Anatomia ecológica do lenho de espécies arbustivas e arbóreas que ocorrem naturalmente em bosques com drástico gradiente de precipitação ao Noroeste da Patagônia, Argentina

A utilização de gradientes ambientais no estudo de comunidades vegetais possibilita a eleição de sítios onde há a predominância de um fator abiótico que determina o sucesso ou o fracasso de espécies ao longo de sua extensão. Entre as inúmeras ferramentas utilizadas no estudo de gradientes climáticos, se destaca a anatomia do lenho, pois, é um ramo da ciência que permite analisar, além dos aspectos espaciais, os aspectos temporais dos sítios por meio dos anéis de crescimento. Além disso, a ampla distribuição das plantas lenhosas ao longo do globo possibilita análises em praticamente todos os tipos de biomas e ecossistemas terrestres. Dentro desse contexto estão os bosques andino-patagônicos de Araucaria araucana (Pehuén) ao norte de sua distribuição na Argentina. Esses bosques ocupam territórios caracterizados por um acentuado gradiente de precipitação, que vai de cerca de 3000 a 100 milímetros anuais, entre a cordilheira do Andes e a estepe patagônica, que os define como bosques mésicos e xéricos, com diferenças ecológicas que condicionam a formação vegetal, dinâmica, estrutura, relações com o clima e vulnerabilidade em cenários de mudanças ambientais. O objetivo do projeto foi descrever e analisar comparativamente a estrutura anatômica do lenho de 33 espécies arbóreas e arbustivas ocorrentes ao longo de um gradiente de precipitação, entre a encosta da cordilheira dos Andes e a estepe Patagônica, para verificar possíveis alterações anatômicas que permitam a determinação de tendências e elucidem os limites de distribuição das espécies. Foram coletadas amostras não destrutivas de lenho durante três expedições para a Patagônia entre 2012 e 2014, seguidas de procedimentos laboratoriais de confeccção de lâminas histológicas, preparo de amostras para análises dendrocronológicas, captura de imagens com câmeras acopladas a microscópios óptico e eletrônico de varredura, mensurações, descrições e análises comparativas com o auxílio de softwares. Foram identificados caracteres anatômicos exclusivos de sítios secos e úmidos que permitiram a caracterização, posicionamento ao longo do gradiente de precipitação e grupamento de espécies xerófitas e mesófitas; A ultra-estrutura das pontoações de traqueídeos de Araucaria araucana apresentou diferenças marcantes na frequência e porosidade de suas membranas, sendo maior e menos porosas em sítios xéricos, e menor e mais porosas nos mésicos; a chave dicotômica microscópica permitiu a identificação das 32 espécies arbustivas, as espécies Chuquiraga oppositifolia e Nothofagus antarctica apresentaram potencial dendrocronológico, e foram identificadas tendências anatômicas latitudinais influenciadas pelo clima nos extremos da América do Sul. A anatomia do lenho se mostrou uma ferramenta confiável no estudo de um gradiente de precipitação na Patagônia argentina, e os resultados apontam para riscos de embolismos e morte induzida por falha no sistema hidráulico de Araucaria araucana ao longo de todo o gradiente, em função do atual cenário climático, e suas projeções em médio e longo prazos.

Age, pollen and spores of ODP Site 175-1082

The present-day condition of bipolar glaciation characterized by rapid and large climate fluctuations began at the end of the Pliocene with the intensification of the Northern Hemisphere continental glaciations. The global cooling steps of the late Pliocene have been documented in numerous studies of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites from the Northern Hemisphere. However, the interactions between oceans and between land and ocean during these cooling steps are poorly known. In particular, data from the Southern Hemisphere are lacking. Therefore I investigated the pollen of ODP Site 1082 in the southeast Atlantic Ocean in order to obtain a high-resolution record of vegetation change in Namibia between 3.4 and 1.8 Ma. Four phases of vegetation development are inferred that are connected to global climate change. (1) Before 3 Ma, extensive, rather open grass-rich savannahs with mopane trees existed in Namibia, but the extension of desert and semidesert vegetation was still restricted. (2) Increase of winter rainfall dependent Renosterveld-like vegetation occurred between 3.1 and 2.2 Ma connected to strong advection of polar waters along the Namibian coast and a northward shift of the Polar Front Zone in the Southern Ocean. (3) Climatically induced fluctuations became stronger between 2.7 and 2.2 Ma and semiarid areas extended during glacial periods probably as the result of an increased pole-equator thermal gradient and consequently globally enhanced atmospheric circulation. (4) Aridification and climatic variability further increased after 2.2 Ma, when the Polar Front Zone migrated southward and the influence of Atlantic moisture brought by the westerlies to southern Africa declined. It is concluded that the positions of the frontal systems in the Southern Ocean which determine the locations of the high-pressure cells over the South Atlantic and the southern Indian Ocean have a strong influence on the climate of southern Africa in contrast to the climate of northwest and central Africa, which is dominated by the Saharan low-pressure cell.

The terrestrial Miocene biota of southern New Zealand

Known Early-Middle Miocene terrestrial strata of southern New Zealand are represented by alluvial plain and lacustrine sediments. A vertebrate fauna including fish, ducks, and crocodiles populated Lake Manuherikia, with abundant mussels, gastropods, and stromatolites occupying the near-shore areas of the lake. A diverse vegetation covered the surrounding broad fluvial plains that extended to the coastal margins. Initially this was largely rainforest, which varied according to habitat and to changing climate. In particular, the climate and ecology appear to have fluctuated across the two major thresholds of fire/no-fire and of peat accumulation and no-peat. A major climate change, possibly the sharp global deterioration in conditions at about 14 Ma, profoundly changed the vegetation. Rainforest continuity fragmented, and herblands became widespread. Leaf fossils effectively disappear from the record at this time.

Tracking the Mesozoic distribution of Gunnera: comparison with the fossil pollen species Tricolpites reticulatus Cookson

The morphology of the exine of Late Cretaceous and Tertiary specimens of Tricolpites reticulatus previously documented from Kerguelen, the Antarctic Peninsula, and the Otway Basin of southeastern Australia has been re-examined and compared with the three pollen types identified in the genus Gunnera. An Antarctic specimen of T reticulatus (Maastrichtian) has a uniform reticulum with elongated lumina, similar to that characterising pollen type 3a of Gunnera macrophylla (subgenus Pseudogunnera). Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Australian specimens of T reticulatus differ; specimens from McNamara resemble pollen of subgenera Pseudogunnera and Milligania of type 3a or type 3b, while specimens of T reticulatus from Princes show more rounded and equidimensional lumina and are therefore tentatively attributed to pollen type 2 found in subgenera Gunnera, Misandra and Panke. Kerguelen Island T reticulatus (Miocene) are distinct from Vega Island specimens: a closer resemblance of Kerguelen T reticulatus and pollen type 2 of extant Gunnera is hypothesised. A comparison between specimens of the North American Tricolpites reticulatus/microreticulatus and pollen of Gunnera is also made. The clear similarity of the North American specimens of Tricolpites microreticulatus and pollen of Gunnera in shape and in the exine surface features of pollen suggests that this taxon should not be separated from T reticulatus but should be treated as a synonym of this species. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Palaeoenvironment records of six sediment cores collected in the Gulf of Carpentaria

The Gulf of Carpentaria is an epicontinental sea (maximum depth 70 m) between Australia and New Guinea, bordered to the east by Torres Strait (currently 12 m deep) and to the west by the Arafura Sill (53 m below present sea level). Throughout the Quaternary, during times of low sea-level, the Gulf was separated from the open waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, forming Lake Carpentaria, an isolation basin, perched above contemporaneous sea-level with outlet channels to the Arafura Sea. A preliminary interpretation is presented of the palaeoenvironments recorded in six sediment cores collected by the IMAGES program in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The longest core (approx. 15 m) spans the past 130 ka and includes a record of sea-level/lake-level changes, with particular complexity between 80 and 40 ka when sea-level repeatedly breached and withdrew from Gulf/Lake Carpentaria. Evidence from biotic remains (foraminifers, ostracods, pollen), sedimentology and geochemistry clearly identifies a final marine transgression at about 9.7 ka (radiocarbon years). Before this transgression, Lake Carpentaria was surrounded by grassland, was near full, and may have had a surface area approaching 600 km-300 km and a depth of about 15 m. The earlier rise in sea-level which accompanied the Marine Isotopic Stage 6/5 transgression at about 130 ka is constrained by sedimentological and biotic evidence and dated by optical- and thermoluminescence and amino acid racemisation methods.