999 resultados para Método de resolução de problemas
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Esta investigação teve como objetivo, compreender como é que a avaliação da resolução de problemas contribui para melhorar a aprendizagem da resolução de problemas. A dificuldade na resolução de problemas é de facto um fenómeno mundial com uma extensão considerável em termos cronológicos. Tendo-se escrito muito acerca deste assunto, a verdade é que continua a colocar muitos pontos de interrogação, no que concerne aos métodos e estratégias para ultrapassar este problema. Combinar a avaliação com a resolução de problemas nem sempre é fácil. A resolução de problemas é muito importante para que se cinja a uma visão simplista, temos que perceber que esta se reveste de uma oportunidade para alargar e diversificar os instrumentos de avaliação. Para além disso, permite que os alunos com dificuldades se envolvam ativamente com os seus colegas, numa busca cooperativa pela solução do problema, beneficiando assim ambas as partes. No sentido de verificar o acima referido, os alunos foram colocados em grupos e foi-lhes proposto uma ficha de trabalho de problemas. Os problemas propostos foram os mais diversificados possíveis, no sentido de apelar aos vários tipos de raciocínio e estratégias. Para este estudo foi escolhida uma turma do 5º ano com alunos com bons resultados em matemática e outros com dificuldades. No que concerne à metodologia de investigação, optou-se pela qualitativa e descritiva, com uma pequena nuance quantitativa para consubstanciar o estudo.
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In this work it is presented a research developed in the initial training of teachers of the chemistry graduation course at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). The intervention was realized in two classes in the context of a discipline in the curricular structure with nineteen undergraduate students of chemistry. The study utilizes characteristics of the qualitative approach and uses observation, questionnaires, interviews and examination papers. The experiment involved a sequence of activities fundamented on the Problem Solving (PS) teaching strategy to approach chemical concepts. The proposal was planned and organized according to the theoretical presupposition of the work developed by the authors of the Science Education in PS, of teaching experience and from the initial hypotheses of the research. The goal was that the future teachers could experience the strategy and advance to the new meanings. The themes addressed in the activities were the difference between exercises and problems, exercises turning into problems, the steps of problem solving and some implications of the teaching strategy for the work of the teacher. The results showed evidence that through a process of collective reflection, and from the difficulties experienced in the strategy practice, the undergraduates are introduced to new perspectives of reflection and action of teaching practice, and understanding some benefits of innovative proposals for the teaching of chemistry. It also showed that, although this theme is approached, in some moments of the graduation, the future teachers don‟t know when or how to realize activities in this perspective. From the aspects that rose in research we highlighted the difficulties in the problem solving steps, the use of the strategy in school and the knowledge and skills of the teacher for planning activities in Problem Solving
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In this work we have elaborated a spline-based method of solution of inicial value problems involving ordinary differential equations, with emphasis on linear equations. The method can be seen as an alternative for the traditional solvers such as Runge-Kutta, and avoids root calculations in the linear time invariant case. The method is then applied on a central problem of control theory, namely, the step response problem for linear EDOs with possibly varying coefficients, where root calculations do not apply. We have implemented an efficient algorithm which uses exclusively matrix-vector operations. The working interval (till the settling time) was determined through a calculation of the least stable mode using a modified power method. Several variants of the method have been compared by simulation. For general linear problems with fine grid, the proposed method compares favorably with the Euler method. In the time invariant case, where the alternative is root calculation, we have indications that the proposed method is competitive for equations of sifficiently high order.
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Este artigo é uma tentativa de delinear as principais características da pesquisa numa nova área de estudos a chamada Inteligência Artificial (AI). Os itens 1 e 2 constituem um rápido histórico da AI e seus pressupostos básicos. O item 3 trata da teoria de resolução de problemas, desenvolvida por A. Newell e H. Simon. O item 4 procura mostrar a relevância da AI para a Filosofia, em especial para a filosofia da Mente e para a Teoria do Conhecimento.
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Sistemas baseados em redes neurais artificiais fornecem altas taxas de computação devido ao uso de um número massivo de elementos processadores simples. Redes neurais com conexões realimentadas fornecem um modelo computacional capaz de resolver uma rica classe de problemas de otimização. Este artigo apresenta uma nova abordagem para resolver problemas de otimização restrita utilizando redes neurais artificiais. Mais especificamente, uma rede de Hopfield modificada é desenvolvida cujos parâmetros internos são calculados usando a técnica de subespaço válido de soluções. A partir da obtenção destes parâmetros a rede tende a convergir aos pontos de equilíbrio que representam as possíveis soluções para o problema. Exemplos de simulação são apresentados para justificar a validade da abordagem proposta.
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We address the different "personalities" of the rational number and the concept of proportionality, analyzing the possibilities for using the Mathematics Teaching and Learning through Problem-solving Method. This method is based on the principle that knowledge can be constructed through the use of problems that generate new concepts and new contents. The different meanings of rational number - rational point, quotient, fraction, ratio, and operator - are constructs that depend on mathematical theories in which they are imbedded and the situations that evoke them in problem-solving. Some data will be presented from continuing education courses for teachers, aiming to contribute to understanding regarding the different "personalities" of the rational number. In general, these "personalities" are not easily identified by teachers and students, which is the reason for the many difficulties encountered during problem-solving involving rational numbers. One of these "personalities", the ratio, provides the basis for the concept of proportionality, which is relevant because it is a unifying idea in mathematics.
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We discuss the knowledge that has been constructed regarding Problem Solving in Math Education as a result of research developed by GTERP - Work and Study Group in Problem Solving, UNESP-Rio Claro/SP. The research is guided by the following general questions: How do students construct mathematical knowledge and how do teachers implement the methodology of Math Teaching-Learning-Evaluation through Problem Solving? Historical aspects of Problem Solving are very important in the configuration of the current trends for Problem Solving. One of them is the Methodology of Math Teaching-Learning- Evaluation through Problem Solving, based on clear foundations and an approach of renewal. In addition to that methodology, two aspects have been developed by the group: The conception of Math as a science of pattern and order and Discrete Mathematics. The knowledge constructed and the scientific production of GTERP prove its relevant contribution to intensifying dialogues between research and educational practice, students and teachers, and to increasing the possibilities of that practice particularly in Math work.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)