The Century dictionary and cyclopedia : a work of universal reference in all departments of knowledge with a new atlas of the world.

Originally published in two sets with titles: The Century dictionary, and The Century cyclopedia of names; includes original title pages.

Diccionario popular universal de la lengua española, artes, biografía, ciencias, historia, geografía, literatura y mitología.

Mode of access: Internet.

Flügel-Schmidt-Tanger, a dictionary of the English and German languages for home and school ... With special reference to Dr. Felix Flügel's Universal English-German and German-English dictionary,

The dictionary on which the present work is based was itself a complete revision of Johann Gottfried Flügel's Vollständiges engl.-deutsches und deutsch-engl. Wörterbuch.

Diccionario enciclopédico de la lengua española, con todas las vozes, frases, refranes y locuciones usadas en España y las Américas españolas, en el lenguaje comun antiguo y moderno; las de ciencias, artes y oficios; las notables de historia, biografia, mitologia y geografia universal, y todas las particulares de las provincias españolas y americanas, por una sociedad de personas especiales en las letras, las ciencias y las artes,

Mode of access: Internet.

Dictionnaire universel pour la traduction des menus en français, allemand et anglais. 4. éd. corrigée. Allgemeines wörterbuch für übersetzung der speisekarten ... 4. verb. aufl. Universal dictionary of menus in English, French and German.

French, English, and German in parallel columns.

Etymologicon universale: or, Universal etymological dictionary. On a new plan. In which it is shewn, that consonants are alone to be regarded in discovering the affinities of words, and that the vowels are to be wholly rejected; that languages contain the same fundamental idea; and that they are derived from the earth, and the operations, accidents, and properties belonging to it. /

Not a continuation of the author's "Etymologicon magnum."

The Century dictionary and cyclopedia; a work of universal reference in all departments of knowledge, with a new atlas of the world ...

Vols. 1-8 prepared under the superintendence of W. D. Whitney; v. 9 edited by B. E. Smith; v. 10 prepared under the superintendence of B. E. Smith.

A dictionary of the English and German languages for home and school, with special reference to Dr. Felix Flügel's Universal English-German and German-English dictionary,

At head of title: Flügel-Schmidt-Tanger

The century dictionary and cyclopedia, a work of universal reference in all departments of knowledge with a new atlas of the world.

Vol. 1 has t.p.: The century dictionary and cyclopedia, an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language and a pronouncing and etymological dictionary of names in geography, biography, mythology, history, art, etc., etc. together with atlas of the world.

Foreign Language Education in Colombia: A Qualitative Study of Escuela Nueva

Since 2004 the Colombian Ministry of Education has been implementing the Programa Nacional de Bilingüismo (PNB) with the goal of having bilingual high school graduates in English and Spanish by 2019. However, implementation of the PNB has been criticized by English Language Teaching (ELT) specialists in the country who say, among other things, that the PNB introduced a discourse associated exclusively with bilingualism in English and Spanish. This study analyzed interviews with 15 participants of a public school of the Colombian Escuela Nueva, a successful model of community-based education that has begun a process of internationalization, regarding the participants’ perceptions of foreign language education and the policies of the PNB. Six students, five teachers, and four administrators were each interviewed twice using semi-structured interviews. To offer a critique of the PNB, this study tried to determine to what extent the school implemented the elements of Responsible ELT, a model developed by the researcher incorporating the concepts of hegemony of English, critical language-policy research, and resistance in ELT. Findings included the following: (a) students and teachers saw English as the universal language whereas most administrators saw English imposed due to political and economic reasons; (b) some teachers misinterpreted the 1994 General Law of Education mandating the teaching of a foreign language as a law mandating English; and (c) some teachers and administrators saw the PNB’s adoption of competence standards based on the Common European Framework of Reference for languages as beneficial whereas others saw it as arbitrary. Conclusions derived from this study of this Escuela Nueva school were: (a) most participants found the goal of the PNB unrealistic; (b) most teachers and administrators saw the policies of the PNB as top-down policies without assessment or continuity; and (c) teachers and administrators mentioned a disarticulation between elementary and high school ELT policies that may be discouraging students in public schools from learning English. Thus, this study suggests that the policies of the PNB may be contributing to English becoming a gatekeeper for higher education and employment thereby becoming a tool for sustaining inequality in Colombia.

Logical simulation of communication subsystem for Universal Serial Bus (USB)

The primary purpose of this thesis was to design a logical simulation of a communication sub block to be used in the effective communication of digital data between the host and the peripheral devices. The module designed is a Serial interface engine in the Universal Serial Bus that effectively controls the flow of data for communication between the host and the peripheral devices with the emphasis on the study of timing and control signals, considering the practical aspects of them. In this study an attempt was made to realize data communication in the hardware using the Verilog Hardware Description language, which is supported by most popular logic synthesis tools. Various techniques like Cyclic Redundancy Checks, bit-stuffing and Non Return to Zero are implemented in the design to provide enhanced performance of the module.

Experiences with an Object-Oriented, Multi-Stage Language

Metaphor is a multi-stage programming language extension to an imperative, object-oriented language in the style of C# or Java. This paper discusses some issues we faced when applying multi-stage language design concepts to an imperative base language and run-time environment. The issues range from dealing with pervasive references and open code to garbage collection and implementing cross-stage persistence.

The Coming of Post-reflexive Society: Commodification and Language in Digital Capitalism

Language is a unique aspect of human communication because it can be used to discuss itself in its own terms. For this reason, human societies potentially have superior capacities of co-ordination, reflexive self-correction, and innovation than other animal, physical or cybernetic systems. However, this analysis also reveals that language is interconnected with the economically and technologically mediated social sphere and hence is vulnerable to abstraction, objectification, reification, and therefore ideology – all of which are antithetical to its reflexive function, whilst paradoxically being a fundamental part of it. In particular, in capitalism, language is increasingly commodified within the social domains created and affected by ubiquitous communication technologies. The advent of the so-called ‘knowledge economy’ implicates exchangeable forms of thought (language) as the fundamental commodities of this emerging system. The historical point at which a ‘knowledge economy’ emerges, then, is the critical point at which thought itself becomes a commodified ‘thing’, and language becomes its “objective” means of exchange. However, the processes by which such commodification and objectification occurs obscures the unique social relations within which these language commodities are produced. The latest economic phase of capitalism – the knowledge economy – and the obfuscating trajectory which accompanies it, we argue, is destroying the reflexive capacity of language particularly through the process of commodification. This can be seen in that the language practices that have emerged in conjunction with digital technologies are increasingly non-reflexive and therefore less capable of self-critical, conscious change.