The regional electricity generation mix in Scotland: A portfolio selection approach

Standalone levelised cost assessments of electricity supply options miss an important contribution that renewable and non-fossil fuel technologies can make to the electricity portfolio: that of reducing the variability of electricity costs, and their potentially damaging impact upon economic activity. Portfolio theory applications to the electricity generation mix have shown that renewable technologies, their costs being largely uncorrelated with non-renewable technologies, can offer such benefits. We look at the existing Scottish generation mix and examine drivers of changes out to 2020. We assess recent scenarios for the Scottish generation mix in 2020 against mean-variance efficient portfolios of electricity-generating technologies. Each of the scenarios studied implies a portfolio cost of electricity that is between 22% and 38% higher than the portfolio cost of electricity in 2007. These scenarios prove to be “inefficient” in the sense that, for example, lower variance portfolios can be obtained without increasing portfolio costs, typically by expanding the share of renewables. As part of extensive sensitivity analysis, we find that Wave and Tidal technologies can contribute to lower risk electricity portfolios, while not increasing portfolio cost.

Effects of stress on economic decision-making: Evidence from laboratory experiments

The ways in which preferences respond to the varying stress of economic environments is a key question for behavioral economics and public policy. We conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate the effects of stress on financial decision making among individuals aged 50 and older. Using the cold pressor task as a physiological stressor, and a series of intelligence tests as cognitive stressors, we find that stress increases subjective discounting rates, has no effect on the degree of risk-aversion, and substantially lowers the effort individuals make to learn about financial decisions.

Deadlock avoidance with virtual channels

High Performance Computing is a rapidly evolving area of computer science which attends to solve complicated computational problems with the combination of computational nodes connected through high speed networks. This work concentrates on the networks problems that appear in such networks and specially focuses on the Deadlock problem that can decrease the efficiency of the communication or even destroy the balance and paralyze the network. Goal of this work is the Deadlock avoidance with the use of virtual channels, in the switches of the network where the problem appears. The deadlock avoidance assures that will not be loss of data inside network, having as result the increased latency of the served packets, due to the extra calculation that the switches have to make to apply the policy.

Measuring the impact of partnerships

Leaflet detailing research by the Institute funded by the Research and Development Office for Health and Personal Social Services in Northern Ireland.  The aim of the research was to identify the impact of multisectoral partnerships, how they can be measured, and what contribution they make to tackling inequalities in health. In depth case studies of four partnerships were carried out with: Armagh and Dungannon Health Action Zone; North and West Belfast Health Action Zone; Northern Neighbourhoods Health Action Zone; and Western Investing for Health Partnership. Based on these case studies, the Institute has developed a conceptual model linking the collaborative efforts of partnerships to benefits which impact upon the determinants of health.

Partnerships: a literature review

The Research and Development Office for Health and Personal Social Services in Northern Ireland funded the Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) to undertake research into partnerships between 2003 and 2006, as part of their New Targeting Social Need programme.The aim of the research was to identify the impacts of multisectoral partnerships, how they can be measured, and what contribution they make to tackling inequalities in health. This document is one of a suite of three produced as a result of this work

Partnerships: community involvement and perceptions of health inequalities

The Research and Development Office for Health and Personal Social Services in Northern Ireland funded the Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) to undertake research into partnerships between 2003 and 2006, as part of their New Targeting Social Need programme.The aim of the research was to identify the impacts of multisectoral partnerships, how they can be measured, and what contribution they make to tackling inequalities in health. This document is one of a suite of three produced as a result of this work.

Partnerships: The benefits

The Research and Development Office for Health and Personal Social Services in Northern Ireland funded the Institute of Public Health in Ireland (IPH) to undertake research into partnerships between 2003 and 2006, as part of their New Targeting Social Need programme. The aim of the research was to identify the impacts of multisectoral partnerships, how they can be measured, and what contribution they make to tackling inequalities in health. This document is one of a suite of three produced as a result of this work.

Resolving inconsistencies in utility measurement under risk: Tests of generalizations of expected utility

This paper explores biases in the elicitation of utilities under risk and the contribution that generalizations of expected utility can make to the resolution of these biases. We used five methods to measure utilities under risk and found clear violations of expected utility. Of the theories studies, prospect theory was most consistent with our data. The main improvement of prospect theory over expected utility was in comparisons between a riskless and a risky prospect(riskless-risk methods). We observed no improvement over expected utility in comparisons between two risky prospects (risk-risk methods). An explanation why we found no improvement of prospect theory over expected utility in risk-risk methods may be that there was less overweighting of small probabilities in our study than has commonly been observed.

Setting the rules of the game: The choice of electoral systems in advanced democracies

The origins of electoral systems have received scant attention in the literature. Looking at the history of electoral rules in the advanced world in the last century, this paper shows that the existing wide variation in electoral rules across nations can be traced to the strategic decisions that the current ruling parties, anticipating the coordinating consequences of different electoral regimes, make to maximize their representation according to the following conditions. On the one hand, as long as the electoral arena does not change substantially and the current electoral regime serves the ruling parties well, the latter have no incentives to modify the electoral regime. On the other hand, as soon as the electoral arena changes (due to the entry of new voters or a change in their preferences), the ruling parties will entertain changing the electoral system, depending on two main conditions: the emergence of new parties and the coordinating capacities of the old ruling parties. Accordingly, if the new parties are strong, the old parties shift from plurality/majority rules to proportional representation (PR) only if the latter are locked into a 'non-Duvergerian' equilibrium; i.e. if no old party enjoys a dominant position (the case of most small European states)--conversely, they do not if a Duvergerian equilibrium exists (the case of Great Britain). Similarly, whenever the new entrants are weak, a non-PR system is maintained, regardless of the structure of the old party system (the case of the USA). The paper discusses as well the role of trade and ethnic and religious heterogeneity in the adoption of PR rules.

Successful ageing and development: the contribution of generativity in older age

This paper examines the contributions that generativity in older age may make to the concept of successful ageing. To this end, two perspectives on successful ageing are described: successful ageing as a set of clinical criteria, and successful ageing as the application of adaptive processes aimed at achieving efficient functioning. After showing the limitations of the first perspective, particularly from a developmental point of view, the paper argues that the adaptive version of successful ageing helps to put ageing into a developmental frame, but needs to be complemented by identifying specific content and goals that guide these adaptive processes and establish new feasible gains for older people. Generativity in older age could play that role and provides a conceptual framework that enriches the concept of successful ageing, both by emphasising the social context in which people age and by highlighting a personal growth component.

Acting, predicting and intervening in a socio-hydrological world

This paper asks a simple question: if humans and their actions co-evolve with hydrological systems (Sivapalan et al., 2012), what is the role of hydrological scientists, who are also humans, within this system? To put it more directly, as traditionally there is a supposed separation of scientists and society, can we maintain this separation as socio-hydrologists studying a socio-hydrological world? This paper argues that we cannot, using four linked sections. The first section draws directly upon the concern of science-technology studies to make a case to the (socio-hydrological) community that we need to be sensitive to constructivist accounts of science in general and socio-hydrology in particular. I review three positions taken by such accounts and apply them to hydrological science, supported with specific examples: (a) the ways in which scientific activities frame socio-hydrological research, such that at least some of the knowledge that we obtain is constructed by precisely what we do; (b) the need to attend to how socio-hydrological knowledge is used in decision-making, as evidence suggests that hydrological knowledge does not flow simply from science into policy; and (c) the observation that those who do not normally label themselves as socio-hydrologists may actually have a profound knowledge of socio-hydrology. The second section provides an empirical basis for considering these three issues by detailing the history of the practice of roughness parameterisation, using parameters like Manning's n, in hydrological and hydraulic models for flood inundation mapping. This history sustains the third section that is a more general consideration of one type of socio-hydrological practice: predictive modelling. I show that as part of a socio-hydrological analysis, hydrological prediction needs to be thought through much more carefully: not only because hydrological prediction exists to help inform decisions that are made about water management; but also because those predictions contain assumptions, the predictions are only correct in so far as those assumptions hold, and for those assumptions to hold, the socio-hydrological system (i.e. the world) has to be shaped so as to include them. Here, I add to the ``normal'' view that ideally our models should represent the world around us, to argue that for our models (and hence our predictions) to be valid, we have to make the world look like our models. Decisions over how the world is modelled may transform the world as much as they represent the world. Thus, socio-hydrological modelling has to become a socially accountable process such that the world is transformed, through the implications of modelling, in a fair and just manner. This leads into the final section of the paper where I consider how socio-hydrological research may be made more socially accountable, in a way that is both sensitive to the constructivist critique (Sect. 1), but which retains the contribution that hydrologists might make to socio-hydrological studies. This includes (1) working with conflict and controversy in hydrological science, rather than trying to eliminate them; (2) using hydrological events to avoid becoming locked into our own frames of explanation and prediction; (3) being empirical and experimental but in a socio-hydrological sense; and (4) co-producing socio-hydrological predictions. I will show how this might be done through a project that specifically developed predictive models for making interventions in river catchments to increase high river flow attenuation. Therein, I found myself becoming detached from my normal disciplinary networks and attached to the co-production of a predictive hydrological model with communities normally excluded from the practice of hydrological science.

Tuotannon- ja materiaalinohjauksen kehittäminen huonekaluteollisuudessa

Työn tavoitteena oli kehittää sohvakalusteita valmistavan yrityksen tuotannon- ja materiaalinohjausta. Tuotanto on sekä varasto-ohjautuvaa, että tilausohjautuvaa kokoonpanoa. Kehittämisessä pääpaino oli läpäisyaikojen lyhentämisellä molemmissa tuotantomuodoissa, vaihto-omaisuuden arvon alentamisessa sekä kriittisten materiaalien ohjauksen tehostamisessa. Työssä on ensin selvitetty tuotannon- ja materiaalin-ohjauksen teoriaa, tilaus-toimitus-prosessia ja tietojärjestelmiä osana tuotannonohjausta. Tavoitteena on ollut valita käytännössä hyvin toimivia ohjausmenettelyitä ja soveltaa niitä kohdeyrityksessä, jotta asetetut tavoitteet saavutettaisiin mahdollisimman nopealla aikataululla. Raporttien ja seurantatyökalujen kehittäminen tietojärjestelmässä on ensisijaisen tärkeää, että voidaan mitata tuloksia ja asettaa tavoitteita. Varastoinnin painopisteen siirtäminen valmistuotevarastosta puolivalmis-tasolle tulee toteuttaa kuluvan vuoden aikana. Avainsanoja läpäisyajan lyhentämisessä tilausohjautuvassa tuotannossa ovat nopea tilausten aloittaminen, turhien alkuvaiheiden poistaminen, nopea leikkuu, töiden visuaalinen ohjaaminen, sähköisten kotiinkutsumenettelyiden kehittäminen ja toimittajayhteistyö. Varasto-ohjautuvilla tuotteilla taas puolivalmisteet, imuohjausmenettelyt ainakin puolivalmisteiden tekemisen ohjauksessa, vedossuunnittelun ja hienokuormituksen yksinkertaistaminen ja luonnollisesti kaikki materiaalinohjausta parantavat toimenpiteet. Konsignaatiovarastojen käyttö päälliskangasvarastossa alentaisi huomattavasti vaihto-omaisuuden määrää. Kehittämiskohteet on valittu, kehittämistyö on aloitettu ja toimintamallit luotu, Niiden impelementointi ja tietojärjestelmän loppuun kehittäminen vaativat vielä työtä, mutta saavutettavat hyödyt ovat suuret ja turvaavat tehtaan menestymisen tulevaisuudessakin.

Developing finished product stocking in a ventilation equipment company

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli analysoida ja kehittää lopputuotteiden varastointia Halton Oy:ssä. Työ toteutettiin, koska yrityksen laajasta tuotevalikoimasta monia nimikkeitä varastoidaan tällä hetkellä ja ne sitovat runsaasti pääomaa varastoon. Lisäksi yrityksellä on vain rajallinen varastointitila käytettävissä ja sitä haluttiin hyödyntää optimaalisesti. Työssä suunniteltiin yritykselle varastoitavien tuotenimikkeiden hallintaprosessi ja lisäksi tutkittiin kuinka yritys voisi tarjota tuotteitaan nopeammin tärkeimmille ulkomaan markkina-alueille. Työn alussa huomio kohdistui myynniltään vähemmän merkittäviin varastonimikkeisiin, joita analysoitiin suunniteltujen kriteerien avulla. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää, mitkä varastonimikkeistä voitaisiin siirtää tilausohjautuviksi. Tärkeimpinä analysointikriteereinä käytettiin nimikkeiden alhaista myyntimäärää, lyhyttä tuotannonläpimenoaikaa sekä varastoitavien nimikkeiden lukumäärää tuoteryhmässä. Työssä huomioitiin kuitenkin myös muita mahdollisia syitä varastointiin. Lisäksi tehtiin havaintoja tilausohjautuvista nimikkeistä, jotka saattaisivat tarvita varastointia. Suunniteltuun hallintaprosessiin sisältyi kriteerien lisäksi myös varastotasojen määrittäminen yrityksen nykyisen varastomallin pohjalta. Työssä tutkittiin kuitenkin myös mahdollisia tulevaisuuden varastomalleja, joiden tarkoituksena olisi parantaa asiakaspalvelua ulkomailla. Tutkimus keskittyi pääasiassa nimikkeiden kysyntöjen analysointiin eri varastomallien myyntialueilla.

Materiaaliketjun yksinkertaistaminen telakalla

Diplomityön tarkoituksena oli soveltaa ja tehdä tunnetuksi telakalla settitoimitusten ideaa. Settitoimituksilla voidaan vähentää ketjun arvoa lisäämättömiä toimintoja, jolloin materiaaliketju tulee yksinkertaisemmaksi ja tehokkaammaksi toimittajalta telakalle. Tutkimuksessa ilmeni, että settitoimituksilla saavutetaan suurin hyöty niiden toimittajien kanssa, joiden toimittamien materiaalien tapahtumavolyymit telakalla ovat suurimmat. Etsittiin ne toimittajat, joiden materiaalit aiheuttavat eniten varastotapahtumia. Kokemukseen perustuen sekä dataa analysoimalla etsittiin settitoimituksille soveltuvat toimittajat. Todettiin, että varastotapahtumat keskittyvät yllättävänkin jyrkästi harvoille toimittajille. Jäljelle jääneet toimittajat jaettiin kolmeen luokkaan niiden toimittamien materiaalien perusteella. Toimittajille tehtiin kokemukseen perustuva toimittaja-analyysi, jolla haluttiin selvittää telakan tyytyväisyys toimittajiinsa. Tämän jälkeen toimittajille kehitettiin luokittain uudet toimitusmenettelyehdotukset. Settitoimitusten onnistuminen edellyttää tiivistä ja avointa yhteistyötä telakan osastojen sekä toimittajien välillä. Nopea, mielellään jopa realiaikainen tiedonvaihto ja reagointinopeus koko toimitusketjussa on tehokkaan materiaalinohjauksen edellytys. Operatiivinen materiaalihallinto on siirrettävä lähemmäs lattiatasoa, jolloin MARS-tietojärjestelmä on saatava tukemaan suoraan tuotannosta tehtäviä kotiinkutsuja. Erittäin oleellista on myös telakan kyky ennustaa toimittajalle materiaalin kulutusta, ja tarkentaa tilauksia laivaprojektin edetessä. Tärkeintä kaikessa on telakan kyky antaa oikea tieto toimittajalle tarve-erän sisällöstä. Toinen tärkeä seikka on hankinta-aikataulun tarkkuuden parantaminen.

8

Services account for more than 70 percent of GDP in the OECD countries and 50 percent of developing and transition countries. Standardization works to impose common norms on highly differentiated current practice as to availability, provision, and use of services. Some rely on public services, others provide consumer protection or relate to security matters involving liability issues for users and providers alike. Service standards reflect the development of a transnational hybrid authority which exercises a distinct form of market power in the reorganisation of the global capitalist economy towards services.