仿人机器人发展现状及其腰部机构研究

仿人机器人目前已成为机器人领域的研究热点问题之一。本文对仿人机器人目前的发展现状进行了综述,介绍了腰部机构在仿人机器人的作用以及具有不同结构特点的腰部机构。介绍了一种新型的两个自由度的并联差动驱动的腰部机构,并进行了运动学分析及PID控制下的响应特性分析。实验结果表明,该机构具有较快的响应速度和较好稳态精度。

仿人机器人系统的研究与实现

针对仿人机器人的结构和控制性能的要求,设计开发了机器人的关节控制器,并利用CAN总线把各个关节和力传感器及上位机连接在一起,构成了有效可靠的分布式控制系统;利用无线局域网技术,实现了语音、视频等多媒体信息的传输,构成了仿人机器人完整的控制系统。最后提出了一些设想以提高系统的性能。

一种7DOF冗余手臂构形的运动学与动力学特性研究

冗余度机构具有高度的灵活性和避障能力,利用冗余自由度可以改善仿人机器人手臂的运动性能。以实现人体手臂的运动特性和操作灵活性为目标,研制了一种7DOF冗余仿人机器人手臂,根据冗余手臂的机构学特点,研究了手臂的运动学和动力学性能,并在工作空间、肘部关节的自运动能力以及手臂自重引起的关节重力矩等方面与其它两种典型的冗余手臂构形进行了比较分析。

轮式移动宜人机器人可变刚度腰部机构设计

轮式移动宜人机器人是一个仿人机器人技术研究平台,它由正交轮式移动平台、腰部、双臂、躯干及头部组成。仿人机器人腰部的构成对其运动学、动力学性能起着重要的作用。分析了目前仿人机器人腰部机构存在的问题,提出了一种具有可变刚度特征的仿人机器人腰部设计方案。设计方案使仿人机器人具有良好的柔顺性,提高了机器人与人协作时的安全性、稳定性和抗干扰能力。着重分析了腰部机构的运动学、动力学以及可变刚度特性。

类Lyapunov理论在类人形机器人任务空间内跟踪的应用

考虑了类人形机器人的各种不确定因素,提出了其手臂控制的新方法.基于类Lyapunov方法,设计出具有鲁棒性功能的任务空间控制器.该方法得到的控制器不但在有限确定时间内达到稳定跟踪,而且不需要雅可比矩阵求逆,对一定类型的外部干扰具有鲁棒性功能.最后通过数值仿真显示了所得结果的有效性及其应用方法.

仿人机器人发展现状及其腰关节的作用

仿人机器人是研究人类智能的高级平台,是综合多种学科的复杂智能机械,其研制和开发涉及到各学科、多方面问题,目前已成为机器人领域的研究热点问题之一.本文对仿人机器人目前的发展现状进行了综述,分析了多种仿人机器人的自由度分布,介绍了具有不同结构特点的腰机构,分析了腰关节在仿人机器人的稳定动态步行、全身协调运动及有情感步行等方面的重要作用.本文还指出了仿人机器人目前的主要研究方向.

基于CAN的仿人机器人控制器的设计与实现

本文针对仿人机器人的结构和控制性能的要求,设计并实现了基于CAN的关节控制器,并利用CAN把各个关节和力传感器及上位机连接在一起,构成了有效可靠的控制系统。主要包括仿人机器人的总体结构、控制器的硬件与软件的设计实现、控制系统的拓扑结构等,并提出了一些设想以提高系统的性能。

仿人机器人腰机构控制及分析实验平台研究

介绍了一种新型的仿人机器人两自由度腰部结构,给出了该机构两个伺服电机的PID控制策略,建立了基于PC机CAN卡的网络控制平台,该平台可实现腰部机构的实时控制及实时机构控制响应特性分析,该平台还具有扩展性强、成本低的特点。

仿人机器人柔性腰部机构研究

仿人机器人腰部的构成对仿人机器人的运动学、动力学性能起着重要的作用。本文着重分析了目前仿人机器人腰部机构存在的问题,提出了一种具有柔性特征的仿人机器人腰部设计方案,并分析了此腰部机构对机器人的运动稳定性、操作柔顺性的影响,本设计使仿人机器人具有良好的柔顺性,提高了机器人与人协作时的安全性、稳定性和抗干扰能力。

拟人机器人交互作用力的研究

拟人机器人的动力学具有高度非线性、高度耦合的特点,分析清楚各组成部分之间的交互作用力是实施高级控制方法的基础。文章在以往分析移动机械手的基础上,从整体建模的角度入手,对拟人机器人的交互作用力提出了一个新的模型,即神经网络模型。利用该模型对一个特殊的单一手臂运动的例子进行了拟合,其结果是收敛的。这说明提出的模型是有效的,此后,我们将陆续给出研究成果。

基于NN的人形机器人自适应H_∞位置跟踪控制

研究一种正交轮式移动车为载体的类人形机器人的建模与控制问题．首先基于分体建模的思想,采用机理建模和神经网络技术相结合的方法建立了动力学模型;然后依据该模型,提出一种新的基于 NN 的自适应 H_∞位置跟踪控制器,使鲁棒非线性 H_∞控制方法自然地与模型的直接自适应神经网络技术集成为一体,并证明了其鲁棒稳定性．最后,仿真研究验证了该方法的正确性和有效性．

轮式仿人机器人动态稳定性分析及腰部控制研究

仿人机器人研究从仿生学角度具有拟人功能的智能机器人，它需要结合机构、控制、传感和材料等技术。随着社会经济与科技水平的发展，使仿人机器人引入人类环境，与人类一同工作、合作和交互成为可能，仿人机器人的研究也成为当今机器人研究中的热点内容之一。本论文以中科院沈阳自动化研究所机器人学重点实验室承担的国家863计划“十五”项目——“宜人化双臂操作型服务机器人”为依托，以本项目中的轮式仿人机器人为研究对象。本论文的主要内容包括：对项目样机中的差动腰部机构的运动学、动力学建模，腰部机构基于运动学的控制算法及实验研究；仿人机器人的整体动力学建模，基于动力学模型的腰部机构控制算法与仿真研究；依据零力矩点(ZMP)理论完成轮式仿人机器人的ZMP建模及其动态稳定性的深入分析。人类的腰部具有高度的灵活性、柔韧性，是人体系统运动的调节中枢。仿人机器人的腰部机构同样应具有调节系统平衡、协调系统运动的作用。本文中仿人机器人的腰部采用新颖的差动并联驱动的腰部机构。本文建立了该机构的运动学和动力学模型，采用分解运动速度控制实现了差动腰部机构的运动学控制，并进行了实验研究。仿人机器人是一个多自由度、非线性、具有复杂运动学、动力学特性的多刚体系统。本文在合理简化的基础上，利用高效牛顿－欧拉动力学建模方法完成了本轮式仿人机器人的整体动力学建模，分析了各关节间的动力学影响，并在此基础上给出了仿人机器人腰部机构动力学模型，该模型考虑了车体、手臂运动及手部外负载的动力学影响。本文还对基于动力学模型的腰部机构带计算力矩补偿的PD伺服控制与腰部机构基于运动学的PD伺服控制进行了仿真比较研究，仿真结果表明，基于动力学模型的腰部机构计算力矩控制算法能有效地提高腰部机构的位姿跟踪精度。本轮式仿人机器人移动性好，但支撑点少，上身重量偏大，它的动态稳定性成为不容忽视的问题。零力矩点理论是用于判定机械系统动态平衡的经典理论，至今仍被广泛应用。本文基于零力矩点概念，结合机器人的高效牛顿－欧拉动力学模型，建立了仿人机器人的基于车体坐标系的迭代ZMP计算模型，该模型考虑了机器人关节的质量、惯量等参数，包含了惯性力、离心力、重力等对ZMP的影响。经分析可知，腰部机构的运动模式和车体运动加速度是影响ZMP的主要因素，进而给出了ZMP的简化计算模型，依据该简化模型，本文深入讨论了腰部机构与车体的协调运动和轮式仿人机器人的动态稳定性之间的关系，为考虑机器人动态稳定性的腰部机构运动规划及仿人机器人的动态稳定性控制奠定了基础。

Navegação cooperativa de um robô humanóide e um robô com rodas usando informação visual

This work presents a cooperative navigation systemof a humanoid robot and a wheeled robot using visual information, aiming to navigate the non-instrumented humanoid robot using information obtained from the instrumented wheeled robot. Despite the humanoid not having sensors to its navigation, it can be remotely controlled by infra-red signals. Thus, the wheeled robot can control the humanoid positioning itself behind him and, through visual information, find it and navigate it. The location of the wheeled robot is obtained merging information from odometers and from landmarks detection, using the Extended Kalman Filter. The marks are visually detected, and their features are extracted by image processing. Parameters obtained by image processing are directly used in the Extended Kalman Filter. Thus, while the wheeled robot locates and navigates the humanoid, it also simultaneously calculates its own location and maps the environment (SLAM). The navigation is done through heuristic algorithms based on errors between the actual and desired pose for each robot. The main contribution of this work was the implementation of a cooperative navigation system for two robots based on visual information, which can be extended to other robotic applications, as the ability to control robots without interfering on its hardware, or attaching communication devices

Posicionamento e movimentação de um robô humanóide utilizando imagens de uma câmera móvel externa

This work proposes a method to localize a simple humanoid robot, without embedded sensors, using images taken from an extern camera and image processing techniques. Once the robot is localized relative to the camera, supposing we know the position of the camera relative to the world, we can compute the position of the robot relative to the world. To make the camera move in the work space, we will use another mobile robot with wheels, which has a precise locating system, and will place the camera on it. Once the humanoid is localized in the work space, we can take the necessary actions to move it. Simultaneously, we will move the camera robot, so it will take good images of the humanoid. The mainly contributions of this work are: the idea of using another mobile robot to aid the navigation of a humanoid robot without and advanced embedded electronics; chosing of the intrinsic and extrinsic calibration methods appropriated to the task, especially in the real time part; and the collaborative algorithm of simultaneous navigation of the robots

Motion Planning and Controls with Safety and Temporal Constraints

Motion planning, or trajectory planning, commonly refers to a process of converting high-level task specifications into low-level control commands that can be executed on the system of interest. For different applications, the system will be different. It can be an autonomous vehicle, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV), a humanoid robot, or an industrial robotic arm. As human machine interaction is essential in many of these systems, safety is fundamental and crucial. Many of the applications also involve performing a task in an optimal manner within a given time constraint. Therefore, in this thesis, we focus on two aspects of the motion planning problem. One is the verification and synthesis of the safe controls for autonomous ground and air vehicles in collision avoidance scenarios. The other part focuses on the high-level planning for the autonomous vehicles with the timed temporal constraints. In the first aspect of our work, we first propose a verification method to prove the safety and robustness of a path planner and the path following controls based on reachable sets. We demonstrate the method on quadrotor and automobile applications. Secondly, we propose a reachable set based collision avoidance algorithm for UAVs. Instead of the traditional approaches of collision avoidance between trajectories, we propose a collision avoidance scheme based on reachable sets and tubes. We then formulate the problem as a convex optimization problem seeking control set design for the aircraft to avoid collision. We apply our approach to collision avoidance scenarios of quadrotors and fixed-wing aircraft. In the second aspect of our work, we address the high level planning problems with timed temporal logic constraints. Firstly, we present an optimization based method for path planning of a mobile robot subject to timed temporal constraints, in a dynamic environment. Temporal logic (TL) can address very complex task specifications such as safety, coverage, motion sequencing etc. We use metric temporal logic (MTL) to encode the task specifications with timing constraints. We then translate the MTL formulae into mixed integer linear constraints and solve the associated optimization problem using a mixed integer linear program solver. We have applied our approach on several case studies in complex dynamical environments subjected to timed temporal specifications. Secondly, we also present a timed automaton based method for planning under the given timed temporal logic specifications. We use metric interval temporal logic (MITL), a member of the MTL family, to represent the task specification, and provide a constructive way to generate a timed automaton and methods to look for accepting runs on the automaton to find an optimal motion (or path) sequence for the robot to complete the task.