La psicosis: un acercamiento desde la teoría de Wilfred Bion

Este texto pretende hacer un acercamiento a la definición de la psicosis a partir de la revisión de la obra de Wilfred Bion. Para esto es necesario abarcar algunos conceptos de los psicoanalistas Sigmund Freud y Melanie Klein, como los son el yo y algunos mecanismos de defensa como la identificación proyectiva y la escisión. Se presentaran las conceptualizaciones pertinentes, para ser integradas a la teoría del pensamiento con el fin de lograr una definición de la psicosis a la luz de los planteamientos de Bion. También se ilustrarán los elementos definidos y la integración de los mismos, a través de viñetas de casos clínicos seleccionados para este fin. Finalmente se corroborará la pertinencia de la teoría bioniana en la clínica contemporánea

Pragmática electoral y presunción democrática. Revisión de la lógica económica del proceso electoral colombiano

A lo largo de la historia, la teoría democrática cayó en sucesivos desusos que la hicieron, vista comparativamente, cada vez menos capaz de explicar la realidadde lo público o del manejo de los negocios del Estado. Así, la entrada en liza de la democracia no se entiende fuera del presupuesto de lo democrático y, justamentepor ello, no puede dar explicación a cualquier proceso electoral llevado a cabo ensu propio seno. En las líneas siguientes se realizará una revisión de los principalespresupuestos democráticos para contrastarlos con la teoría económica de la democraciaen términos de la capacidad explicativa de esta ante una realidad comúna la historia colombiana: la pragmática electoral de un partido como el PartidoConservador Colombiano, altivo ejemplar de la formación de élites dentro de unsistema democrático, tomando por base los datos de las últimas elecciones legislativasque, antes que recomponer, más bien mantuvieron la cómoda representaciónconservadora de la nación en el Congreso de la República de Colombia.

Preescolar na casa, a luz da teor??a de Piaget

Ofrecer una descripci??n del programa de Preescolar na Casa, como y por qu?? naci??, como se desarrollo hist??ricamente y como funciona este programa de educaci??n infantil. El programa que nace bien justificado pero sin pretenciones te??ricas, necesita de una teor??a que le de coherencia, escogiendo para ello la teor??a de Piaget, reconida mundialmente como una de las m??s importantes para la comprensi??n del funcionamiento de la mente del ni??o y por sus implicaciones educativas. La segunda parte de la investigaci??n estuvo dedicada al an??lisis de esta teor??a, presentando de forma resumida sus elementos m??s significativos. En la tercera parte se presentan cinco programas piagetianos de educaci??n infantil con el objetivo de comprender adecuadamente los esfuerzos que se est??n haciendo actualmente. Finalmente se an??liza el material did??ctico de Preescolar na casa, las actividades y las fichas una por una, estructur??ndolas en cinco apartados. Se llevo a cabo un an??lisis cuantitativo y cualitativo contrast??ndolo con la teor??a de Piaget, por limitaciones metodol??gicas se estudia fundamentalmente el aspecto cognoscitivo..

La recesión internacional y la política educativa : comparación de las políticas educativas nacionales y las corrientes internacionales.

El último cuarto de nuestro siglo se inició con una recesión en todas las naciones modernas que carecían de fuentes independientes de combustibles fósiles. La creación de la OPED en 1973 y la elevación de los precios del petróleo tuvieron efectos devastadores sobre las partidas dedicadas a la energía en los presupuestos de todos los organismos públicos y privados, pertenecientes tanto a las naciones desarrolladas como a las menos desarrolladas. A este acontecimiento se le suele atribuir la posterior inflación, el desempleo, la interrupción de la tasa de crecimiento del producto nacional bruto de cada país. Como no estamos haciendo un análisis económico, no nos interesa su causa, pero si sus efectos sobre las economías nacionales al ser generales. La tasa de crecimiento se redujo más en unas naciones que en otras, se recuperó luego un poco, pero luego volvió a caer en una segunda oleada de recesión, aproximadamente entre 1978 y1983. Todas las naciones, con excepción de Estados Unidos, seguían notando sus efectos en 1985. Los gobiernos intentaron hacer frente a la recesión por una vía u otra. Hubo frecuentes cambios de gobierno, pero ninguno de los partidos que accedieron al poder tuvo más éxito que los que le precedieron. Esta recesión influyó en la política educativa de las diferentes naciones. En este campo es como si los efectos se difuminarán dentro de las estructuras internas de los regímenes educativos y entre los partidos políticos en liza por las respuestas a la recesión. Con una economía sometida a restricciones en todas partes, salvo en China, la educación pasó a ser uno de los muchos servicios públicos cuyos presupuestos podían ser recortados. Las distintas naciones siguieron distintas estrategias para responder a la situación. Algunas recortaron los presupuestos, otras los mantuvieron, algunas incluso los aumentaron y una de ellas intentó redistribuirlos sin recortes. En definitiva, los efectos de la recesión sobre los presupuestos desencadenan en todas partes un conflicto de valores sobre las finalidades y el contenido de los programas educativos. Por mucho que la educación tenga en los programas políticos nacionales una cierta prioridad, siempre puede verse amenazada cuando se contraen los recursos y se han sacado a la superficie descontentos latentes a la vez que ha generados una lucha abierta sobre los objetivos, los métodos y la financiación de la educación.

La influencia de las tendencias globales de los biocombustibles en el sector agrícola del Ecuador

Desde que el ser humano produce energía a partir de los combustibles fósiles, los cuestionamientos cada vez han sido más severos, tanto en el orden ambiental como en el social. Este tipo de fuentes energéticas son limitadas ya que dependen únicamente de la extracción de su materia prima, la misma que cada vez está más cerca de agotarse. Su consumo es también contaminante y contribuye con la mayor parte de los gases de efecto invernadero, responsables del cambio climático. Ante esta situación tan compleja, han surgido algunas alternativas para generar un posible abastecimiento energético, más limpio. Entre estas posibles alternativas, están los biocombustibles, que son combustibles de origen biológico que se generan a base productos agrícolas como la palma, la caña de azúcar, la soya, el maíz, la jatrhopa, la nuez, entre otros. Sin embargo alrededor de esta alternativa, se ha desatado un intenso debate mundial, con muchos argumentos a favor y en contra. El presente trabajo de investigación, aborda el debate mundial sobre los biocombustibles y examina los avances actuales sobre esta alternativa en Ecuador. De manera más específica, por medio de un caso se ha tratado de dar a conocer la realidad del sector campesino en una zona rural de nuestro país y como se enfrenta desde este sector las posibles consecuencias de una producción a gran escala de biocombustibles.

In vitro fermentation of rice bran combined with Lactobacillus acidophilus 14 150B or Bifidobacterium longum 05 by the canine faecal microbiota

The fermentability of rice bran (RB), alone or in combination with one of two probiotics, by canine faecal microbiota was evaluated in stirred, pH-controlled, anaerobic batch cultures. RB enhanced the levels of bacteria detected by probes Bif164 (bifidobacteria) and Lab158 (lactic acid bacteria); however, addition of the probiotics did not have a significant effect on the predominant microbial counts compared with RB alone. RB sustained levels of Bifidobacterium longum 05 throughout the fermentation; in contrast, Lactobacillus acidophilus 14 150B levels decreased significantly after 5-h fermentation. RB fermentation induced changes in the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile. However, RB combined with probiotics did not alter the SCFA levels compared with RB alone. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of samples obtained at 24 h showed a treatment effect with RB, which was not observed in the RB plus probiotic systems. Overall, the negative controls displayed lower species richness than the treatment systems and their banding profiles were distinct. This study illustrates the ability of a common ingredient found in pet food to modulate the canine faecal microbiota and highlights that RB may be an economical alternative to prebiotics for use in dog food.

In vitro effects of synbiotic fermentation on the canine faecal microbiota.

Stirred, pH-controlled anaerobic batch cultures were used to investigate the in vitro effects of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) alone or combined with the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum 02 450B on the canine faecal microbiota of three different donors. GOS supported the growth of B. bifidum 02 450B throughout the fermentation. Quantitative analysis of bacterial populations by FISH revealed significant increases in Bifidobacterium spp. counts (Bif164) and a concomitant decrease in Clostridium histolyticum counts (Chis150) in the synbiotic-containing vessels compared with the controls and GOS vessels. Vessels containing probiotic alone displayed a transient increase in Bifidobacterium spp. and a transient decrease in Bacteroides spp. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that GOS elicited similar alterations in the microbial profiles of the three in vitro runs. However, the synbiotic did not alter the microbial diversity of the three runs to the same extent as GOS alone. Nested PCR using universal primers, followed by bifidobacterial-specific primers illustrated low bifidobacterial diversity in dogs, which did not change drastically during the in vitro fermentation. This study illustrates that the canine faecal microbiota can be modulated in vitro by GOS supplementation and that GOS can sustain the growth of B. bifidum 02 450B in a synbiotic combination.

An old taxonomic dilemma: the identity of the western south Atlantic lebranche mullet (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae)

The identification of the lebranche mullet in the western south Atlantic has long been problematical. In most recent works either Mugil liza Valenciennes and M. platanus Gunther, 1880 or M. liza and M. cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 were recognized from the region and more rarely the occurrence of only one species has been proposed but without sufficient morphological, biochemical or molecular data to allow the designation of the taxonomically appropriate name. Analysis of meristic and morphometric data taken from samples collected from Venezuela to Argentina, clearly indicates that there is only one species of lebranche mullet in the Caribbean Sea region and the Atlantic coast of South America and that Mugil liza is the appropriate name. The comparison of the combined data from all the samples of M. liza with the data taken from one sample of M. cephalus that originated in the Mediterranean, the possible locality from which type specimens were collected (Eschmeyer and Fricke, 2009), revealed significant differences indicating that they are different species. It is also suggested that individuals from the western north Atlantic identified as M. cephalus might represent a population of M. liza in this region.

FEASIBILITY OF THE REINTRODUCTION OF WOLVES IN MAINE: A GIS STUDY

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Woodlot Ownership and Forest Cover in Maine

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Feasibility of the Reintroduction of Wolves in Maine: a GIS Study

The eastern timber wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) once inhabited Maine, as well as the rest of the eastern United States and southern Canada. As a result of human land use and widespread extermination campaigns, wolf numbers dramatically decreased, and by the early twentieth century, no wolves remained in Maine. As large carnivorous and territorial mammals, wolves require contiguous undeveloped areas with abundant prey. This project is a feasibility study that identifies the areas in Maine that are suitable for the reintroduction of wolves. We used GIS modeling to identify contiguous forested areas over 1,000 km2, calculate road and population density, and map the presence or absence of prey throughout the state. These variables were combined in a habitat suitability model to determine the location and amount of suitable wolf habitat in Maine. The northwestern part of the state appears most suitable for wolf reintroduction as it is relatively undeveloped with low road and population densities. There is also a smaller isolated area in Washington County that might be suitable, but further investigation is required.

Biodiversidade e abundância da ictiofauna associada ao cultivo orgânico de Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)

The expansion of shrimp farming has caused a series of environmental impacts, often as a result of lack of planning and adequate management. Organic aquaculture has emerged as an alternative to conventional shrimp farming, and differently, aims at the economical, ecological and farming potential of other organisms, such as fishes, oysters and seaweeds. The present study aimed at evaluating the biological diversity and abundance of the ichthyofauna associated to Litopenaeus vannamei organic culture at PRIMAR farm (Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil). The sampling period consisted of four culture cycles (1, 2, 3, and 4) accomplished in four grow-out ponds (V1, V7, V2, and V4) in 2005. The first two culture cycles were carried out during the rainy season, and the last two cycles, during the dry season. Environmental (temperature, salinity, transparency, and rainfall), biodiversity (diversity and uniformity and abundance indexes) of the ichthyofauna, and shrimp productivity data were collected throughout these four culture cycles. The results obtained for the environmental variables showed that both salinity and transparency oscillated in a significant way (p < 0.001) between culture cycles. In relation to the abundance of the ichthyofauna, fifty four species associated to the organic culture of Litopenaeus vannamei were collected and identified at PRIMAR. For the biodiversity criterion, larger species richness (S = 46) and uniformity (E = 0.59 ± 0.16) were observed during cycles 3 and 4 than in cycles 1 and 2 (S = 41 and E = 0.15 ± 0.12). A positive and significant correlation was obtained for the transparency with diversity and uniformity of fish species between cycles 1 and 2 (wet season) and cycles 3 and 4 (dry season) (p < 0.017 - Shannon Index; p < 0.008 - Pielou Index, respectively). A correlation could not be established between shrimp productivity and fish biomass. However, fish biomass decreased from cycles 1 and 2 to cycles 3 and 4, concomitant with an increase in shrimp productivity, most probably due to a higher (from 58.0% to 71.0%) shrimp survival. Regarding the culture potential of the ichthyofauna, three species (Mugil curema, Mugil liza and Chaetodipterus faber) were identified as potential farming alternatives, either singly or in consortium with Litopenaeus vannamei. A fourth species (Centropomus undecimalis) was indicated as an alternative for single culture or in consortium with other fish species. In conclusion, the large diversity of estuarine fishes associated to Litopenaeus vannamei farming observed at PRIMAR clearly indicated the ecological feasibility for organic aquaculture in northeastern Brazil

Eficácia do bochecho de quitosana a 0,4% sobre o biofilme e bactérias orais

The purpose of this study was evaluate the effectiveness of the chitosan at 0.4 with high molecular weight and high deacetylation degree mouthrinse over the total decrease of the streptococci, Streptococcus mutans, lactobaci/li and over the perceptible bacterial film and gingival bleeding indices. For that, a total of 68 healthy students between 11 and 13 years old, not allergic to crustacean and not users of antibiotics or antimicrobial agent for the last three months or during the treatment, was selected. From those, thirty two individuaIs used the mouthrinse test, and thirty six, the control one. The participants rinsed 10 mL of the solutions twice a day, one during the moming (which was supervised), and another one during the aftemoon (which was not supervised), for fifteen days. The saliva collect for the microbiological analysis, as well as the perceptible bacterial film and gingival bleeding indices check, were made before the use ofthe mouthrinses (base line), immediately after the last mouthrinse on the day (zero time) and fifteen days after (fifteen time). These data were collected at school and the saliva was carried inside the ice to the laboratory. The samples were diluted, and 0.1 mL ofthe 10 -1 dilution was seeded in Rogosa SL agar, for further analysis of the total of lactobaci/lus~ 0.1 mL of the 10-4 dilution in Mitis Salivarius with bacitracin, for S. mutans analysis; and 0.1 mL of the 10-6 dilution in Mitis Salivarius for the analysis ofthe total of streptococcus. The Rogosa SL agar plates were incubated in aerobic at 37°C for 72 hours and the MSB and the MS were incubated in anaerobic in Gaspak@ jars at 37°C for 48 hours for further count ofColonies Former Units (CFUs). The assay was made in duplicate for each bacterial group analyzed. The number of CFUs transformed in LOGlO was analyzed according to the following tests: ANOV A, t of Paired and Not Paired Student, Friedman, Man-Whitney and square-qui test. On the base line, alI the variables analyzed were similar on both tested groups. On both groups, for the total of streptococcus there was no significant difference along the time and for S. mutans there was a statistic significant increase of the CFUs from the base line to the zero time. For the total of lactobaccilus there was no significant difference on the test group along the time, and on the control there was a significant increase ofthe CFUs ITom the base line to the zero time. For both groups, there was significant decrease ofthe perceptible bacterial film index along the time, and that can be explained by the mechanic effect of the mouthrinse over the bacterial film and by the participation of the students on the research which could have motivated him to a better toothbrushing (Hawthome effect). The gingival bleeding index also showed a decrease along the time, even though it was not significant. Therefore, the conclusion of this study was that the chitosan at 0.4 % mouthrinse was not effective on the CFUs reduction of the three bacterial groups analyzed, as well as on the reduction of the perceptible bacterial film and gingival bleeding indices

Classical and molecular cytogenetic characterization of Agonostomus monticola, a primitive species of Mugilidae (Mugiliformes)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

An old taxonomic dilemma: the identity of the western south Atlantic lebranche mullet (Teleostei: Perciformes: Mugilidae)

The identification of the lebranche mullet in the western south Atlantic has long been problematical. In most recent works either Mugil liza Valenciennes and M. platanus Gunther, 1880 or M. liza and M. cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 were recognized from the region and more rarely the occurrence of only one species has been proposed but without sufficient morphological, biochemical or molecular data to allow the designation of the taxonomically appropriate name. Analysis of meristic and morphometric data taken from samples collected from Venezuela to Argentina, clearly indicates that there is only one species of lebranche mullet in the Caribbean Sea region and the Atlantic coast of South America and that Mugil liza is the appropriate name. The comparison of the combined data from all the samples of M. liza with the data taken from one sample of M. cephalus that originated in the Mediterranean, the possible locality from which type specimens were collected (Eschmeyer and Fricke, 2009), revealed significant differences indicating that they are different species. It is also suggested that individuals from the western north Atlantic identified as M. cephalus might represent a population of M. liza in this region.