Estudio de la propagación del ruido de tráfico en diversas calles de la ciudad de Madrid

El ruido de tráfico generado en la ciudad es uno de los principales problemas ambientales que afecta notablemente a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. Actualmente, la manera de abordar el problema de la contaminación acústica se basa principalmente en medidas correctoras que se aplican a posteriori; cuando el problema ya existe. El problema del ruido debería abordarse además, con medidas preventivas aplicables en la fase de diseño de la ciudad. Sin embargo existen pocos estudios acústicos que puedan aportar conclusiones concretas sobre cómo afectan acústicamente las decisiones tomadas en el planeamiento urbano, ni sobre cómo podrían optimizarse. El trabajo realizado consiste en el estudio de la propagación de ruido en diversas calles representativas de la ciudad de Madrid que pertenecen a diversas tipologías urbanas. De él se concluye que existe una relación directa entre las características tipológicas urbanas y la propagación del ruido. Este estudio representa la base para la investigación acústica sobre múltiples aspectos urbanos y se encuadra en esta nueva área de investigación dentro de la acústica, que podría estar al servicio del planeamiento urbanístico, aportándole las herramientas que precisa para optimizar el diseño de las ciudades teniendo en consideración la problemática del ruido. ABSTRACT. Traffic noise generated in the city has become one of the main environmental problems that significantly affects the quality of life of its citizens. Currently, the approach to the problem of acoustic noise pollution is mainly based on corrective methods that are applied retrospectively; when the problem already exists. The problem of noise pollution in the city should also be dealt with preventive methods, developed in the design phase of the city. However there are few studies that can provide concrete conclusions on how urban planning decisions can affect acoustically the noise problem, or how to optimize it. This work consists in studying noise propagation in several representative streets in the city of Madrid. These streets are a selection belonging to different urban typologies. This study reveals that a direct relation exists between the urban typological characteristics and the noise propagation. This conclusion represents the base for acoustic research on multiple urban aspects. The work fits into this new area of research in acoustics, which could be at the service of the urban planning, giving it the tools it needs to improve urban designing taking into account the problem of noise.

Validación de Herramientas Metodológicas de Estudios Sociales y Psicoacústicos de Ruido

El ruido es un contaminante que cada vez va tomando más importancia por ser un tipo de contaminación propio de las sociedades modernas. Su estudio en tanto su origen y efectos en la población, ha sido objeto de numerosas líneas de investigación en el mundo, siendo una de las herramientas más utilizadas las encuestas de percepción de molestias realizadas en numerosos países y de variados diseños metodológicos. Sin embargo, la profusa información recolectada por muchos años y por distintos países por medio de estas herramientas no permite obtener datos relacionados entre ellos para estudiar las distintas condiciones de exposición a distintos tipos de fuentes de ruido, dado que responden a diseños de instrumentos de recolección de datos (encuestas) distintos y, aún más, a escalas de mediciones distintas. Un esfuerzo por generar datos y estudios que puedan ser relacionados para contribuir a mayor conocimiento del ruido y sus efectos en la salud de la población, es la iniciativa desarrollada por el ICBEN (International Commission of Biological Effects on Noise) que desde el año 1997 un grupo de investigadores se ha propuesto generar estudios e investigaciones bajo una metodología que permita comparar los diferentes estudios que se realicen y que sus conclusiones permitan ser utilizadas por el resto y así generar nuevos conocimientos y validar dichos resultados. Uno de los problemas que en la actualidad se tiene es que las encuestas que se utilizan en distintos países, e incluso en ellos mismos, no sólo incorporan preguntas de diversas modalidades y estilos, sino que además para las respuestas que entregan los encuestados se utilizan una variedad de métodos y escalas que no permiten ser extrapolados o comparados con otros estudios. Dado que las escalas que algunos estudios utilizan, para conocer el grado de molestia que presenta la población, sin verbales, las líneas de investigación y recomendaciones internacionales sugieren que cada país desarrolle sus propias escalas y que no se remitan sólo a traducir aquellas utilizadas en otros idiomas. Esto debido que cada palabra que se utilice en las escalas encierra un concepto metrológico, esto es, que las personas le asignan un valor específico de intensidad en el continuo de grados de molestia, por lo que deben ser obtenidas para cada población bajo estudio. Esta investigación, siguiendo las recomendaciones internacionales, ha obtenido una escala verbal para ser utilizada en encuestas de percepción subjetiva de molestias por ruido en Chile, para una población de entre 15 a 65 años de edad. Se ha podido desarrollar un test para obtener dicha escala siguiendo la metodología internacional, lo que ha permitido además discutir y analizar su utilización en futuras investigaciones. Del mismo modo, se ha podido analizar la equivalencia que tiene con otras escalas que podrían ser obtenidas con esta misma metodología, así como la escala que la recomendación internacional ISO propone para el idioma español. Los resultados obtenidos permiten comprobar la necesidad de que cada país hispanoparlante desarrolle sus propias escalas lo que podría explicar, entre otros aspectos, del por qué la norma internacional aún no tiene características de oficial a falta de mayor consenso en la comunidad científica, por lo que los datos aportados en esta investigación permitirán profundizar estos y otros aspectos a los investigadores en esta materia. ABSTRACT Noise is considered as a pollutant that it is growing in importance because it has become recognized as a major annoyance in modern societies. The study of its origin and effects on populations has been the objective of numerous lines of investigation all over the world. The annoyance questionnaire is a tool that is frequently utilized in numerous countries using a variety of design methods. Nevertheless, the quantity of information collected over several years in different countries using these tools has not allowed an interrelated correlation of data because the data indicates that the different study tools designed to collect data have used varying collection techniques and measurement scales that define the exposure to different types and sources of noise pollution. In an effort to generate data and studies then can be combined to better the understanding of noise and its effects on public health, an initiative that was developed by ICBEN (International Commission of Biological Effects on Noise) was proposed in 1997 and is designed to generate and investigate studies under methodologies that allow the comparisons of different studies already undertaken and the coordination of their conclusions. These investigative tools can be used by other investigators who will be able to generate additional information and validates results. One of the currently existing problems is that the questionnaires utilized by different countries and within the same countries not only use questions based on different models and styles, but also the answers given by the subjects being interviewed are interpreted using different methods and measurement scales which do not permit direct comparison of relationship with other studies. Given the measurement tools used to obtain the reported levels of annoyance that the population experiences (without verbal response) the lines of investigation and international recommendations are that each country develops its own scale that does not rely only on verbal responses in the corresponding language. This is because each word utilized in the measurement scale has a numeric concept with which interview subjects will assign a specific numeric intensity from the continuum of levels of annoyance and must be obtained for each population under study. This investigation, which follows international recommendations, has obtained a verbal scale to be utilized in subjective perception questionnaires of noise annoyance in Chile, for a subject population of subjects between 15 and 65 years of age. It has been able to develop a test to obtain said measurement scale following the international methodology guidelines which has permitted discussion and analysis of their use by other investigators. By the same token, it has been possible to analyze the equivalency that exists between other scales that could be obtained with the same methodology including the scale as recommended by international ISO for Spanish Language. The results obtained allows proof of the necessity that each Spanish Speaking Country develop their own measurement scales which could explain, the reason why the international norm still does not have the official characteristics because of a failure of a majority consensus in the scientific community, by which the data contribution from this investigation will allow the investigator to deepen these and other aspects of the subject.

Evaluación del ruido ambiental en espacios naturales protegidos: implicaciones para su gestión

Esta Tesis Doctoral trata sobre la caracterización acústica de los ecosistemas naturales y la evaluación del impacto ambiental del ruido antropogénico sobre sus potenciales receptores en estos lugares, incluidos los receptores no humanos y sus efectos ecológicos, además, analiza las implicaciones para su gestión a distintas escalas y se lleva a cabo una valoración económica. Este trabajo ofrece soluciones para caracterizar los paisajes sonoros de forma compatible con distintas escalas de trabajo, nivel de esfuerzo técnico y en contextos de recursos limitados que haga viable su tratamiento como cualquier otra variable ambiental en el ámbito de la conservación y gestión del medio natural. Se han adaptado herramientas y metodologías propias de disciplinas como la acústica ambiental, bioacústica y ecología del paisaje, para servir a los objetivos específicos de la evaluación y gestión de los paisajes sonoros y el ruido ambiental en amplias extensiones geográficas. Se ha establecido un método general de muestreo sistemático para trabajo de campo y también se han adaptado métodos de modelización informática, que permiten analizar escenarios sonoros dinámicos en el tiempo y en el espacio, desde localizaciones puntuales hasta la escala del paisaje. Es posible elaborar cartografía ambiental con esta información y se ha representado gráficamente la zona de influencia de distintas fuentes de ruido sobre la calidad de distintos hábitats faunísticos. Se recomienda el uso del indicador del nivel de presión sonora equivalente (Leq) por su operatividad en medición y modelización, y su adaptabilidad a cualquier dimensión espacial y temporal que se requiera, por ejemplo en función del paisaje, actividades o especies que se establezcan como objeto de análisis. Se ha comprobado que las voces y conversaciones de parte de los excursionistas en zonas de reposo, observación y descanso (Laguna Grande de Peñalara) es la fuente de ruido que con mayor frecuencia identifican los propios visitantes (51%) y causa un incremento del nivel de presión sonora equivalente de unos 4,5 dBA sobre el nivel correspondiente al ambiente natural (Lnat). También se ha comprobado que carreteras con bajo nivel de tráfico (IMD<1000) pueden causar estrés fisiológico sobre la fauna y afectar a la calidad de sus hábitats. La isófona de 30 dBA del índice Leq (24h) permite dividir a los corzos de la zona de estudio en dos grupos con diferente nivel de estrés fisiológico, más elevado en los que se sitúan más cerca de la carretera con mayor volumen de tráfico y se expone a mayores niveles de ruido. Por otro lado, ha sido posible delimitar una zona de exclusión para la nidificación de buitre negro alrededor de las carreteras, coincidente con la isófona Leq (24h) de 40 dBA que afecta al 11% de su hábitat potencial. Además se ha llevado a cabo una novedosa valoración económica de la contaminación acústica en espacios naturales protegidos, mediante el análisis de la experiencia sonora de los visitantes del antiguo Parque Natural de Peñalara, y se ha constatado su disposición al pago de una entrada de acceso a estos lugares (aproximadamente 1 euro) si redundara en una mejora de su estado de conservación. En conclusión, los espacios naturales protegidos pueden sufrir un impacto ambiental significativo causado por fuentes de ruido localizadas en su interior pero también lejanas a ellos, que se sitúan fuera del ámbito de competencias de sus gestores. Sucesos sonoros como el sobrevuelo de aviones pueden incrementar en aproximadamente 8 dBA el nivel de referencia Lnat en las zonas tranquilas del parque. Se recomienda llevar a cabo una gestión activa del medio ambiente sonoro y se considera necesario extender la investigación sobre los efectos ecológicos del ruido ambiental a otros lugares y especies animales. ABSTRACT This PhD Thesis deals with acoustic characterization of natural ecosystems and anthropogenic noise impact assessment on potential receivers, including non-human receivers and their ecological effects. Besides, its management implications at different scales are analyzed and an economic valuation is performed. This study provides solutions for characterizing soundscapes in a compatible way with different working scales, level of technical effort and in a context of limited resources, so its treatment becomes feasible as for any other environmental variable in conservation and environmental management. Several tools and methodologies have been adapted from a variety of disciplines such as environmental acoustics, bioacoustics and landscape ecology, to better serve the specific goals of assessing and managing soundscapes and environmental noise in large areas. A procedure has been established for systematic field measurement surveys and noise common computer modelling methods have also been adapted in order to analyze dynamic soundscapes across time and space, from local to landscape scales. It is possible to create specific thematic cartography as for instance delimiting potential influence zone from different noise sources on animal habitats quality. Use of equivalent continuous sound pressure level index (Leq) is recommended because it provides great flexibility in operation for noise measurement and modelling, and because of its adaptability to any required temporal and spatial dimension, for instance landscape, activities or the target species established as study subjects. It has been found that human voices and conversations in a resting and contemplation area (Laguna Grande de Peñalara) is the most frequently referred noise source by national park visitors (51 %) when asked. Human voices alter this recreational area by increasing the sound pressure level approximately 4.5 dBA over the natural ambient level (Lnat). It has also been found that low traffic roads (AADT<1000 ) may cause physiological stress on wildlife and affect the quality of their habitats. It has also been possible to define a road-effect zone by noise mapping, which suggests an effective habitat loss within the Leq (24h) 30 dBA isophone in case of Roe deer and also divide the study area in two groups with different physiological stress level, higher for those exposed to higher noise levels and traffic volume. On the other hand, it has been possible to determine an exclusion area for Cinereous vulture nesting surrounding roads which is coincident with the Leq (24h) 40 dBA isophone and affects 11 % of the vulture potential habitat. It has also been performed an economic estimation of noise pollution impact on visitors’ perception and results showed that visitors would be willing to pay an entrance fee of approximately 1 euro if such payment is really bringing an improvement of the conservation status. In conclusion, protected areas may be significantly affected by anthropogenic noise sources located within the park borders but perturbations may also be caused by large-distance noise sources outside the park managers’ jurisdiction. Aircraft overflight events disrupted quietness and caused Leq increases of almost 8 dBA during a monitoring period with respect to Lnat reference levels in the park quiet areas. It is recommended to actively manage the acoustic environment. Finally, further research on ecological impacts of environmental noise needs to be extended to other species and places.

Sistema de adquisición de datos para una aplicación de detección del ruido de reversa en tiempo real

Entre todas las fuentes de ruido, la activación de la propulsión en reversa de un avión después de aterrizar es conocida por las autoridades del aeropuerto como una causa importante de impacto acústico, molestias y quejas en las proximidades vecinas de los aeropuertos. Por ello, muchos de los aeropuertos de todo el mundo han establecido restricciones en el uso de la reversa, especialmente en las horas de la noche. Una forma de reducir el impacto acústico en las actividades aeroportuarias es implementar herramientas eficaces para la detección de ruido en reversa en los aeropuertos. Para este proyecto de fin de carrera, aplicando la metodología TREND (Thrust Reverser Noise Detection), se pretende desarrollar un sistema software capaz de determinar que una aeronave que aterrice en la pista active el frenado en reversa en tiempo real. Para el diseño de la aplicación se plantea un modelo software, que se compone de dos módulos:  El módulo de adquisición de señales acústicas, simula un sistema de captación por señales de audio. Éste módulo obtiene muestra de señales estéreo de ficheros de audio de formato “.WAV” o del sistema de captación, para acondicionar las muestras de audio y enviarlas al siguiente módulo. El sistema de captación (array de micrófonos), se encuentra situado en una localización cercana a la pista de aterrizaje.  El módulo de procesado busca los eventos de detección aplicando la metodología TREND con las muestras acústicas que recibe del módulo de adquisición. La metodología TREND describe la búsqueda de dos eventos sonoros llamados evento 1 (EV1) y evento 2 (EV2); el primero de ellos, es el evento que se activa cuando una aeronave aterriza discriminando otros eventos sonoros como despegues de aviones y otros sonidos de fondo, mientras que el segundo, se producirá después del evento 1, sólo cuando la aeronave utilice la reversa para frenar. Para determinar la detección del evento 1, es necesario discriminar las señales ajenas al aterrizaje aplicando un filtrado en la señal capturada, después, se aplicará un detector de umbral del nivel de presión sonora y por último, se determina la procedencia de la fuente de sonido con respecto al sistema de captación. En el caso de la detección del evento 2, está basada en la implementación de umbrales en la evolución temporal del nivel de potencia acústica aplicando el modelo de propagación inversa, con ayuda del cálculo de la estimación de la distancia en cada instante de tiempo mientras el avión recorre la pista de aterrizaje. Con cada aterrizaje detectado se realiza una grabación que se archiva en una carpeta específica y todos los datos adquiridos, son registrados por la aplicación software en un fichero de texto. ABSTRACT. Among all noise sources, the activation of reverse thrust to slow the aircraft after landing is considered as an important cause of noise pollution by the airport authorities, as well as complaints and annoyance in the airport´s nearby locations. Therefore, many airports around the globe have restricted the use of reverse thrust, especially during the evening hours. One way to reduce noise impact on airport activities is the implementation of effective tools that deal with reverse noise detection. This Final Project aims to the development of a software system capable of detecting if an aircraft landing on the runway activates reverse thrust on real time, using the TREND (Thrust Reverser Noise Detection) methodology. To design this application, a two modules model is proposed: • The acoustic signals obtainment module, which simulates an audio waves based catchment system. This module obtains stereo signal samples from “.WAV” audio files or the catchment system in order to prepare these audio samples and send them to the next module. The catchment system (a microphone array) is located on a place near the landing runway. • The processing module, which looks for detection events among the acoustic samples received from the other module, using the TREND methodology. The TREND methodology describes the search of two sounds events named event 1 (EV1) and event 2 (EV2). The first is the event activated by a landing plane, discriminating other sound events such as background noises or taking off planes; the second one will occur after event one only when the aircraft uses reverse to slow down. To determine event 1 detection, signals outside the landing must be discriminated using a filter on the catched signal. A pressure level´s threshold detector will be used on the signal afterwards. Finally, the origin of the sound source is determined regarding the catchment system. The detection of event 2 is based on threshold implementations in the temporal evolution of the acoustic power´s level by using the inverse propagation model and calculating the distance estimation at each time step while the plane goes on the landing runway. A recording is made every time a landing is detected, which is stored in a folder. All acquired data are registered by the software application on a text file.

Poluição sonora urbana: a influência de modificações em escapamentos de motocicletas na emissão de ruído

A poluição sonora urbana, em especial a gerada por motocicletas com escapamentos modificados, afeta indistintamente a saúde de toda população de diversas maneiras e tende a aumentar, ao contrário da emissão de gases, que vem se reduzindo ao longo dos anos. Com o objetivo de conter o ruído gerado pelo tráfego urbano, vários países desenvolvem procedimentos, leis e ações mitigatórias como barreiras acústicas e asfaltos fonoabsorventes, porém há grande quantidade de motocicletas, veículo tipicamente de alto potencial de incômodo e ruidoso, que circulam com sistemas de escapamento adulterados e emitem ainda mais excesso de ruído. A inspeção veicular é ferramenta importante no controle de emissões de gases poluentes de veículos em uso, mas falha em restringir aqueles que ultrapassam os limites legais de ruído e, somado a isto, há o agravante de o condutor submeter-se a poluição sonora que ele mesmo produz. A fiscalização de rua surge como alternativa de controle ambiental, mas algumas vezes é contestada por ser subjetiva ou por faltar uma metodologia simples, confiável e eficaz. Buscou-se então compreender a relação entre o aumento do nível sonoro da motocicleta com escapamento modificado ao circular no trânsito e a emissão sonora medida na condição de inspeção, o chamado ruído parado, para trazer subsídios à formação de métodos mais eficazes de fiscalização e controle. Para isto foram avaliadas motocicletas quanto à emissão de ruído em circulação e ruído parado e os resultados obtidos apontam que os escapamentos modificados possuem nível sonoro muito mais elevado que os originais, com forte correspondência entre os dois métodos de medição. Esta poluição sonora atinge de modo particularmente intenso os profissionais, motoboys, que modificam suas motocicletas, pois eles se submetem a todos os fatores que favorecem a perda auditiva por excesso de ruído. Outras questões surgiram em paralelo ao tema principal e foram brevemente avaliadas para se compor o quadro geral, como o nível sonoro de escapamentos não originais avaliados segundo os procedimentos de homologação, a contribuição que a motocicleta traz ao ruído urbano e que resultados estes trazem quanto ao torque e potência da motocicleta. Estes estudos indicaram que a motocicleta modificada contribui fortemente para a poluição sonora urbana, afetando principalmente o condutor e sem trazer ganhos efetivos em termos de potência e dirigibilidade.

Estimação de imagens acústicas com arranjos de microfones.

Nas últimas décadas, a poluição sonora tornou-se um grande problema para a sociedade. É por esta razão que a indústria tem aumentado seus esforços para reduzir a emissão de ruído. Para fazer isso, é importante localizar quais partes das fontes sonoras são as que emitem maior energia acústica. Conhecer os pontos de emissão é necessário para ter o controle das mesmas e assim poder reduzir o impacto acústico-ambiental. Técnicas como \"beamforming\" e \"Near-Field Acoustic Holography\" (NAH) permitem a obtenção de imagens acústicas. Essas imagens são obtidas usando um arranjo de microfones localizado a uma distância relativa de uma fonte emissora de ruído. Uma vez adquiridos os dados experimentais pode-se obter a localização e magnitude dos principais pontos de emissão de ruído. Do mesmo modo, ajudam a localizar fontes aeroacústicas e vibro acústicas porque são ferramentas de propósito geral. Usualmente, estes tipos de fontes trabalham em diferentes faixas de frequência de emissão. Recentemente, foi desenvolvida a transformada de Kronecker para arranjos de microfones, a qual fornece uma redução significativa do custo computacional quando aplicada a diversos métodos de reconstrução de imagens, desde que os microfones estejam distribuídos em um arranjo separável. Este trabalho de mestrado propõe realizar medições com sinais reais, usando diversos algoritmos desenvolvidos anteriormente em uma tese de doutorado, quanto à qualidade do resultado obtido e à complexidade computacional, e o desenvolvimento de alternativas para tratamento de dados quando alguns microfones do arranjo apresentarem defeito. Para reduzir o impacto de falhas em microfones e manter a condição de que o arranjo seja separável, foi desenvolvida uma alternativa para utilizar os algoritmos rápidos, eliminando-se apenas os microfones com defeito, de maneira que os resultados finais serão obtidos levando-se em conta todos os microfones do arranjo.

Effectiveness of audible warning devices on emergency vehicles. Final report.

Transportation Department, Office of Noise Abatement, Washington, D.C.

Aquifers of Illinois : underground sources of drinking water and non-drinking water /

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Ground water level changes and demographic analysis of ground water in Illinois /

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Groundwater withdrawals from aquifers in Illinois with emphasis on PWS wells /

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Public opinion of a proposed wind farm situated close to a populated area in New Zealand: Results from a cross-sectional study

In accordance with New Zealand’s Resource Management Act 1991, in 2003, electricity generating company Genesis Energy made public its intention to apply for consent to build the Awhitu wind farm. Several community groups claiming to represent the majority opposed this application and in September 2004 consent was declined. The aim was to investigate the attitudes of local community members to the proposed wind farm. A survey was mailed to 500 Franklin residents, systematically selected from the local 2004/2005 telephone directory. Forty questionnaires were returned undelivered. Of the remaining 460, completed questionnaires were returned from 46% (211). Most, 70% (145), residents supported a wind farm being built in their area, with 17% (35) neutral, and only 13% (28) against the farm. There was no statistical difference in respondents’ attitudes between sex, age, or residential proximity to the farm. Respondents listed renewable resource (83%), suitability (78%), and environmental friendliness (76%) as main advantages. Visual unsightliness (24%) and noise pollution (21%) were listed as main perceived disadvantages. Contrary to the assertions of several lobby groups, the majority of local residents support the construction of the Awhitu wind farm. Scientifically robust methods are essential to measure appropriately community attitudes, particularly on contentious issues.

Extrafiscalidade: análise da norma potiguar regulamentadora do imposto sobre propriedade veicular automotora à luz da tutela ambiental

From the second half of the twentieth century the state bega n to use exaction beyond your fiscalist character, also as a means of alignment deformities economic and social balance, influencing in different directions, according to economic, social and political policy. It is what is usually called the extrafiscalit y. It is in light of this phenomenon and the constitutional perspective, the present work aims to analyze item IV of article. 8 of Law n. 6.967/96, regulatory Property Tax Vehicle Automotive (property taxes) in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in view of its possible incompatibility with the principles of the Basic Statute and with international guidelines for protection of the environment The problem of this research is Seated in art. 225 of the Constitution, which provides that everyone has the right to an ecologically balanced environment. From the reading of this standard, extracted it is the responsibility of the state protecting the environment, which requires the adoption of suitable actions to that end. However, we look to state law cited follows th e constitutional path, since it exempts the collection of property taxes automotive vehicles with over 10 years of manufacturing, which could encourage the conservation of a fleet of old vehicles, mostly more polluting and harmful to the environment and hu man health. Would the state legislature oblivious to the constitutional principles and the global trend of environmental preservation? Thus questions whether such an incentive for more polluting vehicles, emitting more gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, th e international community is already moving through important conventions in an attempt to minimize and control global warming and climate change. Predicting the theme in CF/88 demonstrates that the country is no stranger to the issue. Thus, the work is a retelling of Law No. 6.967/96 order to check whether it is compatible with the existing system. The methodology consists of a documentary, deductive, dialectical literature. At the end of the survey, it was found that provide a tax benefit to these vehicle s is encouraged to maintain them in circulation and contribute to the increase in air and noise pollution, in addition to the traffic problems generated. Thus, this potiguar anything standard can be expressed extrafiscality because the medium and long term there is encouragement and worsening environmental problem. Despite the ability to pay clause, but this remission is an affront to legally protected interests. Thus, this device goes in reverse order compared to the values of the legal system and in relat ion to sustainable development. Modern Tax Law should be used as a tool to achieve the purposes collimated by the State, and not otherwise. It was noticed that the vast majority of Brazilian states does not follow this rule, including Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais have no such exemption. Therefore, the RN State does not constitute a model for sustainable public policies, nor example of environmental protection by state law.

Caracterização de resíduos oriundos do beneficiamento do minério de ferro para uso em pavimentação

Mining in Brazil has a key role in economic and social development, contributing directly to improve the lives of the population. However, the mining activity even if done responsibly and with a proper study of waste management to reduce the impact of its effects, may cause harmful damage to the environment. Other forms of pollution are also caused due to mining activity. The visual pollution caused by the waste storage at open sky, in addition to the noise pollution caused by the excessive noise of the machines both in the extraction of ore, as in processing. An alternative way to lessen the environmental impacts caused by mining is the use of waste in layers that will compose the pavements along the highways. Thus, this work sets out to give a proper disposal of the wastes from the processing of iron ore, resulting from the mining activity of the group of mining Mhag Services and Mining S/A, in the mine of Bonito, located in Jucurutu, a town in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The residues of the iron ore were stabilized with a granular soil from the city of Macaiba, also in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, which is being used in the duplication of the BR-304 referring to the entitled passage of Reta Tabajara. The present work was developed in three stages, being the first one divided by the chemical and mineralogical tests, by the tests of physical characterization and by the tests of paving for the residues of the iron ore. The second stage corresponds to the same tests being performed for granular soil. The third stage includes the essays abovementioned for three different mixtures of iron ore waste and granular soil, being they: 15% of iron-ore waste and 85% of granular soil, 25% of iron-ore waste and 75% of granular soil, 50% of iron-ore waste and 50% of granular soil. The technical feasibility of using waste from the iron ore beneficiation was checked, compressed in the intermediate energy and modified for use in base layers, sub-base, reinforcement subgrade and subgrade. The incorporation of the residues originating from the improvement of the iron ore in highways will provide an alternative to the use of aggregate conventionally used in the paving, besides preserving the environment.

Mapeamento acústico como ferramenta para predição de ruído urbano na área de influência do estádio Arena das Dunas, Natal/ RN

The Noise Pollution causes degradation in the quality of the environment and presents itself as one of the most common environmental problems in the big cities. An Urban environment present scenario and their complex acoustic study need to consider the contribution of various noise sources. Accordingly to computational models through mapping and prediction of acoustic scene become important, because they enable the realization of calculations, analyzes and reports, allowing the interpretation of satisfactory results. The study neighborhood is the neighborhood of Lagoa Nova, a central area of the city of Natal, which will undergo major changes in urban space due to urban mobility projects planned for the area around the stadium and the consequent changes of urban form and traffic. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the noise impact caused by road and morphological changes around the stadium Arena das Dunas in the neighborhood of Lagoa Nova, through on-site measurements and mapping using the computational model SoundPLAN year 2012 and the scenario evolution acoustic for the year 2017. For this analysis was the construction of the first acoustic mapping based on current diagnostic acoustic neighborhood, physical mapping, classified vehicle count and measurement of sound pressure level, and to build the prediction of noise were observed for the area study the modifications provided for traffic, urban form and mobility work. In this study, it is concluded that the sound pressure levels of the year in 2012 and 2017 extrapolate current legislation. For the prediction of noise were numerous changes in the acoustic scene, in which the works of urban mobility provided will improve traffic flow, thus reduce the sound pressure level where interventions are expected

Zmiany w systemach komunikacji akustycznej ptaków jako bioindykatory zmian w środowisku

Wydział Biologii