Localization of type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 is associated with susceptibility to more common diseases than any other region of the human genome, including almost all disorders classified as autoimmune. In type 1 diabetes the major genetic susceptibility determinants have been mapped to the MHC class II genes HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 (refs 1–3), but these genes cannot completely explain the association between type 1 diabetes and the MHC region4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Owing to the region's extreme gene density, the multiplicity of disease-associated alleles, strong associations between alleles, limited genotyping capability, and inadequate statistical approaches and sample sizes, which, and how many, loci within the MHC determine susceptibility remains unclear. Here, in several large type 1 diabetes data sets, we analyse a combined total of 1,729 polymorphisms, and apply statistical methods—recursive partitioning and regression...

Macadamia Information Kit. Agrilink, your growing guide to better farming guide

ABSTRACT: Each Agrilink kit has been designed to be both comprehensive and practical. As the kits are arranged to answer questions of increasing complexity, they are useful references for both new and experienced producers of specific crops. Agrilink integrates the technology of horticultural production with the management of horticultural enterprises. REPRINT INFORMATION - PLEASE READ! For updated information please call 13 25 23 or visit the website www.deedi.qld.gov.au (Select: Queensland Industries – Agriculture link) This publication has been reprinted as a digital book without any changes to the content published in macadamia grower's handbook. We advise readers to take particular note of the areas most likely to be out-of-date and so requiring further research: see detailed information on first page of the kit. Even with these limitations we believe this information kit provides important and valuable information for intending and existing growers. This publication was last revised in 2004. The information is not current and the accuracy of the information cannot be guaranteed by the State of Queensland. This information has been made available to assist users to identify issues involved in the production of macadamias. This information is not to be used or relied upon by users for any purpose which may expose the user or any other person to loss or damage. Users should conduct their own inquiries and rely on their own independent professional advice. While every care has been taken in preparing this publication, the State of Queensland accepts no responsibility for decisions or actions taken as a result of any data, information, statement or advice, expressed or implied, contained in this publication.

Hydrographic observations and model simulation of the Bay of Bengal freshwater plume

Hydrographic observations were taken along two coastal sections and one open ocean section in the Bay of Bengal during the 1999 southwest monsoon, as a part of the Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX). The coastal section in the northwestern Bay of Bengal, which was occupied twice, captured a freshwater plume in its two stages: first when the plume was restricted to the coastal region although separated from the coast, and then when the plume spread offshore. Below the freshwater layer there were indications of an undercurrent. The coastal section in the southern Bay of Bengal was marked by intense coastal upwelling in a 50 km wide band. In regions under the influence of the freshwater plume, the mixed layer was considerably thinner and occasionally led to the formation of a temperature inversion. The mixed layer and isothermal layer were of similar depth for most of the profiles within and outside the freshwater plume and temperature below the mixed layer decreased rapidly till the top of seasonal thermocline. There was no barrier layer even in regions well under the influence of the freshwater plume. The freshwater plume in the open Bay of Bengal does not advect to the south of 16 degrees N during the southwest monsoon. A model of the Indian Ocean, forced by heat, momentum and freshwater fluxes for the year 1999, reproduces the freshwater plume in the Bay of Bengal reasonably well. Model currents as well as the surface circulation calculated as the sum of geostrophic and Ekman drift show a southeastward North Bay Monsoon Current (NBMC) across the Bay, which forms the southern arm of a cyclonic gyre. The NBMC separates the very low salinity waters of the northern Bay from the higher salinities in the south and thus plays an important role in the regulation of near surface stratification. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hydrographic observations and model simulation of the Bay of Bengal freshwater plume

Hydrographic observations were taken along two coastal sections and one open ocean section in the Bay of Bengal during the 1999 southwest monsoon, as a part of the Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX). The coastal section in the northwestern Bay of Bengal, which was occupied twice, captured a freshwater plume in its two stages: first when the plume was restricted to the coastal region although separated from the coast, and then when the plume spread offshore. Below the freshwater layer there were indications of an undercurrent. The coastal section in the southern Bay of Bengal was marked by intense coastal upwelling in a 50 km wide band. In regions under the influence of the freshwater plume, the mixed layer was considerably thinner and occasionally led to the formation of a temperature inversion. The mixed layer and isothermal layer were of similar depth for most of the profiles within and outside the freshwater plume and temperature below the mixed layer decreased rapidly till the top of seasonal thermocline. There was no barrier layer even in regions well under the influence of the freshwater plume. The freshwater plume in the open Bay of Bengal does not advect to the south of 16 degrees N during the southwest monsoon. A model of the Indian Ocean, forced by heat, momentum and freshwater fluxes for the year 1999, reproduces the freshwater plume in the Bay of Bengal reasonably well. Model currents as well as the surface circulation calculated as the sum of geostrophic and Ekman drift show a southeastward North Bay Monsoon Current (NBMC) across the Bay, which forms the southern arm of a cyclonic gyre. The NBMC separates the very low salinity waters of the northern Bay from the higher salinities in the south and thus plays an important role in the regulation of near surface stratification. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bacteria colonizing paper machines

Bacteria growing in paper machines can cause several problems. Biofilms detaching from paper machine surfaces may lead to holes and spots in the end product or even break the paper web leading to expensive delays in production. Heat stable endospores will remain viable through the drying section of paper machine, increasing the microbial contamination of paper and board. Of the bacterial species regularly found in the end products, Bacillus cereus is the only one classified as a pathogen. Certain B. cereus strains produce cereulide, the toxin that causes vomiting disease in food poisonings connected to B. cereus. The first aim of this thesis was to identify harmful bacterial species colonizing paper machines and to assess the role of bacteria in the formation of end product defects. We developed quantitative PCR methods for detecting Meiothermus spp. and Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis. Using these methods I showed that Meiothermus spp. and Psx. taiwanensis are major biofoulers in paper machines. I was the first to be able to show the connection between end product defects and biofilms in the wet-end of paper machines. I isolated 48 strains of primary-biofilm forming bacteria from paper machines. Based on one of them, strain K4.1T, I described a novel bacterial genus Deinobacterium with Deinobacterium chartae as the type species. I measured the transfer of Bacillus cereus spores from packaging paper into food. To do this, we constructed a green fluorescent protein (GFP) labelled derivative of Bacillus thuringiensis and prepared paper containing spores of this strain. Chocolate and rice were the recipient foods when transfer of the labelled spores from the packaging paper to food was examined. I showed that only minority of the Bacillus cereus spores transferred into food from packaging paper and that this amount is very low compared to the amount of B. cereus naturally occurring in foods. Thus the microbiological risk caused by packaging papers is very low. Until now, the biological function of cereulide for the producer cell has remained unknown. I showed that B. cereus can use cereulide to take up K+ from environment where K+ is scarce: cereulide binds K+ ions outside the cell with high affinity and transports these ions across cell membrane into the cytoplasm. Externally added cereulide increased the growth rate of cereulide producing strains in medium where potassium was growth limiting. In addition, cereulide producing strains outcompeted cereulide non-producing B. cereus in potassium deficient environment, but not when the potassium concentration was high. I also showed that cereulide enhances biofilm formation of B. cereus.

Att äta eller inte äta, att äta nu eller senare. En studie i ätstörningar ur ett samhällsvetenskapligt perspektiv

Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Anorexi ses i Finland som en psykisk sjukdom med en psykopatologi, som bland andra innefattar rädsla för att bli fet. I min undersökning har jag fått fram tre huvudteman, som förutom andra bakomliggande omständigheter, bidragit till ett insjuknande. De handlar om anorexi som livsstil, bantning och viljan att leva sunt och äta rätt. Med den vaknande sexualiteten väcks intresset för det andra könet och för kroppens utseende i övrigt. I bakgrunden finns känslor av bl.a. ensamhet, ett sökande efter den egna personligheten, ångest och depression. Jag har byggt min studie på patienternas egna berättelser om sitt liv. Perspektivet är samhällsinriktat, och som analysmetod har jag använt mig av narrativet. Jag har lånat idéer både från Vilma Hänninens (1999), Gerhard Riemann och Fritz Schützes (1991) narrativa modeller, och rör mig mellan dem båda. Jag har i första hand intresserat mig för tiden före insjuknandet och de bakomliggande orsaker, som kan tänkas befrämja insjuknandet. Jag har speglat anorektikernas problematik i bl.a. Anthony Giddens (1997) och Zygmund Baumans (1999) teorier om det postmoderna samhället, och ser ätstörningar som en uttrycksform för dåligt befinnande. Samhällsklimatet har blivit hårdare och omsorgen om personer i omgivningen har glömts bort. Vi lever, enligt Giddens (1997), i en skenande värld, viket betyder att förändringarna påverkar existerande beteendemönster i större omfattning och på ett djupare plan än tidigare. Enligt Pennanen (2000) är målsättningen för ätstörningspatienter stressande, svåruppnådd och svårkontrollerbar. Mina informanter berättar om höga målsättningar, prestationskrav, dålig självkänsla och skam över sina kroppar. För att tillfriskna behövs stöd. Men det vikigaste är att personen själv vill bli frisk, och själv ta ansvar för sitt tillfrisknande. Sjukdomen är individuell. Varje person, upplever sin sjukdom personligt men anorektikerna har också många styrkor i sin sjukdom. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords ätstörningar, anorexi, bulimi

Att äta eller inte äta, att äta nu eller senare. En studie i ätstörningar ur ett samhällsvetenskapligt perspektiv

Anorexi ses i Finland som en psykisk sjukdom med en psykopatologi, som bland andra innefattar rädsla för att bli fet. I min undersökning har jag fått fram tre huvudteman, som förutom andra bakomliggande omständigheter, bidragit till ett insjuknande. De handlar om anorexi som livsstil, bantning och viljan att leva sunt och äta rätt. Med den vaknande sexualiteten väcks intresset för det andra könet och för kroppens utseende i övrigt. I bakgrunden finns känslor av bl.a. ensamhet, ett sökande efter den egna personligheten, ångest och depression. Jag har byggt min studie på patienternas egna berättelser om sitt liv. Perspektivet är samhällsinriktat, och som analysmetod har jag använt mig av narrativet. Jag har lånat idéer både från Vilma Hänninens (1999), Gerhard Riemann och Fritz Schützes (1991) narrativa modeller, och rör mig mellan dem båda. Jag har i första hand intresserat mig för tiden före insjuknandet och de bakomliggande orsaker, som kan tänkas befrämja insjuknandet. Jag har speglat anorektikernas problematik i bl.a. Anthony Giddens (1997) och Zygmund Baumans (1999) teorier om det postmoderna samhället, och ser ätstörningar som en uttrycksform för dåligt befinnande. Samhällsklimatet har blivit hårdare och omsorgen om personer i omgivningen har glömts bort. Vi lever, enligt Giddens (1997), i en skenande värld, viket betyder att förändringarna påverkar existerande beteendemönster i större omfattning och på ett djupare plan än tidigare. Enligt Pennanen (2000) är målsättningen för ätstörningspatienter stressande, svåruppnådd och svårkontrollerbar. Mina informanter berättar om höga målsättningar, prestationskrav, dålig självkänsla och skam över sina kroppar. För att tillfriskna behövs stöd. Men det vikigaste är att personen själv vill bli frisk, och själv ta ansvar för sitt tillfrisknande. Sjukdomen är individuell. Varje person, upplever sin sjukdom personligt men anorektikerna har också många styrkor i sin sjukdom.

Impact of physical processes on the chlorophyll distribution in the Bay of Bengal

Satellite-derived chlorophyll a concentration (chl a) maps show three regions with high chl a in the Bay of Bengal. First among these is close to the coast, particularly off river mouths, with high values coinciding with the season of peak discharge; second is in the southwestern bay during the northeast monsoon, which is forced by local Ekman pumping; and the third is to the east of Sri Lanka in response to the summer monsoon winds. Chlorophyll-rich water from the mouths of rivers flows either along the coast or in an offshore direction, up to several hundred kilometers, depending on the prevailing ocean current pattern. The Irrawady River plume flows toward offshore and then turns northwestward during October–December, but it flows along the coast into the Andaman Sea for the rest of the year. From the Ganga-Brahmaputra river mouth, chl a–rich water flows directly southward into the open bay during spring but along the Indian coast during summer and winter. Along the Indian coast, the flow of chl a–rich water is determined by the East India Coastal Current (EICC). Whenever the EICC meanders off the Indian coast, it leads to an offshore outbreak of chl a–rich water from the coastal region into open ocean. The EICC as well as open ocean circulation in the bay is made up of several eddies, and these eddies show relatively higher chl a. Eddies near the coast, however, can often have higher chl a because of advection from the coastal region rather than generation within the eddy itself. The bay experiences several cyclones in a year, most of them occurring during October–November. These cyclones cause a drop in the sea surface temperature, a dip in the sea level, and a local increase in chl a. The impact of a cyclone is weaker in the northern part of the bay because of stronger stratification compared to the southern parts.

Annales Societatis zoologicae-botanicae Fennicae Vanamo tom. 2

Kielet saksa ja suomi.

Annales Societatis zoologicae-botanicae Fennicae Vanamo tom. 4

Kielet latina, saksa ja suomi.

Annales Societatis zoologicae-botanicae Fennicae Vanamo tom. 6

Tiivistelmien kieli suomi.