La motivation à lire des élèves au premier cycle du primaire.

Ce mémoire consiste en une étude menée dans le but d'observer la motivation à lire des élèves du premier cycle au primaire. Elle met en perspective les variables liées à la motivation dans un contexte d'apprentissage de la lecture. Nous présenterons donc la problématique reliée au concept de motivation à apprendre en élaborant, entre autres, les conséquences s'y rattachant dont le décrochage scolaire. Après avoir présenté le cadre conceptuel, nous exposerons le problème ainsi que les objectifs reliés à notre recherche. La méthodologie utilisée, les instruments de recherche et les principaux résultats dégagés de l'analyse seront ensuite abordés en vue de faire état de la motivation à apprendre la lecture des élèves du premier cycle au primaire. À la suite de la section dédiée à l'interprétation des résultats, nous ferons état de conclusions générales dans le but de mettre en lumière l'originalité de cette recherche et son apport au développement des connaissances dans le domaine de l'éducation.

Motivation des enseignantes et des enseignants travaillant dans des écoles primaires en milieu défavorisé.

Le système scolaire québécois compte un nombre important d'écoles situées en milieu défavorisé. Les enseignantes et les enseignants qui oeuvrent dans ces écoles ont à composer avec plusieurs difficultés propres à ce milieu et présentes en plus grand nombre : des enfants sous-alimentés, des enfants victimes d'abus, des élèves accusant un retard scolaire important, des élèves ayant des difficultés d'apprentissage et de comportement, un taux de réussite plus bas et des parents démunis face aux apprentissages de leurs enfants (Brossard, 2000). Pour certains membres du personnel enseignant, ces difficultés représentent un défi intéressant à relever et enrichissant au point de vue humain. Par contre, d'autres les vivent difficilement : ils ont de la difficulté à s'adapter, à gérer leurs émotions, à composer avec ces problèmes, à accepter la réalité de ces milieux et à conserver un niveau élevé de motivation. Cette réalité nous a amenée à poser la question de recherche suivante : Comment une directrice ou un directeur d'établissement scolaire primaire situé en milieu défavorisé peut-il diriger des enseignantes et des enseignants, de manière à favoriser et à maintenir, chez ces personnes, leur motivation? Les objectifs spécifiques de la recherche sont les suivants : 1. Identifier les principaux facteurs de motivation et de démotivation des enseignantes et des enseignants travaillant dans des écoles primaires en milieu défavorisé; 2. Cerner les conditions qui favorisent la motivation des enseignantes et des enseignants de ce milieu; 3. Formuler des recommandations quant aux pratiques de gestion favorisant la motivation du personnel enseignant de ce milieu. Afin de mieux connaître la problématique de la motivation du personnel enseignant travaillant en milieu défavorisé, six entrevues ont été réalisées en avril 2008 auprès d'enseignantes et d'enseignants travaillant ou ayant travaillé en milieu défavorisé. Ces entrevues semi-dirigées étaient d'une durée moyenne de 60 minutes. Les données recueillies ont été analysées et interprétées à l'aide de deux théories différentes : la théorie de l'autodétermination telle que formulée par Deci et Ryan (1985) et la théorie du sentiment d'efficacité personnelle de Bandura (2003). La théorie de l'autodétermination (Deci et Ryan, 1985) situe sur un continuum les différents types de motivation: la motivation intrinsèque, la motivation extrinsèque et l'amotivation, selon leur degré d'autodétermination. Elle stipule que trois besoins sont à la base de la motivation intrinsèque: le besoin de compétence, le besoin d'autodétermination et le besoin d'affiliation personnelle. Lorsque ces besoins sont comblés, l'individu est motivé de façon intrinsèque et un certain bien-être est engendré. Par contre, lorsque l'un de ces besoins n'est pas comblé, le niveau de motivation baisse et entraînant également à la baisse le niveau de bien-être de la personne. Certains facteurs externes ont tendance à influencer le niveau de motivation intrinsèque. Il s'agit des facteurs extérieurs tels que les récompenses, les limites de temps et des comportements interpersonnels relatifs à la personne en situation d'autorité. Selon Pelletier et Vallerand (1993), lorsque ces facteurs sont perçus comme contraignants, ils baissent le niveau de motivation mais lorsqu'ils sont perçus comme favorisant l'autonomie, ils augmentent ou maintiennent le niveau de motivation intrinsèque de l'individu. Le sentiment d'efficacité personnelle (Bandura, 2003) réfère à "la croyance de l'individu en sa capacité d'organiser et d'exécuter la ligne de conduite requise pour produire les résultats souhaités." (p.12). Quatre principales sources d'information sont à la base des croyances d'efficacité personnelle : les expériences actives de maîtrise, les expériences vicariantes, la persuasion verbale et les états physiologiques et émotionnels. Les enseignantes et les enseignants ayant un sentiment d'efficacité personnelle élevé ont certaines croyances et conduites qui amènent les enfants à croire en leur potentiel et à se réaliser tandis que ceux qui ont un sentiment d'efficacité personnelle bas créent un environnement de classe non propice au développement personnel et cognitif des élèves (Ibid., 2003). La collecte et l'analyse des données ont servi à répondre aux trois objectifs de la recherche. D'abord, ils ont révélé que les principaux facteurs de motivation des répondantes et répondants sont principalement reliés au besoin d'affiliation personnelle, soit le lien avec les enfants, l'équipe-école et l'ambiance de travail, la famille et les parents. Selon nos observations, le sentiment d'appartenance ou besoin d'affiliation personnelle semble plus fort et plus essentiel en milieu défavorisé. Les difficultés du milieu sont nombreuses et les défis si grands qu'il faut se sentir épaulé pour les affronter et les relever. En revanche, les facteurs de démotivation sont différents d'un répondant à l'autre à l'exception des problèmes d'indiscipline qui a rallié trois répondantes et répondants. Le deuxième objectif de la recherche était de cerner les conditions favorisant la motivation des enseignantes et des enseignants en milieu défavorisé. Les conditions énumérées par les répondantes et répondants sont principalement des facteurs extérieurs tels que la baisse des ratios, du temps d'échange avec les collègues réservé à l'horaire, une augmentation des services, des mesures incitatives et l'opinion de l'équipe-école face à la direction. Il est intéressant de constater que trois de ces facteurs, soit la baisse des ratios, l'augmentation des services et du temps d'échange avec les collègues réservé à l'horaire peuvent avoir une influence sur la perception de compétence de l'enseignant. Ceci permet de supposer que lorsque l'on met en place des conditions qui favorisent l'augmentation de la perception de compétence, cela augmente la motivation. Enfin, la recherche a permis d'énumérer une série de recommandations. Pour s'assurer de favoriser et maintenir la motivation chez les enseignantes et enseignants de son école, la direction doit mettre en place des pratiques de gestion qui favorisent la satisfaction des trois besoins fondamentaux à la base de la motivation : le besoin de compétence, le besoin d'autodétermination et le besoin d'affiliation personnelle. Pour combler le besoin de compétence, les recommandations concernent, entre autres, la formation continue et le développement professionnel du personnel enseignant de même que l'importance de poser des actions en lien avec les élèves en difficulté d'adaptation et d'apprentissage. Pour ce qui est des recommandations quant à la satisfaction du besoin d'autodétermination, celles-ci ont trait notamment au processus d'affectation et à la signature de la tâche et à la gestion de l'équipe. Enfin, les recommandations liées au besoin d'affiliation personnelles portent sur l'établissement d'un climat harmonieux au sein de l'équipe, sur la formation continue et le développement professionnel en lien avec les relations interpersonnelles et sur le savoir relationnel de la directrice, du directeur. Cette recherche permet l'élaboration de plusieurs pistes pour d'éventuelles études. D'abord puisque la direction évolue dans un système, elle n'a pas le contrôle sur tous les éléments susceptibles d'abaisser le niveau de motivation des enseignantes et enseignants de son école, notamment au niveau des décisions ministérielles et des conventions collectives. Il serait donc pertinent d'évaluer l'impact des décisions ministérielles et des conventions collectives sur la motivation du personnel enseignant. Il serait également intéressant de vérifier l'incidence de certaines pratiques de gestion précises sur la motivation du personnel enseignant. Enfin, le sujet de cette recherche pourrait être repris mais étudié auprès d'enseignantes et d'enseignants d'écoles secondaires situées en milieu défavorisé afin de comparer la réalité des deux ordres d'enseignement.

Fan motivation and loyalty : extending the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) to the Australian Football League

This study used the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) to examine the motivation of fans attending a game in the Australian Football League. This is the first study to use the SII for professional men’s team sport outside the United States. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the model provided a good fit for the data collected in Australia, and regression analysis revealed that team interest, vicarious achievement, excitement and player interest were the significant factors in predicting and explaining the level of attitudinal loyalty of fans toward their favourite team.

Investigating motivation, attitudinal loyalty and attendance behaviour with fans of Australian football

The present study examined how individual difference factors contribute to attitudes and behaviour of spectators attending an Australian Football League game. The results revealed that four factors: Team Interest, Vicarious Achievement, Excitement and Player Interest were successful in predicting level of loyalty, while five factors: Vicarious Achievement, Player Interest, Entertainment Value, Drama and Socialization predicted game day attendance. This study illustrates the applicability of the Sport Interest Inventory developed in North America to understand motivational factors of Australian sports fans.

A longitudinal study of motivation and competence in children with Down syndrome : early childhood to early adolescence

Background Motivation has been identified as an area of difficulty for children with Down syndrome. Although individual differences in mastery motivation are presumed to have implications for subsequent competence, few longitudinal studies have addressed the stability of motivation and the predictive validity of early measures for later academic achievement, especially in atypical populations. Method The participants were 25 children with Down syndrome. Mastery motivation, operationalised as persistence, was measured in early childhood and adolescence using tasks and parent report. At the older age, preference for challenge, another aspect of mastery motivation, was also measured and the children completed assessments of academic competence. Results There were significant concurrent correlations among measures of persistence at both ages, and early task persistence was associated with later persistence. Persistence in early childhood was related to academic competence in adolescence, even when the effects of cognitive ability at the younger age were controlled. Conclusions For children with Down syndrome, persistence appears to be an individual characteristic that is relatively stable from early childhood to early adolescence. The finding that early mastery motivation is significant for later achievement has important implications for the focus of early interventions.

Motivation, development and validation of a new spectral greenness index : a spectral dimension related to foliage projective cover

A method is presented for the development of a regional Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) spectral greenness index, coherent with a six-dimensional index set, based on a single ETM+ spectral image of a reference landscape. The first three indices of the set are determined by a polar transformation of the first three principal components of the reference image and relate to scene brightness, percent foliage projective cover (FPC) and water related features. The remaining three principal components, of diminishing significance with respect to the reference image, complete the set. The reference landscape, a 2200 km2 area containing a mix of cattle pasture, native woodland and forest, is located near Injune in South East Queensland, Australia. The indices developed from the reference image were tested using TM spectral images from 19 regionally dispersed areas in Queensland, representative of dissimilar landscapes containing woody vegetation ranging from tall closed forest to low open woodland. Examples of image transformations and two-dimensional feature space plots are used to demonstrate image interpretations related to the first three indices. Coherent, sensible, interpretations of landscape features in images composed of the first three indices can be made in terms of brightness (red), foliage cover (green) and water (blue). A limited comparison is made with similar existing indices. The proposed greenness index was found to be very strongly related to FPC and insensitive to smoke. A novel Bayesian, bounded space, modelling method, was used to validate the greenness index as a good predictor of FPC. Airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) estimates of FPC along transects of the 19 sites provided the training and validation data. Other spectral indices from the set were found to be useful as model covariates that could improve FPC predictions. They act to adjust the greenness/FPC relationship to suit different spectral backgrounds. The inclusion of an external meteorological covariate showed that further improvements to regional-scale predictions of FPC could be gained over those based on spectral indices alone.

Motivation and perception factors influence buying home behaviour in Dilly, East Timor

Demand of low cost housing increased from 1995 to 1997 which is shown by the number of housing loan approval. In order to develop the most suitable marketing plan, developer needs to know some factors which influenced to the decision making process of buying house. This research used a residential development in PT Delta Comoro Permai, Dilly as a case study. A survey to homeowners has been done to evaluate the motivation and perception factors in buying home behaviour. The survey has been done on the 3rd August to 29th August 1998. In this study, four main components have been examined. Physical and linkage are not as important as environment and utilities for the homebuyer. Moreover, the result is consistent with developer’s motto ‘clean, secure, aesthetic, healthy and prosperity’. This study provides further recommendation in the environment and utilities components for the new development in the future.

Employee work motivation and discretionary work effort

The focus of this thesis is discretionary work effort, that is, work effort that is voluntary, is above and beyond what is minimally required or normally expected to avoid reprimand or dismissal, and is organisationally functional. Discretionary work effort is an important construct because it is known to affect individual performance as well as organisational efficiency and effectiveness. To optimise organisational performance and ensure their long term competitiveness and sustainability, firms need to be able to induce their employees to work at or near their peak level. To work at or near their peak level, individuals must be willing to supply discretionary work effort. Thus, managers need to understand the determinants of discretionary work effort. Nonetheless, despite many years of scholarly investigation across multiple disciplines, considerable debate still exists concerning why some individuals supply only minimal work effort whilst others expend effort well above and beyond what is minimally required of them (Le. they supply discretionary work effort). Even though it is well recognised that discretionary work effort is important for promoting organisational performance and effectiveness, many authors claim that too little is being done by managers to increase the discretionary work effort of their employees. In this research, I have adopted a multi-disciplinary approach towards investigating the role of monetary and non-monetary work environment characteristics in determining discretionary work effort. My central research questions were "What non-monetary work environment characteristics do employees perceive as perks (perquisites) and irks (irksome work environment characteristics)?" and "How do perks, irks and monetary rewards relate to an employee's level of discretionary work effort?" My research took a unique approach in addressing these research questions. By bringing together the economics and organisational behaviour (OB) literatures, I identified problems with the current definition and conceptualisations of the discretionary work effort construct. I then developed and empirically tested a more concise and theoretically-based definition and conceptualisation of this construct. In doing so, I disaggregated discretionary work effort to include three facets - time, intensity and direction - and empirically assessed if different classes of work environment characteristics have a differential pattern of relationships with these facets. This analysis involved a new application of a multi-disciplinary framework of human behaviour as a tool for classifying work environment characteristics and the facets of discretionary work effort. To test my model of discretionary work effort, I used a public sector context in which there has been limited systematic empirical research into work motivation. The program of research undertaken involved three separate but interrelated studies using mixed methods. Data on perks, irks, monetary rewards and discretionary work effort were gathered from employees in 12 organisations in the local government sector in Western Australia. Non-monetary work environment characteristics that should be associated with discretionary work effort were initially identified through a review of the literature. Then, a qualitative study explored what work behaviours public sector employees perceive as discretionary and what perks and irks were associated with high and low levels of discretionary work effort. Next, a quantitative study developed measures of these perks and irks. A Q-sorttype procedure and exploratory factor analysis were used to develop the perks and irks measures. Finally, a second quantitative study tested the relationships amongst perks, irks, monetary rewards and discretionary work effort. Confirmatory factor analysis was firstly used to confirm the factor structure of the measurement models. Correlation analysis, regression analysis and effect-size correlation analysis were used to test the hypothesised relationships in the proposed model of discretionary work effort. The findings confirmed five hypothesised non-monetary work environment characteristics as common perks and two of three hypothesised non-monetary work environment characteristics as common irks. Importantly, they showed that perks, irks and monetary rewards are differentially related to the different facets of discretionary work effort. The convergent and discriminant validities of the perks and irks constructs as well as the time, intensity and direction facets of discretionary work effort were generally confirmed by the research findings. This research advances the literature in several ways: (i) it draws on the Economics and OB literatures to redefine and reconceptualise the discretionary work effort construct to provide greater definitional clarity and a more complete conceptualisation of this important construct; (ii) it builds on prior research to create a more comprehensive set of perks and irks for which measures are developed; (iii) it develops and empirically tests a new motivational model of discretionary work effort that enhances our understanding of the nature and functioning of perks and irks and advances our ability to predict discretionary work effort; and (iv) it fills a substantial gap in the literature on public sector work motivation by revealing what work behaviours public sector employees perceive as discretionary and what work environment characteristics are associated with their supply of discretionary work effort. Importantly, by disaggregating discretionary work effort this research provides greater detail on how perks, irks and monetary rewards are related to the different facets of discretionary work effort. Thus, from a theoretical perspective this research also demonstrates the conceptual meaningfulness and empirical utility of investigating the different facets of discretionary work effort separately. From a practical perspective, identifying work environment factors that are associated with discretionary work effort enhances managers' capacity to tap this valuable resource. This research indicates that to maximise the potential of their human resources, managers need to address perks, irks and monetary rewards. It suggests three different mechanisms through which managers might influence discretionary work effort and points to the importance of training for both managers and non-managers in cultivating positive interpersonal relationships.

The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetite-related peptides and motivation to eat

Context: The magnitude of exercise-induced weight loss depends on the extent of compensatory responses. An increase in energy intake is likely to result from changes in the appetite control system toward an orexigenic environment; however, few studies have measured how exercise impacts on both orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides. ---------- Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of medium-term exercise on fasting/postprandial levels of appetite-related hormones and subjective appetite sensations in overweight/obese individuals. ---------- Design and Setting: We conducted a longitudinal study in a university research center. ---------- Participants and Intervention: Twenty-two sedentary overweight/obese individuals (age, 36.9 ± 8.3 yr; body mass index, 31.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2) took part in a 12-wk supervised exercise programme (five times per week, 75% maximal heart rate) and were requested not to change their food intake during the study. ---------- Main Outcome Measures: We measured changes in body weight and fasting/postprandial plasma levels of glucose, insulin, total ghrelin, acylated ghrelin (AG), peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and feelings of appetite. ---------- Results: Exercise resulted in a significant reduction in body weight and fasting insulin and an increase in AG plasma levels and fasting hunger sensations. A significant reduction in postprandial insulin plasma levels and a tendency toward an increase in the delayed release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (90–180 min) were also observed after exercise, as well as a significant increase (127%) in the suppression of AG postprandially. ---------- Conclusions: Exercise-induced weight loss is associated with physiological and biopsychological changes toward an increased drive to eat in the fasting state. However, this seems to be balanced by an improved satiety response to a meal and improved sensitivity of the appetite control system.