic matrix method. The refractive index model and the analytic characteristic matrix of graded interfaces are obtained. The reflectance spectrum and the reflective phase shift are calculated for GaAs/Al-0.9 Ga-0.1 As DBR and graded interfaces DBR by using characteristic matrix method. The effect of graded interfaces on the optical properties of DBR is discussed. The result shows an extra graded phase matching layer must he added in front of the graded interfaces DBR to fulfil the conditions of phase matching at central wavelength. The accurate thickness of phase matching layer is calculated by optical thickness approximation method.

Theory and experiment of two-photon 'direct' interference for type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion with an ultrafast pulse laser pump

Fourth-order spatial interference of entangled photon pairs generated in the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion pumped by a femtosecond pulse laser has been performed for the first time. In theory, it takes into account the transverse correlation between the two photons and is used to calculate the dependence of the visibility of the interference pattern obtained in Young's double-slit experiment. In this experiment, a short focal length tens and two narrow band interference filters were adopted to eliminate the effects of the broadband pump laser and improve the visibility of the interference pattern under the condition of nearly collinear light and degenerate phase matching.

Design and Fabrication of a Photonic Crystal Channel Drop Filter Based on an Asymmetric Silicon-on-Insulator Slab

We report on the design and fabrication of a photonic crystal (PC) channel drop filter based on an asymmetric silicon-on-insulator (SOI) slab. The filter is composed of two symmetric stick-shape micro-cavities between two single-line-defect (W1) waveguides in a triangular lattice, and the phase matching condition for the filter to improve the drop efficiency is satisfied by modifying the positions and radii of the air holes around the micro-cavities. A sample is then fabricated by using electron beam lithography (EBL) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching processes. The measured 0 factor of the filter is about 1140, and the drop efficiency is estimated to be 73% +/- 5% by fitting the transmission spectrum.

Experimental and theoretical analysis of nondegenerate ultrabroadband chirped pulse optical parametric amplification

Experimental investigations of nondegenerate ultrabroadband chirped pulse optical parametric amplification have been carried out. The general mathematical expressions for evaluating parametric bandwidth, gain and gain bandwidth for arbitrary three-wave mixing parametric amplifiers are presented. In our experiments, a type-I noncollinear phase-matched optical parametric amplifier based on lithium triborate, which was pumped by a 5-ns second harmonic pulses from a Q-switched Nd:YAG operating at 10 Hz, seeded by a 14-fs Ti:sapphire laser at 800 nm, was presented. The 0.85 nJ energy of input chirped signal pulse with 57-FWHM has been amplified to 3.1 muJ at pump intensity 3 GW/cm(2), the corresponding parametric gain reached 3.6 x 10(3), the 53 nm-FWHM gain spectrum bandwidth of output signal has been obtained. The large gain and broad gain bandwidth, which have been confirmed experimentally, provide great potentials to amplify efficiently the broad bandwidth femtosecond light pulses to generate new extremes in power, intensity, and pulse duration using optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers pumped by powerful nanosecond systems.

Tunable parametric fluorescence using a single crystal

In this paper, we investigate the mechanism of tunable parametric superfluorescence (PS) based on the second harmonic generation and parametric processes taking place in the same nonlinear crystal (BBO). The tunable spectra of PS has been generated between 480 nm and 530 nm, which is pumped by the second-harmonic from the high-power Ti: sapphire laser system at 1 kHz repetition rate. We present the generation mechanism of PS theoretically and simulate the process of PS ring using the amplification transfer function. The experiment and the theory show that PS will appear when the phase matching angle for second-harmonic generation is close to the optimal pump angle for optical parametric generation, and then the tunable spectra of PS are generated by slightly adjusting the crystal angle. The result provides a theoretical basis for controlling the generation of PS and quantum entanglement states, which is of great significance for the development of quantum imaging, quantum communications and other applieations.

Supercontinuum generation in air-silica microstructured fibers with nanosecond and femtosecond pulse pumping

We study the generation of supercontinua in air-silica microstructured fibers by both nanosecond and femtosecond pulse excitation. In the nanosecond experiments, a 300-nm broadband visible continuum was generated in a 1.8-m length of fiber pumped at 532 nm by 0.8-ns pulses from a frequency-doubled passively Q-switched Nd:YAG microchip laser. At this wavelength, the dominant mode excited under the conditions of continuum generation is the LP 11 mode, and, with nanosecond pumping, self-phase modulation is negligible and the continuum generation is dominated by the interplay of Raman and parametric effects. The spectral extent of the continuum is well explained by calculations of the parametric gain curves for four-wave mixing about the zero-dispersion wavelength of the LP11 mode. In the femtosecond experiments, an 800-nm broad-band visible and near-infrared continuum has been generated in a 1-m length of fiber pumped at 780 nm by 100-fs pulses from a Kerr-lens model-locked Ti:sapphire laser. At this wavelength, excitation and continuum generation occur in the LP01 mode, and the spectral width of the observed continuum is shown to be consistent with the phase-matching bandwidth for parametric processes calculated for this fiber mode. In addition, numerical simulations based on an extended nonlinear Schrödinger equation were used to model supercontinuum generation in the femtosecond regime, with the simulation results reproducing the major features of the experimentally observed spectrum. © 2002 Optical Society of America.

Wave mixing of hybrid Bogoliubov modes in a Bose-Einstein condensate

Mode-mixing of coherent excitations of a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate is modeled using the Bogoliubov approximation. Calculations are presented for second-harmonic generation between the two lowest-lying even-parity m=0 modes in an oblate spheroidal trap. Hybridization of the modes of the breather (l=0) and surface (l=4) states leads to the formation of a Bogoliubov dark state near phase-matching resonance so that a single mode is coherently populated. Efficient harmonic generation requires a strong coupling rate, sharply-defined and well-separated frequency spectrum, and good phase matching. We find that in all three respects the quantal results are significantly different from hydrodynamic predictions. Typically the second-harmonic conversion rate is half that given by an equivalent hydrodynamic estimate.

Efficient control of quantum paths via dual-gas high harmonic generation

The accurate control of the relative phase of multiple distinct sources of radiation produced by high harmonic generation is of central importance in the continued development of coherent extreme UV (XUV) and attosecond sources. Here, we present a novel approach which allows extremely accurate phase control between multiple sources of high harmonic radiation generated within the Rayleigh range of a single-femtosecond laser pulse using a dualgas, multi-jet array. Fully ionized hydrogen acts as a purely passive medium and allows highly accurate control of the relative phase between each harmonic source. Consequently, this method allows quantum path selection and rapid signal growth via the full coherent superposition of multiple HHG sources (the so-called quasi-phase-matching). Numerical simulations elucidate the complex interplay between the distinct quantum paths observed in our proof-of-principle experiments.

Comparison of parallel and perpendicular polarized counterpropagating light for suppressing high harmonic generation

The use of counterpropagating laser pulses to suppress high harmonic generation (HHG) is investigated experimentally for pulses polarized parallel or perpendicular to the driving laser pulse. It is shown for the first time that perpendicularly polarized pulses can suppress HHG. The intensity of the counterpropagating pulse required for harmonic suppression is found to be much larger for perpendicular polarization than for parallel polarization, in good agreement with simple models of the harmonic suppression. These results have applications to quasi-phase-matching of HHG with trains of counterpropagating pulses. (C) 2007 Optical Society of America.

Simulação do comportamento espectral de redes de período longo em fibra óptica

Esta tese é dedicada às redes de período longo, LPG’s, em fibra óptica, escritas por exposição a radiação ultravioleta (UV) ou por exposição a descargas eléctricas, e às suas aplicações em comunicações ópticas e em sistemas sensores. Numa primeira fase estudaram-se os aspectos teóricos fundamentais para a compreensão das LPG, nomeadamente os dois modelos matemáticos propostos na literatura, para a transmissão espectral de uma LPG, o modelo de duas camadas e o modelo de três camadas. Em seguida, estudou-se o deslocamento do comprimento de onda ressonante perante mudanças de parâmetros externos. Aqui, verificou-se que para variações da temperatura no exterior da LPG, o deslocamento do comprimento de onda ressonante é linear. Por outro lado, para variações de índice de refracção exterior, verificou-se que à medida que o índice exterior se aproxima dos valores do índice de refracção da bainha, o comprimento de onda ressonante tende para valores mais baixos. Por último, realizou-se um estudo da transmissão espectral de duas aplicações que envolvem LPG’s, nomeadamente dois tipos de interferómetros e filtros ópticos. Numa segunda fase, foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta de simulação destes modelos, que permitia não só a obtenção dos espectros de transmissão das LPG’s mas também a obtenção das curvas de phase matching em função do período da rede e do comprimento de onda ressonante. A aplicação permitia também a obtenção das curvas do deslocamento do comprimento de onda ressonante, perante variações do índice de refracção exterior ou da temperatura. Para além disso, essa ferramenta realiza a simulação dos espectros de transmissão de filtros ópticos e de interferómetros de Michelson e de Mach-Zehnder construídos com base em LPG’s. A última fase do trabalho, a componente laboratorial, foi realizada na Unidade de Optoelectrónica e Sistemas Electrónicos do INESC Porto, onde foram construídos e testados os dispositivos estudados anteriormente, com o intuito de validar a aplicação desenvolvida. A ferramenta de simulação demonstrou ser capaz de simular de forma adequada os diversos aspectos do comportamento das LPG’s que foram estudados. A comparação dos resultados obtidos permitiu concluir que o modelo mais correcto para o estudo das LPG’s é o modelo de três camadas, o que está de acordo com o esperado.

Frequency tunable continuous THz wave generation in a periodically poled fiber

An all-fiber approach to terahertz generation using a periodically poled optical fiber is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed approach, a continuous-wave THz wave is generated at a periodically poled fiber by beating two optical wavelengths from two laser sources with the wavelength spacing corresponding to the frequency of the THz wave. The key component in the system is the periodically poled fiber, which is made by a twin-hole fiber with the fiber core residing between two holes. The twin-hole fiber is then thermally poled at a temperature of similar to 260 degrees C with a voltage of 3.3 kV applied to the silver electrodes inside the two holes to introduce second-order nonlinearity. The quasi phase matching (QPM) condition is achieved by periodically erasing the thermal poling induced second-order nonlinearity with an ultraviolet laser, which enhances the energy conversion efficiency. The proposed approach is validated by an experiment. The emission of a THz wave centered at 3.8 THz with an output power of 0.5 mu W is observed. The frequency tunability between 2.2 and 3.8 THz is also experimentally demonstrated.

Eine kontinuierliche Lyman-alpha-Quelle basierend auf Festkörperlasersystemen

In dieser Arbeit wird eine schmalbandige kontinuierliche kohärente Lyman-α-Quelle basierend auf Festkörperlasersystemen zur zukünftigen Kühlung von Antiwasserstoff vorgestellt. Die fundamentalen Festkörperlasersysteme ermöglichen es im Vier-Wellen-Misch-Prozess zur Erzeugung der Lyman-α-Strahlung nicht nur die 6^1S – 7^1S-Zwei-Photonen-Resonanz des Quecksilbers sondern erstmals auch die 6^1S – 6^3P-Ein-Photonen-Resonanz zur Erhöhung der Konversionseffizienz optimal zu nutzen. In ersten Messungen wurden 0,063nW Leistung bei Lyman-α erzeugt. Mit dieser Lyman-α-Quelle war es, durch die Nähe des ersten fundamentalen Lasers zur Ein-Photonen-Resonanz, erstmals möglich den kompletten Verlauf der Phasenanpassungskurve des Vier-Wellen- Misch-Prozesses aufzunehmen. Neben den fundamentalen Lasersystemen und der Lyman-alpha-Erzeugung selbst, wird in dieser Arbeit die Detektion der produzierten Lyman-α-Strahlung mit einem Photomultiplier vorgestellt, die soweit optimiert wurde, dass eine zuverlässige Abschätzung der erzeugten Leistung möglich ist. Für diesen Zweck wurde zudem ein Teststand aufgebaut, mit dem die Transmissivität der Optiken, welche in der Lyman-α-Apparatur verwendet werden, bei 121,56nm gemessen wurde. Des Weiteren wird hier eine vielseitige Rechnung vorgestellt, mit der die erzeugte Leistung bei Lyman-α, unter anderem in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur, der Absorption des ersten fundamentalen Laserstrahls, dem Dichteprofil des Quecksilberdampfes und unter dem Einfluss eines Puffergases, bestimmt wird.

Einfluss der 6 1 S - 6 3 P-Resonanz auf die Lyman-alpha-Erzeugung in Quecksilber

In dieser Arbeit wird eine kontinuierliche, kohärente Strahlungsquelle bei 121,56nm, der Lyman-alpha Linie in Wasserstoff, vorgestellt. Diese Lyman-alpha Quelle soll zur zukünftigen Laserkühlung von Antiwasserstoff dienen. Die Strahlung wird durch Vier-Wellen-Mischen in Quecksilberdampf produziert. Dabei wird ein Festkörperlasersystem zur Erzeugung der Fundamentalstrahlen eingesetzt. Zur Erhöhung der nichtlinearen Suszeptibilität wird die 6^1S-7^1S Zwei-Photonen-Resonanz ausgenutzt. Zusätzlich wird mit Hilfe eines durchstimmbaren ultravioletten Lasersystems die 6^1S-6^3P Ein-Photon-Resonanz genutzt, was es erlaubt, die nichtlineare Suszeptibilität des Mischprozesses um Größenordnungen zu erhöhen. Um den Einfluss der 6^1S-6^3P Ein-Photon-Resonanz zu untersuchen, wurden zunächst die Phasenanpassungstemperaturen bei verschiedenen Verstimmungen der ultravioletten Strahlung zur 6^3P Resonanz vermessen und festgestellt, dass kleinere Verstimmungen zu niedrigeren Phasenanpassungstemperaturen führen. Es konnte sowohl theoretisch wie auch experimentell gezeigt werden, dass diese niedrigeren Phasenanpassungstemperaturen bei kleinen Verstimmungen der Erhöhung der Lyman-alpha Erzeugung durch die größere nichtlineare Suszeptibilität bei kleinen Verstimmungen entgegenwirken. Bei immer kleineren Verstimmungen zur 6^3P Resonanz limitiert die Absorption der ultravioletten Strahlung die Lyman-alpha Erzeugung. Ein positiver Effekt der niedrigeren Phasenanpassungstemperaturen ist, dass es möglich wird, auf das bisher nötige Puffergas in der Quecksilber-Dampfzelle zu verzichten, was die Lyman-alpha Erzeugung um einen Faktor 1,7 erhöht. Damit war es möglich, die bisherige Effizienz der Lyman-alpha Erzeugung zu verbessern. Es wurde eine Lyman-alpha Leistung von 0,3nW erreicht. Zusätzlich zum Einfluss der 6^3P Resonanz auf die Lyman-alpha Erzeugung wurde ein weiterer Effekt beobachtet. Durch die Nähe der 6^1S-6^3P Ein-Photon-Resonanz wird auch mehr Besetzung in das obere 7^1S Niveau der Zwei-Photonen-Resonanz gepumpt. Dadurch konnte erstmals eine kontinuierliche Lasertätigkeit auf der 6^1P-7^1S Linie in Quecksilber bei 1014nm beobachtet werden.

Ottimizzazione di un controllo di temperatura per diodi laser

In questo lavoro di tesi si studia un processo sperimentale necessario alla realizza- zione di un esperimento di Fisica Atomica. L’attivit`a svolta consiste nell’ottimizzazione dei paramentri di un algoritmo di con- trollo PI (proporzionale-integrale) atto a stabilizzare la temperatura di un Diodo Laser entro 1mK. Nella branca dell’Ottica Non Lineare (dove la polarizzazione del mezzo ha una rispo- sta non lineare al campo elettrico) si possono presentare casi in cui la birifrangenza del mezzo ha una forte dipendenza dalla temperatura. Questa pu o ` essere control- lata per il raggiungimento delle condizioni di phase matching. Le fluttuazioni di temperatura possono minare tramite la dilatazione termica la precisione di una ca- vit`a Fabry-Perot, utilizzata per controllare e misurare la lunghezza d’onda della luce, dato che nominalmente ∆ν/ν = − ∆L/L. Negli esperimenti di Laser Cooling infi- ne si lavora spesso con transizioni la cui larghezza naturale Γ ∼ 1MHz , mentre la frequenza di un laser pu o ́ dipendere dalla temperatura con coefficienti tipicamente dell’ordine del GHz/K. Questa stabilizzazione risulta dunque fondamentale per una vasta classe di esperi- menti nei quali le derive termiche possono influenzare drammaticamente il processo di misura. La tesi, in particolare, si apre con un capitolo nel quale si tratta brevemente il con- testo matematico di riferimento per i sistemi di controllo a retroazione. Tra questi e ` di particolare interesse la regolazione proporzionale-integrale. Il secondo capitolo si concentra sulla caratterizzazione del sistema in oggetto al fine di trovare la sua funzione di trasferimento ad anello aperto. Nel terzo capitolo infine, si utilizzano gli strumenti matematici descritti precedente- mente per ottimizzare i parametri del regolatore e si discutono i risultati ottenuti e le misure finali.

Supersymmetric Mode Converters

Originally developed in the context of quantum field theory, the concept of supersymmetry can be used to systematically design a new class of optical structures. In this work, we demonstrate how key features arising from optical supersymmetry can be exploited to control the flow of light for mode division multiplexing applications. Superpartner configurations are experimentally realized in coupled optical networks, and the corresponding light dynamics in such systems are directly observed. We show that supersymmetry can be judiciously utilized to remove the fundamental mode of a multimode optical structure, while establishing global phase matching conditions for the remaining set of modes. Along these lines, supersymmetry may serve as a promising platform for versatile optical components with desirable properties and functionalities.