The effect of some triazole derivatives as inhibitors for the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid

Corrosion inhibition by some new triazole derivatives on mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid solutions has been investigated by weight loss test, electrochemical measurement, scanning electronic microscope analysis and quantum chemical calculations. The results indicate that these compounds act as mixed-type inhibitors retarding the anodic and cathodic corrosion reactions and do not change the mechanism of either hydrogen evolution reaction or mild steel dissolution. The studied compounds following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the thermodynamic parameters were determined and discussed. The effect of molecular structure on the inhibition efficiency has been investigated by ab initio quantum chemical calculations. The electronic properties such as highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, energy gap (LUMO-HOMO), dipole moment and molecular orbital densities were calculated. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

The inhibition of mild steel corrosion in 1 M hydrochloric acid solutions by triazole derivative

The title compound 1-(4,5-dihydro-3-phenylpyridine-1-yl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)ethyl ketone (DTE) was synthesized and its inhibiting action on the corrosion of mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid solutions was investigated by means of weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Results obtained revealed that DIE performed excellently as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M hydrochloric acid media and its efficiency attains more than 90.9% at 1.0 x 10(-3) M at 298 K. Polarization curves indicated that the inhibitor behave mainly as mixed-type inhibitor. EIS showed that the charge transfer controls the corrosion process in the uninhibited and inhibited solutions. Adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel surface followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. And the values of the free energy of adsorption Delta G(ads) indicated that the adsorption of DTE molecule was a spontaneous process and was typical of chemisorption. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Some new triazole derivatives as inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in acidic medium

Two triazole derivatives, 3,4-dichloro-acetophenone-O-1'-(1',3',4'-triazolyl)-methaneoxime (4-DTM) and 2,5-dichloro-acetophenone-O-1'-(1',3',4'-triazolyl)-methaneoxime (5-DTM) were synthesized, and the inhibition effects for mild steel in 1 M HCl solutions were investigated by weight loss measurements, electrochemical tests and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The weight loss measurements showed that these compounds have excellent inhibiting effect at a concentration of 1.0 x 10(-3) M. The potentiodynamic polarization experiment revealed that the triazole derivatives are inhibitors of mixed-type and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that changes in the impedance parameters (R-ct and C-dl) are due to surface adsorption. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from weight loss measurements and electrochemical tests were in good agreement. Adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm with negative values of the free energy of adsorption Delta G(ads)(o). The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were determined and are discussed. Results show that both 4-DTM and 5-DTM are good inhibitors for mild steel in acid media.

Electrochemical and thermodynamic investigation of diniconazole and triadimefon as corrosion inhibitors for copper in synthetic seawater

This paper presents the investigation of diniconzole and triadimefon as chemical corrosion inhibitors for freshly polished copper in synthetic seawater (3.5% NaCl solution). Determination of weight loss, polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and SEM, were performed to analyze the inhibiting performance of these compounds. Polarization curves show that they act as mixed-type inhibitors. EIS indicates that an adsorption film of the inhibitors is formed on copper surface. The highest values of inhibition efficiency are respectively, 99.2% and 97.3% at 100 mg/L concentration. Thermodynamic calculation suggests that chemisorptions between the compounds and copper are accordance with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关系数据库中一种混合类不完全信息的引入

本文介绍了关系数据库中信息不完全性的含义及其表现，论述了关系数据库中不同范畴不完全性同时存在的可能性和必然性，并在关系模式中引入一种混合类不完全信息。为了能够表示和处理关系数据库中这种混合类不完全信息，文中最后给出了一种简化的扩展关系模型。

东营凹陷岩性油气藏成藏动力学机制和预测

This paper is belonging to Chinese Petrochemical Industry Corporation's key project. Although it is very difficult, it has important theoretical and practical value. Its targets is to make lithological petroleum pool exploration great breakthrough in Dongying sag, by applying advanced theories, the last-minute methods and technology in highly explored zones. By using synthetically multi- discipline theories, methods and technology such as petroleum geology, sedimentology, structure geology, rock mechanics, dynamics of petroleum pool formation, geochemistry, geophysics and so on, and by making full use of computer , the process of petroleum pool forming and distribution rules of lithological petroleum pools have been thoroughly investigated and analyzed in sharp-slope, gentle-slope as well as low-lying region of Dongying sag including dynamic and static. With the study of tectonic stress field, fluid potential field and pressure field, we revealed dynamics condition, distribution rule, control factors and petroleum forming mechanism of lithological pool, and established the forming mode of lithological pool of Dongying sag. The main conclusion as follow: Strata framework, structure framework and sedimentary system of Dongying sag have been established which were the basis of petroleum prediction. There are three kinds of oil source which were from Es4,Es3 and mixed type, also three petroleum forming phases which were the telophase of Dongying stage, Guantao stage and Minghuazhen group, which occur in different geological environment. By using of most advanced numerical modeling software, the space distribution and time evolve of stress field and fluid potential field have been revealed from Esl up to the present. The region with low earth stress and low fluid potential were enrichment region of lithological petroleum pool and fault-block pool. The dynamics mechanism of Lithological petroleum pool in Dongying sag was collocating seal box, abnormity pressure, index number of petroleum forming and static factors on time and space, which was the most important factor of controlling petroleum pool forming, distribution and enrichment. The multi phase active and evolve of seal and unseal about different order fault were main factors of controlling petroleum pool forming of Dongying sag, which have important value for predicting lithological petroleum pool. It is revealed the lithological petroleum pool forming mode that included respective character, forming mechanism and distribution rule in four structural belt, which was a base for lithological petroleum pool prediction. The theories, technology and methods of studying, description, characterize and prediction lithological petroleum pool were established, which have important popularization value. Several lithological pool have been predicted in stress transform, zone, abrupt slope zone, fractured surface changed zone, tosional stress growth zone and abnormity pressure zone with noticeable economic benefit after exploration.

手持通信设备的多通道文本输入研究

Recently，Handheld Communication Devices is developing very fast, extending in users and spreading in application fields, and has an promising future. This study investigated the acceptance of the multimodal text entry method and the behavioral characteristics when using it. Based on the general information process model of a bimodal system and the human factor studies about the multimodal map system, the present study mainly focused on the hand-speech bimodal text entry method. For acceptance, the study investigated the subjective perception of the accuracy of speech recognition by Wizard of Oz (WOz) experiment and a questionnaire. Results showed that there was a linear relationship between the speech recognition accuracy and the subjective accuracy. Furthermore, as the familiarity increasing, the difference between the acceptable accuracy and the subjective accuracy gradually decreased. In addition, the similarity of meaning between the outcome of speech recognition and the correct sentences was an important referential criterion. The second study investigated three aspects of the bimodal text entry method, including input, error recovery and modal shifts. The first experiment aimed to find the behavioral characteristics of user when doing error recovery task. Results indicated that participants preferred to correct the error by handwriting, which had no relationship with the input modality. The second experiment aimed to discover the behavioral characteristics of users when doing text entry in various types of text. Results showed that users preferred to speech input in both words and sentences conditions, which was highly consistent among individuals, while no significant difference was found between handwriting and speech input in the character condition. Participants used more direct strategy than jumping strategy to deal with mixed text, especially for the Chinese-English mixed type. The third experiment examined the cognitive load in the different modal shifts, results suggesting that there were significant differences between different shifts. Moreover, relevant little time was needed in the Shift from speech input to hand input. Based on the main findings, implications were discussed as follows: Firstly, when evaluating a speech recognition system, attention should be paid to the fact that the speech recognition accuracy was not equal to the subjective accuracy. Secondly, in order to make a speech input system more acceptable, a good method is to train and supply the feedback for the accuracy in training, which improving the familiarity and sensitivity to the system. Thirdly, both the universal and individual behavioral patterns were taken into consideration to improve the error recovery method. Fourthly, easing the study and the use of speech input, the operations of speech input should be simpler. Fifthly, more convenient text input method for non-Chinese text entry should be provided. Finally, the shifting time between hand input and speech input provides an important parameter for the design of automatic-evoked speech recognition system.

Local Conentration of Waves due to Abrupt Alongshore Variation of Nearshore Bathymetry

Small-scale physical and numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the local concentration of waves (monochromatic and group) due to abrupt change of nearshore bathymetry in alongshore direction. Wave run-up motions along the shoreline were measured using an image analysis technique to compare localized concentration of wave energy, when waves propagate a over bathymetry composing rhythmic patterns of mild/steep slope bottom configurations. Measured alongshore variation of maximum wave run-up heights showed significant peak near the boundary, which has sudden alongshore change of depth, both under monochromatic and group wave trains. This phenomenon is found to be due to interaction of waves with neashore currents, which is further enhanced by excitation of long wave components by breaking of group waves. Furthermore, this paper discusses results of preliminary experiments carried out to test the effectiveness of several shore protection structure layouts in mitigating such wave concentrations. Numerical simulations were performed by using a model developed based on Nwogu (1993) Boussinesq-type equations; coupled with a transport equation to model energy dissipation due to wave breaking.

Effect of a biofilm on the adsorption of 4-chlorophenol on activated carbon

The adsorption of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) on activated carbon was studied experimentally both in the presence and in the absence of an inactivated anaerobic biofilm on the surface of carbon pellets. The presence of the biofilm markedly decreased the rate of 4-CP adsorption. However, the final near-equilibrium state (at 27 h) was not affected, and the incremental amount of material adsorbed on the pellets was similar both in the presence and in the absence of the biofilm. The biosorption of 4-CP by a biofilm coating non-adsorbing pellets was also determined. It appears that the biofilm also has some adsorption capability. Freundlich-type equations were used to correlate all data, and transient and near-equilibrium isotherms were obtained for 4-CP adsorption on different adsorbing materials at different times.

Modulational instability in asymmetric coupled wave functions

The evolution of the amplitude of two nonlinearly interacting waves is considered, via a set of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations. The dynamical profile is determined by the wave dispersion laws (i.e. the group velocities and the group velocity dispersion terms) and the nonlinearity and coupling coefficients, on which no assumption is made. A generalized dispersion relation is obtained, relating the frequency and wave-number of a small perturbation around a coupled monochromatic (Stokes') wave solution. Explicitly stability criteria are obtained. The analysis reveals a number of possibilities. Two (individually) stable systems may be destabilized due to coupling. Unstable systems may, when coupled, present an enhanced instability growth rate, for an extended wave number range of values. Distinct unstable wavenumber windows may arise simultaneously.

Calculus of variations on time scales and discrete fractional calculus

Estudamos problemas do cálculo das variações e controlo óptimo no contexto das escalas temporais. Especificamente, obtemos condições necessárias de optimalidade do tipo de Euler–Lagrange tanto para lagrangianos dependendo de derivadas delta de ordem superior como para problemas isoperimétricos. Desenvolvemos também alguns métodos directos que permitem resolver determinadas classes de problemas variacionais através de desigualdades em escalas temporais. No último capítulo apresentamos operadores de diferença fraccionários e propomos um novo cálculo das variações fraccionário em tempo discreto. Obtemos as correspondentes condições necessárias de Euler– Lagrange e Legendre, ilustrando depois a teoria com alguns exemplos.

Calculus of variations on time scales and applications to economics

We consider some problems of the calculus of variations on time scales. On the beginning our attention is paid on two inverse extremal problems on arbitrary time scales. Firstly, using the Euler-Lagrange equation and the strengthened Legendre condition, we derive a general form for a variation functional that attains a local minimum at a given point of the vector space. Furthermore, we prove a necessary condition for a dynamic integro-differential equation to be an Euler-Lagrange equation. New and interesting results for the discrete and quantum calculus are obtained as particular cases. Afterwards, we prove Euler-Lagrange type equations and transversality conditions for generalized infinite horizon problems. Next we investigate the composition of a certain scalar function with delta and nabla integrals of a vector valued field. Euler-Lagrange equations in integral form, transversality conditions, and necessary optimality conditions for isoperimetric problems, on an arbitrary time scale, are proved. In the end, two main issues of application of time scales in economic, with interesting results, are presented. In the former case we consider a firm that wants to program its production and investment policies to reach a given production rate and to maximize its future market competitiveness. The model which describes firm activities is studied in two different ways: using classical discretizations; and applying discrete versions of our result on time scales. In the end we compare the cost functional values obtained from those two approaches. The latter problem is more complex and relates to rate of inflation, p, and rate of unemployment, u, which inflict a social loss. Using known relations between p, u, and the expected rate of inflation π, we rewrite the social loss function as a function of π. We present this model in the time scale framework and find an optimal path π that minimizes the total social loss over a given time interval.

Técnicas e tácticas de guerrilha e o seu impacto junto do grande público

Vivemos actualmente numa sociedade caracterizada pela informação, pela segmentação do público e pela crescente necessidade de experiências por parte deste mesmo público, em que é cada vez mais difícil para as marcas posicionarem-se no mercado, razão pela qual é necessário pensar em novas estratégias publicitárias para comunicar com os consumidores. Em face deste cenário, o Marketing de Guerrilha pode constituir-se como uma ferramenta diferenciadora e eficaz, já que se propõe desenvolver soluções à medida dos públicos através da implementação de acções inesperadas, ousadas, impactantes e, sobretudo, geradoras de experiências. Neste contexto este trabalho procura aprofundar o conhecimento deste novo tipo de comunicação publicitária a partir da identificação das suas técnicas e tácticas mais usadas e do estudo do seu impacto junto do grande público, entendido este como a viralidade da acção, medida em Plays, e o feedback do consumidor, medido em Likes e Dislikes. Considerando a diminuta investigação científica sobre este tema, bem como a parca literatura disponível, esta dissertação assume a forma de um estudo exploratório do tipo misto sequencial, desenvolvido com base numa análise qualitativa seguida de quantitativa de 150 casos publicados online, disponibilizados na base de dados Ads of the World. Identificadas as técnicas e tácticas mais comuns, os resultados do trabalho empírico sugerem a existência de dependência entre técnicas ou tácticas e a viralidade da acção e feedback do consumidor.

La négociation mixte : observation de la négociation d’une convention collective

Dans le domaine des relations industrielles, on a vu apparaître, ces dernières années, différents changements au niveau des relations du travail, notamment en matière de négociation collective. En effet, de nouvelles formes de négociation ont vu le jour en réponse aux changements qui se sont produits sur le marché du travail. De façon plus précise, les théoriciens se sont penchés, d’une part, sur des méthodes de négociation moins conflictuelles et les acteurs concernés par la négociation collective ont su les mettre en pratique, d’autre part. Cependant, bien que certains aient tenté de substituer ces méthodes plus coopératives à la négociation traditionnelle de façon intégrale, les théoriciens et praticiens se sont aperçus qu’il était plutôt difficile de les adopter à l’état pur et ce, de façon alternative à la négociation traditionnelle. Afin d’optimiser les gains mutuels lors de la négociation d’une entente, les négociateurs vont plutôt opter pour un usage combiné des méthodes plus traditionnelles et des nouvelles formes dites plus coopératives; on parle alors de négociation mixte. Toutefois, peu d’études portant sur la négociation mixte ont été conduites. Nous croyons néanmoins que cette forme de négociation est plus appropriée, notamment en raison de la nature des enjeux traités à l’occasion d’une négociation collective. S’insérant dans ce contexte, l’objet de notre recherche est donc l’étude, par l’entremise d’un cas particulier, de la négociation mixte. De façon plus précise, nous cherchons à évaluer la méthode de négociation adoptée lors de la négociation collective ayant eu lieu entre le Centre de la petite enfance Pomme Soleil (CPE) et le Syndicat des intervenantes en petite enfance de Montréal (SIPEM) – CSQ en 2005. Afin d’y parvenir, nous avons vérifié les propositions et hypothèses suivantes : (1) la nature du climat des négociations précédentes a une influence sur la méthode de négociation de type mixte adoptée par les parties au cours de la négociation de la convention collective, (2) la nature du climat des relations industrielles a une influence sur la méthode de négociation de type mixte adoptée par les parties au cours de la négociation de la convention collective, (3) le passage du temps a un effet de transition sur la méthode de négociation de type mixte qui manifeste une dominante intégrative dans les étapes initiales de la négociation et une dominante distributive dans les étapes finales, (4) les négociateurs ayant reçu une formation à la négociation basée sur la résolution de problèmes ou basée sur les intérêts adoptent une méthode de négociation de type mixte à dominante intégrative, (5) l’expérience des négociateurs patronal et syndical a une influence sur la méthode de négociation de type mixte adoptée par les parties au cours de la négociation de la convention collective, (6) la stratégie de négociation initiale adoptée par les parties a une influence sur la méthode de négociation de type mixte au cours de la négociation de la convention collective et (7) la négociation des clauses à incidence pécuniaire donne lieu à une méthode de négociation de type mixte à dominante distributive. Grâce aux résultats que nous avons recueillis par l’entremise de l’observation de la négociation collective entre le CPE Pomme Soleil et le SIPEM, mais principalement par le biais des entrevues, nous sommes en mesure d’affirmer que, conformément à notre question de recherche, la négociation fut mixte, à dominante intégrative. Cependant, la question salariale, bien qu’elle ne fut pas abordée à la table de négociation mais avec le gouvernement provincial, prit une tangente distributive. En ce sens, nous pouvons dire que la négociation fut mixte et ce, de façon séquentielle.

Impacts des TIC sur la motivation des étudiants à l’apprentissage des mathématiques à l’Université Abdou Moumouni au Niger

Cette recherche porte sur l’amélioration de la motivation à l’apprentissage des mathématiques à l’Université Abdou Moumouni. Elle se situe dans une dynamique globale de mise au point d’actions pédagogiques pour remédier au problème préoccupant de la motivation à l’apprentissage des sciences. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agit de prospecter si les environnements virtuels d’apprentissage peuvent contribuer à l’amélioration de la transmission des savoirs dans un contexte universitaire au Niger. Ainsi, notre recherche vise à mieux comprendre l’impact de l’intégration des TIC sur la motivation chez des étudiants à apprendre les mathématiques au Niger. Les trois objectifs spécifiques de notre recherche sont : explorer les impacts sur le sentiment de compétence chez des étudiants à l’apprentissage des mathématiques dans un contexte d’intégration pédagogique des TIC; mieux comprendre le changement des types de motivations autodéterminées à l’apprentissage des mathématiques chez des étudiants exposés à une intégration pédagogique des TIC; comprendre les perceptions de l’usage d’un environnement virtuel à l’apprentissage des mathématiques chez des étudiants et l’évolution de leurs motivations autodéterminées. Se fondant sur une méthodologie de type mixte, cette recherche quasi-expérimentale a consisté en la collecte de données quantitatives au moyen de 2 questionnaires sur la motivation (sentiment de compétence et sentiment d’autodétermination) en pré-test et en post-test. Pour les données qualitatives, nous avons eu recours à des entrevues dirigées auprès de 9 participants. Au total 61 étudiants inscrits en science de la vie et de la terre, dont 51 hommes, ont participé à la recherche. La thèse respecte le mode de présentation par articles. Chacun des trois articles est en lien avec un des trois objectifs de la recherche, dans l’ordre cité plus haut. Les principaux résultats indiquent un impact positif sur la motivation à travers un recul du sentiment négatif de compétence chez les étudiants ayant bénéficié de l’apport des TIC comparativement aux étudiants ordinaires. En ce qui concerne le sentiment d’autodétermination, chez les étudiants ayant bénéficié de l’apport pédagogique des TIC, il est mis en évidence une stagnation ou une légère baisse des motivations peu ou pas autodéterminées et une légère hausse ou une stagnation des motivations autodéterminées chez les étudiants ayant bénéficié de l’apport des TIC. Finalement, la recherche a permis de mettre en relief l'existence de corrélations positives entre l’augmentation des motivations autodéterminées et la perception d’une qualité positive de l’expérience d'innovation pédagogique que représente l’environnement virtuel d’apprentissage des mathématiques. En définitive, cette recherche fait ressortir l’importance de l'intégration pédagogique des TIC pour améliorer les pratiques pédagogiques actuelles, et satisfaire deux besoins psychologiques fondamentaux, notamment le sentiment de compétence et le sentiment d’autodétermination, deux composantes essentielles de la motivation selon la théorie de l’autodétermination de Deci et Ryan. Les résultats obtenus dégagent des perspectives intéressantes en vue de renforcer les recours aux environnements virtuels d'apprentissage au profit de la motivation à l'apprentissage des mathématiques. Les forces et les limites de la recherche sont discutées et un ensemble de recommandations sont émises à l’intention des acteurs académiques, notamment les perspectives assez prometteuses de l’intégration pédagogique des TIC au service de l'apprentissage des sciences en Afrique, et au Niger en particulier.