Storage media for avulsed teeth: a literature review

Dental avulsion is the most severe type of traumatic tooth injuries because it causes damageto several structures and results in the complete displacement of the tooth from its socketin the alveolar bone. The ideal situation is to replant an exarticulated tooth immediatelyafter avulsion because the extraoral time is a determinant factor for treatment successand for a good prognosis. However, it is not always possible. The success of replantationdepends on a number of factors that may contribute to accelerate or minimize theoccurrence of root resorption or ankylosis, among which is the type and characteristicsof the medium used for temporary storage during the time elapsed between avulsionand replantation. Maintaining the tooth in an adequate wet medium that can preserve,as longer as possible, the vitality of the periodontal ligament cells that remain on rootsurface is the key to success of replantation. Recent research has led to the developmentof storage media that produce conditions that closely resemble the original socketenvironment, with adequate osmolality (cell pressure), pH, nutritional metabolites andglucose, and thus create the best possible conditions for storage. Although these storagemedia can now be purchased in the form of retail products, the most common scenariois that such a product will not be readily available at the moment of the accident Thispaper reviews the literature on the different storage media that have been investigatedfor avulsed teeth based on full-length papers retrieved from PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, BBOand SciELO electronic databases using the key words storage medium , transportationmedium , avulsion , tooth avulsion , replantation , tooth replantation , milk and propolis .After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 39 papers were selected and criticallyreviewed with respect to the characteristics, efficacy and ease of access of the storagemedium. The review of the lite

Análise energética de bebida mista de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja e suco de amora

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Jüdische Weltfinanz?

Von Richard Lewinsohn (Morus)

Wie sie gross und reich wurden : Lebensbilder erfolgreicher Männer

von Morus [[Elektronische Ressource]]

Respuesta al déficit hídrico en el crecimiento de forestales del bosque urbano de Mendoza : análisis comparativo en árboles jóvenes

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta de plantas jóvenes de cuatro especies forestales urbanas a diferentes niveles de déficit hídrico. El ensayo se realizó en vivero, durante tres ciclos vegetativos, con plantas de Platanus x hispanica cv. acerifolia (plátano), Morus alba (morera), Fraxinus americana (fresno americano) y Acacia visco (visco). Los tratamientos de riego fueron: control (reposición del 100% transpirado); riego deficitario moderado (reposición del 66% transpirado) y riego deficitario severo (reposición del 33% transpirado). Las variables de respuesta evaluadas fueron altura, diámetro de tallos, área foliar y ancho de anillos de crecimiento. Las plantas bajo riego deficitario severo presentaron disminuciones en todos los parámetros de crecimiento considerados. Acacia visco resultó con crecimientos comparables al control, bajo riego deficitario equivalente al 66% del agua transpirada, con lo cual puede ser considerada especie de interés para forestaciones en condiciones de estrés hídrico moderado.

Evaluación de cortes de poda sobre moreras y fresnos europeos en Dorrego, Guaymallén, Mendoza

Hoy más que nunca, los árboles han de considerarse un bien primario de la humanidad, particularmente en las ciudades, donde sus funciones ornamentales e higiénicas resultan indispensables. Sin embargo, las condiciones urbanas producen limitaciones ambienta-les que dificultan la existencia de los árboles y los exponen al fenómeno del debilitamiento. Esta situación se observa en las arboledas de las diversas ciudades de la provincia de Mendoza. Las causas del deterioro del arbolado deben buscarse tanto en la función pública co-mo en el ciudadano común y en el descontrolado crecimiento de las ciudades. Entre estas causas puede reconocerse a la poda realizada de forma incorrecta, exagerada o fuera de tiempo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la poda que se le realiza a las plantas de morera (Morus alba) y fresno europeo (Fraxinus excelsior) del arbolado de calle del distrito de Dorrego, departamento de Guaymallén-Mendoza y estudiar los procesos de cicatrización y degradación de la madera de los cortes. Para ello se recorrieron distintas calles de igual importancia en el distrito de Dorrego, a fin de evaluar 30 plantas de morera y 30 de fresno europeo del arbolado público. Los individuos estudiados fueron tomados al azar. En cada planta se contó el número de heridas de poda. En cada corte se evaluó por observación directa: diámetro aproximado, tipo de corte, porcentaje de la circunferencia de corte con teji-do cicatrizal, porcentaje de la superficie de corte cubierta por tejido cicatrizal, degradación de la madera y forma en que fue efectuado el corte. Además, se realizaron aislamientos en terreno agarizado, a partir de muestras de madera procedente de cortes de poda clasifica-dos en las categorías “no degradado", “degradado" y “muy degradado". Las cajas se conservaron en laboratorio a temperatura ambiente durante una semana. Luego se procedió a la purificación de las colonias halladas para su descripción macroscópica e identificación por medio de observación microscópica y medición de esporas. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente con el programa STATGRAPHICS Centurion XVI. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que en el distrito de Dorrego la poda no siempre es la adecuada: si bien los cortes a 45º que respetan el collar de la rama deberían ser los más frecuentes, no es lo que ocurre; los rebajes sin tirasavia no tendrían que efectuarse, pero son comunes en ambas especies estudiadas; los cortes al ras son los más realizados a pesar de que la bibliografía expresa que no deberían ejecutarse. Asimismo, se encontró gran cantidad de cortes con diámetros superiores a los 5 cm, lo cual dificulta la cicatrización. Las heridas sin cicatrizar mostraron tejidos degradados producto del desarrollo de caries de la madera. Estas se generan debido a la acción de un conjunto de microorganismos que se suceden en el tiempo y en el espacio, entre los que se hallaron hongos del género Alternaria y de la división Basidiomycota. Se sugiere corregir las prácticas de poda para favorecer la sostenibilidad y funcionalidad del arbolado.

Estudio de los procedimientos de poda utilizados en el arbolado público del departamento de Tupungato, Mendoza y la cicatrización de las heridas provocadas por dicha práctica sobre fresno y morera

Los árboles en las ciudades suministran beneficios esenciales para el desarrollo y bienestar de la sociedad, ya que son proveedores de servicios ambientales y servicios culturales importantes (Urcelay et al., 2012). A las distintas especies arbóreas que se encuentran en los centros urbanos, en dominios públicos se los denomina ‘Arbolado Público’ (Tovar Corzo, 2013). Cuando se toman decisiones inapropiadas referidas a las acciones técnicas de su manejo, sumado a las condiciones ambientales urbanas, pueden generarse consecuencias desfavorables. Esta situación se observa en las arboledas de las diversas ciudades de la Provincia de Mendoza, entendiendo que las causas del deterioro del arbolado están vinculadas tanto a la función pública como al ciudadano común y al descontrolado crecimiento de las ciudades. El estado sanitario de los árboles está muy ligado a su edad y a los factores de estrés que lo ha afectado a lo largo de su vida (S.D.A., 2010). Por ejemplo, las podas severas efectuadas de forma incorrecta o fuera de tiempo, originan heridas traumáticas importantes; dichas heridas constituyen la vía de ingreso de microorganismos causantes de enfermedades (Gallegos Céspedes, 2005; Lucero et al, 2010). En el ámbito urbano las arboledas están sometidas a factores de estrés adicionales que afectan su desarrollo y longevidad provocando su debilitamiento (Gallegos Céspedes, 2005). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la metodología de poda utilizada en el arbolado público de la ciudad cabecera del departamento de Tupungato, Mendoza sobre las plantas de fresno europeo (Fraxinus excelsior) y morera (Morus alba), además estudiar los procesos de cicatrización y degradación de la madera en las heridas provocadas por esta práctica cultural. Se registró por observación directa y fotográfica la ubicación del ejemplar, el número de cortes de poda que se han efectuado en cada planta, el diámetro aproximado de la herida, el tipo de corte, el porcentaje de la circunferencia y de superficie cubierta con tejido cicatrizal, la degradación de la madera, la exudación y la forma en que se efectuaron los cortes. Se extrajeron muestras de madera provenientes de las lesiones de poda identificadas para las cuatro categorías de degradación. Los trozos de madera se cortaron y lavaron para sembrarlos en cajas de Petri, utilizando dos medios diferentes: un sustrato selectivo para Basidiomycetes y otro de Agar Papa Glucosado (APG). Se purificaron las colonias halladas para su descripción macroscópica e identificación. Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente y se utilizó el test de Kruskal-Wallis para el análisis de la varianza. Considerando el diámetro, porcentaje de cicatrización en la circunferencia del corte y en la superficie del mismo, también el estado de degradación de la lesión, como los datos más relevantes de este escrito. Los resultados demostraron que en la ciudad de Tupungato, la poda no se efectúa de manera completamente adecuada, ya que para ambas especies en estudio, la metodología más utilizada fueron cortes al ras de la rama, asimismo los cortes dejando más de 5cm o muñón, con elevado porcentaje para las dos especies en estudio. La mayoría de cortes se observaron de diámetros inferiores a los 10cm en fresno y morera. Las lesiones mostraron escasa cicatrización, pero no presentaron elevada degradación. Posiblemente se daba a las características microclimáticas de la zona en estudio. Algunos heridas de poda mostraron deterioro y se hallaron hongos de los géneros Alternaria, Peyronellaea y de la división Basidiomycotina, entre otros. Se debe efectuar un manejo técnico adecuado para la zona, promover mejoras en la funcionalidad del arbolado, como así también y conservarlo en el tiempo.

Palynology on sediment profile Tso Kar in Ladakh

Palynological investigation of a 410 cm long core section from Tso Kar (33°10'N, 78°E, 4527 m a.s.l.), an alpine lake situated in the arid Ladakh area of NW India at the limit of the present-day Indian summer monsoon, was performed in order to reconstruct post-glacial regional vegetation and climate dynamics. The area was covered with alpine desert vegetation from ca. 15.2 to 14 kyr BP (1 kyr=1000 cal. years), reflecting dry and cold conditions. High influx values of long-distance transported Pinus sylvestris type pollen suggest prevailing air flow from the west and northwest. The spread of alpine meadow communities and local aquatic vegetation is a weak sign of climate amelioration after ca. 14 kyr BP. Pollen data (e.g. influx values of Pinus roxburghii type and Quercus) suggest that this was due to a strengthening of the summer monsoon and the reduced activity of westerly winds. The further spread of Artemisia and species-rich meadows occurred in response to improved moisture conditions between ca. 12.9 and 12.5 kyr BP. The subsequent change towards drier desert-steppe vegetation likely indicates more frequent westerly disturbances and associated snowfalls, which favoured the persistence of alpine meadows on edaphically moist sites. The spread of Chenopodiaceae-dominated vegetation associated with an extremely weak monsoon occurred at ca. 12.2-11.8 kyr BP during the Younger Dryas interstadial. A major increase in humidity is inferred from the development of Artemisia-dominated steppe and wet alpine meadows with Gentianaceae after the late glacial/early Holocene transition in response to the strengthening of the summer monsoon. Monsoonal influence reached maximum activity in the Tso Kar region between ca. 10.9 and 9.2 kyr BP. The subsequent development of the alpine meadow, steppe and desert-steppe vegetation points to a moderate reduction in the moisture supply, which can be linked to the weaker summer monsoon and the accompanying enhancement of the winter westerly flow from ca. 9.2 to 4.8 kyr BP. The highest water levels of Tso Kar around 8 kyr BP probably reflect combined effect of both monsoonal and westerly influence in the region. An abrupt shift towards aridity in the Tso Kar region occurred after ca. 4.8 kyr BP, as evidenced by an expansion of Chenopodiaceae-dominated desert-steppe. Low pollen influx values registered ca. 2.8-1.3 kyr BP suggest scarce vegetation cover and unfavourable growing conditions likely associated with a further weakening of the Indian Monsoon.

Fossil pollen record of composite sediment core TMD from Tso Moriri, analysis of modern surface pollen samples, mean annual precipitation reconstruction, and digitisation and recalibration of different discussed palaeoclimate proxy records

This paper presents a new fossil pollen record from Tso Moriri (32°54'N, 78°19'E, 4512 m a.s.l.) and seeks to reconstruct changes in mean annual precipitation (MAP) during the last 12,000 years. This high-alpine lake occupies an area of 140 km**2 in a glacial-tectonic valley in the northwestern Himalaya. The region has a cold climate, with a MAP <300 mm, and open vegetation. The hydrology is controlled by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM), but winter westerly-associated precipitation also affects the regional water balance. Results indicate that precipitation levels varied significantly during the Holocene. After a rapid increase in MAP, a phase of maximum humidity was reached between ca. 11 to 9.6 cal ka BP, followed by a gradual decline in MAP. This trend parallels the reduction in the Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. Comparison of different palaeoclimate proxy records reveal evidence for a stronger Holocene decrease in precipitation in the northern versus the southern parts of the ISM domain. The long-term trend of ISM weakening is overlaid with several short periods of greater dryness, which are broadly synchronous with the North Atlantic cold spells, suggesting reduced amounts of westerly-associated winter precipitation. Compared to the mid and late Holocene, it appears that westerlies had a greater influence on the western parts of the ISM domain during the early Holocene. During this period, the westerly-associated summer precipitation belt was positioned at Mediterranean latitudes and amplified the ISM-derived precipitation. The Tso Moriri pollen record and moisture reconstructions also suggest that changes in climatic conditions affected the ancient Harappan Civilisation, which flourished in the greater Indus Valley from approximately 5.2 to 3 cal ka BP. The prolonged Holocene trend towards aridity, punctuated by an interval of increased dryness (between ca. 4.5 to 4.3 cal ka BP), may have pushed the Mature Harappan urban settlements (between ca. 4.5 to 3.9 cal ka BP) to develop more efficient agricultural practices to deal with the increasingly acute water shortages. The amplified aridity associated with North Atlantic cooling between ca. 4 to 3.6 and around 3.2 cal ka BP further hindered local agriculture, possibly causing the deurbanisation that occurred from ca. 3.9 cal ka BP and eventual collapse of the Harappan Civilisation between ca. 3.5 to 3 cal ka BP.

Pollen analysis and age model of sediment core GIK-15856-2

Pollen and spores from a deep-sea core located west of the Niger Delta record an uninterrupted area of lowland rain forest in West Africa from Guinea to Cameroon during the last Interglacial and the early Holocene. During other periods of the last 150 ka, a savanna corridor between the western - Guinean - and the eastern - Congolian - part of the African lowland rain forest existed. This so-called Dahomey Gap had its largest extension during Glacial Stages 6, 4, 3, and 2. Reduced surface salinity in the eastern Gulf of Guinea as recorded by dinoflagellate cysts indicates sufficient precipitation for extensive forest growth during Stages 5 and 1. The large modern extension of dry forest and savanna in West Africa cannot be solely explained by climatic factors. Mangrove expansion in and west of the Niger Delta was largest during the phases of sea-level rise of Stages 5 and 1. During Stages 6, 4, 3, and 2, shelf areas were exposed and the area of the mangrove swamps was minimal.

Pollen record and dating of sediment core GIK16776-1 off Liberia

Based on pollen analysis of a sediment core from the Atlantic Ocean off Liberia the West African vegetation history for the last 400 ka is reconstructed. During the cold oxygen isotope stages 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3 and 2 an arid climate is indicated, resulting in a southward shifting of the southern border of the savanna. Late Pleistocene glacial stages were more arid than during the Middle Pleistocene. A persistence of the rain forest in the area, even during the glacial stages, is recorded. This suggests a glacial refuge of rain forest situated in the Guinean mountains. Afromontane forests with Podocarpus occurred in the Guinean mountains from the stages 12 to 2 and disappeared after. The tree expanded from higher to lower elevations twice in the warm oxygen isotope stage 11 (pollen subzones 11d, 11b) and at least twice during the warm stage 5 (pollen subzones 5d, 5a), indicating a relative cool but humid climate for these periods.

Pollen analysis of surface sediment off northwest Africa

Over 100 samples of recent surface sediments from the bottomn of the Atlantic Ocean offshore NW Africa between 34° and 6° N have been analysed palynologically. The objective of this study was to reveal the relation between source areas, transport systems, and resulting distribution patterns of pollen and spores in marine sediments off NW Africa, in order to lay a sound foundation for the interpretation of pollen records of marine cores from this area. The clear zonation of the NW-African vegetation (due to the distinct climatic gradient) is helpful in determining main source areas, and the presence of some major wind belts facilitates the registration of the average course of wind trajectories. The present circulation pattern is driven by the intertropical front (ITCZ) which shifts over the continent between c. 22° N (summer position) and c. 4° N (winter position) in the course of the year. Determination of the period of main pollen release and the average atmospheric circulation pattern effective at that time of the years is of prime importance. The distribution patterns in recent marine sediments of pollen of a series of genera and families appear to record climatological/ecological variables, such as the trajectory of the NE trade, January trades, African Easterly Jet (Saharan Air Layer), the northernmost and southernmost position of the intertropical convergence zone, and the extent and latitudinal situation of the NW-African vegetation belt. Pollen analysis of a series of dated deep-sea cores taken between c. 35° and the equator off NW African enable the construction of paleo-distribution maps for time slices of the past, forming a register of paleoclimatological/paleoecological information.

Sex-specific foraging during parental care in a size-monomorphic seabird

Sex differences in foraging behaviour are typically studied in size-dimorphic taxa. Data on sex-specific behavior in monomorphic taxa are needed to test theories of reproductive investment. It has been suggested that in seabirds foraging niche separation may be related to decreased intersexual competition for food between cooperating pair-bonded individuals. Alternatively, sex differences in foraging niches may be driven by different nutritional requirements of females associated with the reproductive costs of egg production and oviposition. To assess these possibilities, we studied a size-monomorphic colonial seabird, the Australasian Gannet (Morus serrator) at the Cape Kidnappers gannetry, New Zealand. We recorded maximum dive depths, and distinct diet composition of incubating females as indicated by stable isotopic signatures. Results suggested greater female foraging effort during early times of incubation, indicated by significantly deeper maximum dives. Sex-specific foraging patterns across other breeding stages were more variable. Nitrogen stable isotopic values showed that incubating females occupied a different trophic position compared to males at the same breeding stage, and also from those of gannets of both sexes at later stages of parental care. Overall, the data are consistent with cost-of-oviposition compensation in females necessitating male-bias in parental care in biparental breeders. Further research is needed to unravel the implications for the evolution of sex differences in behavior in this and other monomorphic taxa.

Biostratigraphical investigations of Lago d'Averno, near Naples

Remains of diatoms, molluscs, ostracods, foraminifera and pollen exines preserved in the sediments of Lago d'Averno, a volcanic lake in the Phlegrean Fields west of Naples, allowed us to reconstruct the changes in the ecological conditions of the lake and of the vegetation around it for the period from 800 BC to 800 AD. Lago d'Averno was at first a freshwater lake, temporarily influenced by volcanic springs. Salinity increased slowly during Greek times as a result of subsidence of the surrounding land. Saline conditions developed only after the lake was connected with the sea by a canal, when Portus Julius was built in 37 BC. The first post-Roman period of uplift ended with a short freshwater phase during the 7th century after Christ. Deciduous oakwoods around the lake was transformed into a forest of evergreen oaks in Greek times and thrived there - apparently almost uninfluenced by man - until it was felled, when the Avernus was incorporated into the new Roman harbour in 37 BC, to construct a shipyard and other military buildings there. Land-use was never more intense than during Roman times and weakest in Greek and Early Roman times, when the Avernus was considered a holy place, the entrance to the underworld.