Gender and Space in Tehran

Abstract: This dissertation generally concentrates on the relationships between “gender” and “space” in the present time of urban life in capital city of Tehran. “Gender” as a changing social construct, differentiated within societies and through time, studied this time by investigation on “gender attitude” or “gender identity” means attitudes towards “gender” issues regarding Tehran residences. “Space” as a concept integrated from physical and social constituents investigated through focus on “spatial attitude” means attitudes towards using “living spaces” including private space of “house”, semi private semi public space of neighborhood and finally public spaces of the city. “Activities and practices” in space concentrated instead of “physical” space; this perspective to “space” discussed as the most justified implication of “space” in this debate regarding current situations in city of Tehran. Under a systematic approach, the interactions and interconnections between “gender” and “space” as two constituent variables of social organization investigated by focus on the different associations presented between different “gender identities” and their different “spatial identities”; in fact, “spatial identity” manifests “gender identity” and in opposite direction, “spatial identity” influences to construction of “gender identity”. The hypotheses of case study in Tehran defined as followed: • “Gender identity” is reflected on “spatial identity”. Various “gender identities” in Tehran present different perspectives of “space” or they identify “space” by different values. • As “gender identity” internalizes patriarchal oppression, it internalizes associated “spatial” oppression too. • Within the same social class, different “gender identities” related to men and women, present interconnected qualities, compared with “gender identities” related to men or women of different social classes. This situation could be found in the “spatial” perspectives of different groups of men and women too. • Following the upper hypotheses, “spatial” oppression differs among social classes of Tehran living in different parts of this city. This research undertook a qualitative study in Tehran by interviewing with different parents of both young daughter and son regarding their attitudes towards gender issues from one side and activities and behaviors of their children in different spaces from the other side. Results of case study indicated the parallel changes of parents’ attitudes towards “gender” and “spatial” issues; it means strong connection between “gender” and “space”. It revealed association of “equal” spatial attitudes with “open, neutral” gender attitudes, and also the association of “biased, unequal” spatial identities with “conservative patriarchal” gender identities. It was cleared too that this variable concept – gender space - changes by “sex”; mothers comparing fathers presented more equitable notions towards “gender spatial” issues. It changes too by “social class” and “educational level”, that means “gender spatial” identity getting more open equitable among more educated people of middle and upper classes. “Breadwinning status in the family” also presents its effect on the changes of “gender spatial” identity so participant breadwinners in the family expressed relatively more equitable notions comparing householders and housekeepers. And finally, “gender spatial” identity changes through “place” in the city and regarding South – North line of the city. The illustration of changes of “gender spatial” identity from “open” to “conservative” among society indicated not only vertical variation across social classes, furthermore the horizontal changing among each social class. These results also confirmed hypotheses while made precision on the third one regarding variable of sex. More investigations pointed to some inclusive spatial attitudes throughout society penetrated to different groups of “gender identities”, to “opens” as to “conservatives”, also to groups between them, by two opposite features; first kind, conservative biased spatial practices in favor of patriarchal gender relations and the second, progressive neutral actions in favor of equal gender relations. While the major reason for the inclusive conservative practices was referred to the social insecurity for women, the second neutral ones associated to more formal & safer spaces of the city. In conclusion, while both trends are associated deeply with the important issues of “sex” & “body” in patriarchal thoughts, still strong, they are the consequences of the transitional period of social change in macro level, and the challenges involved regarding interactions between social orders, between old system of patriarchy, the traditional biased “gender spatial” relations and the new one of equal relations. The case study drew an inhomogeneous illustration regarding gender spatial aspects of life in Tehran, the opposite groups of “open” and “conservative”, and the large group of “semi open semi conservative” between them. In macro perspective it presents contradicted social groups according their general life styles; they are the manifestations of challenging trends towards tradition and modernity in Iranian society. This illustration while presents unstable social situations, necessitates probing solutions for social integration; exploring the directions could make heterogeneous social groups close in the way they think and the form they live in spaces. Democratic approaches like participatory development planning might be helpful for the city in its way to more solidarity and sustainability regarding its social spatial – gender as well – development, in macro levels of social spatial planning and in micro levels of physical planning, in private space of house and in public spaces of the city.

Perspektiven des Entwicklungs- und Wiederaufbauprozesses der interkulturellen Stadt Kirkuk/Irak

Die Stadt Kirkuk liegt im Norden des Irak, ist die Hauptstadt der Provinz Kirkuk. Heute hat die Stadt ca. 800.000 Einwohner, die Provinz etwa 1 Mio. Die Entstehungsgeschichte der Stadt reicht bis ins Jahr 2000 v. Chr. zurück. Die Entwicklung der Stadt ist geprägt durch verschiedene Epochen der Herrscher und Besatzer, die zum Teil über mehrere Jahrhunderte dauerten und durch den Zuzug unterschiedlicher Völker und Stämme. Die heutige Situation der Stadt Kirkuk zeigt die Auswirkungen der gezielten Maßnahmen Zentralregierungen in den Jahren von 1958 bis 2003. Diese Zeit war bestimmt durch Vernachlässigung der baulichen Strukturen und Arabisierung der Bevölkerungsstrukturen. Zu den Methoden der Arabisierung gehörte neben der Ansiedlung von Arabern auch die Vertreibung und Verfeindung der ethnischen Gruppen. Der Zusammenbruch der gesamten Infrastruktur und ein zerstörtes Stadtbild bestimmen heute die Landschaft der Stadt. Die heutige Vielfältigkeit der Gesellschaft in Kirkuk umfasst das Zusammenleben von verschiedenen Ethnien und religiösen Gruppen: Kurden, Turkmenen, Araber, Assyrer und Chaldäer. Ein Ziel der Arbeit war es, diese multikulturelle Vielfalt der Stadt offen zu legen und dadurch Grundlagen für ein harmonisches Zusammenleben der verschiedenen ethnischen und religiösen Gruppierungen darzustellen. Hierzu wurden die gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungsprozesse seit der Beendigung der osmanischen Herrschaft im Jahre 1900 untersucht. Denn verschiedene Epochen zeigten, dass die Gruppierungen der Gesellschaft Kirkuks fähig waren ein reibungsloses Zusammenleben in der Gemeinschaft zu führen. Diese untersuchte Zeitspanne umfasst verschiedene politische Umbrüche: Gründung des Staates Irak, Mandatrecht der Engländer über den Irak, Verwaltung des Iraks in der Monarchie, die Entdeckung und Vermarktung des Erdöls in Kirkuk, Ausrufung der Republik Irak und Beendigung der Monarchie, Machtübernahme durch den Militärputsch, Beendigung der Republikregierungen durch Alliierten und Beginn des Demokratisierungsprozesses des irakischen Politiksystems. Weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, einen konzeptionellen Beitrag zum Wiederaufbau der Stadt Kirkuk zu leisten, damit die verschiedenen kulturell-ethnischen Gruppen die Stadt als ihren Ort finden. Die aktuellen Schwierigkeiten hinsichtlich der Lebenssituation in der Stadt wären zu überwinden wenn jede der in der Stadt lebenden Gruppen die Stadt als Heimat aller Gruppen ansehen würde. Auf dem Weg zu diesem Ziel soll diese Arbeit eine Grundlage für die Diskussion über die Identität von Kirkuk sein. Sie bietet Ansätze zur Beantwortung folgender Fragen: Wie kann der Umgang einer vielfältigen Gesellschaft mit sozialen Spannungen, in Folge von politischen Auseinandersetzungen, in den sozialen und politischen Bereichen aussehen, um die Gestaltung des Demokratisierungsprozesses zu unterstützen? Wie kann die städtebauliche Modernisierung gelingen ohne die historischen Strukturen der Stadt zu zerstören? Wie kann die Zusammengehörigkeit der verschiedenen Gruppen in der vielfältigen Stadt durch städtebauliche Ideen unterstützt werden?

Agricultural practices and horizontal nutrient balances in urban gardens and the alternative use of urban agricultural land in Khartoum, Sudan

The surge in the urban population evident in most developing countries is a worldwide phenomenon, and often the result of drought, conflicts, poverty and the lack of education opportunities. In parallel with the growth of the cities is the growing need for food which leads to the burgeoning expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA). In this context, urban agriculture (UA) contributes significantly to supplying local markets with both vegetable and animal produce. As an income generating activity, UA also contributes to the livelihoods of poor urban dwellers. In order to evaluate the nutrient status of urban soils in relation to garden management, this study assessed nutrient fluxes (inputs and outputs) in gardens on urban Gerif soils on the banks of the River Nile in Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan. To achieve this objective, a preliminary baseline survey was carried out to describe the structure of the existing garden systems. In cooperation with the author of another PhD thesis (Ms. Ishtiag Abdalla), alternative uses of cow dung in brick making kilns in urban Khartoum were assessed; and the socio-economic criteria of the brick kiln owners or agents, economical and plant nutritional value of animal dung and the gaseous emission related to brick making activities were assessed. A total of 40 household heads were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect information on demographic, socio-economic and migratory characteristics of the household members, the gardening systems used and the problems encountered in urban gardening. Based on the results of this survey, gardens were divided into three groups: mixed vegetable-fodder gardens, mixed vegetable-subsistence livestock gardens and pure vegetable gardens. The results revealed that UA is the exclusive domain of men, 80% of them non-native to Khartoum. The harvested produce in all gardens was market oriented and represented the main source of income for 83% of the gardeners. Fast growing leafy vegetables such as Jew’s mallow (Corchorous olitorius L.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) were the dominant cultivated species. Most of the gardens (95%) were continuously cultivated throughout the year without any fallow period, unless they were flooded. Gardeners were not generally aware of the importance of crop diversity, which may help them overcome the strongly fluctuating market prices for their produce and thereby strengthen the contributions of UA to the overall productivity of the city. To measure nutrient fluxes, four gardens were selected and their nutrients inputs and outputs flows were monitored. In each garden, all plots were monitored for quantification of nutrient inputs and outputs. To determine soil chemical fertility parameters in each of the studied gardens, soil samples were taken from three selected plots at the beginning of the study in October 2007 (gardens L1, L2 and H1) and in April 2008 (garden H2) and at the end of the study period in March 2010. Additional soil sampling occurred in May 2009 to assess changes in the soil nutrient status after the River Nile flood of 2008 had receded. Samples of rain and irrigation water (river and well-water) were analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and carbon (C) content to determine their nutrient inputs. Catchment traps were installed to quantify the sediment yield from the River Nile flood. To quantify the nutrient inputs of sediments, samples were analyzed for N, P, K and organic carbon (Corg) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the particle size distribution. The total nutrient inputs were calculated by multiplying the sediment nutrient content by total sediment deposits on individual gardens. Nutrient output in the form of harvested yield was quantified at harvest of each crop. Plant samples from each field were dried, and analyzed for their N, P, K and Corg content. Cumulative leaching losses of mineral N and P were estimated in a single plot in garden L1 from December 1st 2008 to July 1st 2009 using 12 ion exchange resins cartridges. Nutrients were extracted and analyzed for nitrate (NO3--N), ammonium (NH4+-N) and phosphate PO4-3-P. Changes in soil nutrient balance were assessed as inputs minus outputs. The results showed that across gardens, soil N and P concentrations increased from 2007 to 2009, while particle size distribution remained unchanged. Sediment loads and their respective contents of N, P and Corg decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from the gardens of the downstream lowlands (L1 and L2) to the gardens of the upstream highlands (H1 and H2). No significant difference was found in K deposits. None of the gardens received organic fertilizers and the only mineral fertilizer applied was urea (46-0-0). This equaled 29, 30, 54, and 67% of total N inputs to gardens L1, L2, H1, and H2, respectively. Sediment deposits of the River Nile floods contributed on average 67, 94, 6 and 42% to the total N, P, K and C inputs in lowland gardens and 33, 86, 4 and 37% of total N, P, K and C inputs in highland gardens. Irrigation water and rainfall contributed substantially to K inputs representing 96, 92, 94 and 96% of total K influxes in garden L1, L2, H1 and H2, respectively. Following the same order, total annual DM yields in the gardens were 26, 18, 16 and 1.8 t ha-1. Annual leaching losses were estimated to be 0.02 kg NH4+-N ha-1 (SE = 0.004), 0.03 kg NO3--N ha-1 (SE = 0.002) and 0.005 kg PO4-3-P ha-1 (SE = 0.0007). Differences between nutrient inputs and outputs indicated negative nutrient balances for P and K and positive balances of N and C for all gardens. The negative balances in P and K call for adoptions of new agricultural techniques such as regular manure additions or mulching which may enhance the soil organic matter status. A quantification of fluxes not measured in our study such as N2-fixation, dry deposition and gaseous emissions of C and N would be necessary to comprehensively assess the sustainability of these intensive gardening systems. The second part of the survey dealt with the brick making kilns. A total of 50 brick kiln owners/or agents were interviewed from July to August 2009, using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data collected included general information such as age, family size, education, land ownership, number of kilns managed and/or owned, number of months that kilns were in operation, quantity of inputs (cow dung and fuel wood) used, prices of inputs and products across the production season. Information related to the share value of the land on which the kilns were built and annual income for urban farmers and annual returns from dung for the animal raisers was also collected. Using descriptive statistics, budget calculation and Gini coefficient, the results indicated that renting the land to brick making kilns yields a 5-fold higher return than the rent for agriculture. Gini coefficient showed that the kiln owners had a more equal income distribution compared to farmers. To estimate emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and losses of N, P, K, Corg and DM from cow dung when used in brick making, samples of cow dung (loose and compacted) were collected from different kilns and analyzed for their N, P, K and Corg content. The procedure modified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 1994) was used to estimate the gaseous emissions of cow dung and fuel wood. The amount of deforested wood was estimated according to the default values for wood density given by Dixon et al. (1991) and the expansion ratio for branches and small trees given by Brown et al. (1989). The data showed the monetary value of added N and P from cow dung was lower than for mineral fertilizers. Annual consumption of compacted dung (381 t DM) as biomass fuel by far exceeded the consumption of fuel wood (36 t DM). Gaseous emissions from cow dung and fuel wood were dominated by CO2, CO and CH4. Considering that Gerif land in urban Khartoum supports a multifunctional land use system, efficient use of natural resources (forest, dung, land and water) will enhance the sustainability of the UA and brick making activities. Adoption of new kilns with higher energy efficiency will reduce the amount of biomass fuels (cow dung and wood) used the amount of GHGs emitted and the threat to the few remaining forests.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de alerta de enchente aplicado aos planos de defesa civil em áreas de risco no estado do Pará utilizando Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), caso: cidade de Marabá

A presente dissertação desenvolveu um Sistema de Alerta de Enchentes para a Cidade de Marabá, localizada na confluência dos rios Itacaiúnas e Tocantins, a 440 km da cidade de Belém, capital do Estado do Pará. O Sistema de Alerta de Enchentes foi desenvolvido com base no modelo hidrológico MOD-4B incorporado a um Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Esse sistema permite prever as variações do nível do Rio Tocantins ao longo do ano, de modo a acompanhar a evolução da cheia com antecedência de 4 dias, o que torna possível uma ação eficiente da defesa civil. O modelo de previsão utilizou como referência as réguas linimétricas localizadas nos rios Tocantins e Araguaia nas cidades de Carolina e Conceição do Araguaia, distantes aproximadamente 225 e 270 km, respectivamente, da cidade de Marabá. O sistema utiliza o software de geoprocessamento ArcView 3.3, que teve implementada uma interface desenvolvida através da linguagem de programação orientada a objetos Avenue, com a finalidade de rodar o aplicativo do modelo hidrológico. O uso de menus e janelas customizados do sistema possibilitou o acesso a dados espaciais e tabelas de dados relacionais e/ou banco de dados cadastral, além de módulos de análise espacial e de visualização de dados geográficos em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), possibilitando a previsão de enchentes na forma de mapas, tabelas e relatórios com a indicação das áreas inundadas para os períodos de 4, 3, 2 e 1 dia de antecedência do evento de enchente. O Sistema permitiu identificar os imóveis e as ruas atingidos, e possibilitará através de levantamentos futuros quantificar a população afetada e os prejuízos causados pelo desastre, facilitando que a defesa civil execute planos de ação para enfrentamento eficiente antes, durante e depois da ocorrência da enchente.

Oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and their parent-PAHs in soil

In spite of the higher toxicity of oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) than of their parent-PAHs, there are only a few studies of the concentrations, composition pattern, sources and fate of OPAHs in soil, the presumably major environmental sink of OPAHs. This is related to the fact that there are only few available methods to measure OPAHs together with PAHs in soil. rnThe objectives of my thesis were to (i) develop a GC/MS-based method to measure OPAHs and their parent-PAHs in soils of different properties and pollution levels, (ii) apply the method to soils from Uzbekistan and Slovakia and (iii) investigate into the fate of OPAHs, particularly their vertical transport in soilrnI optimized and fully evaluated an analytical method based on pressurized liquid extraction, silica gel column chromatographic fractionation of extracted compounds into alkyl-/parent-PAH and OPAH fractions, silylation of hydroxyl-/carboxyl-OPAHs with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoracetamide and GC/MS quantification of the target compounds. The method was targeted at 34 alkyl-/parent-PAHs, 7 carbonyl-OPAHs and 19 hydroxyl-/carboxyl-OPAHs. I applied the method to 11 soils from each of the Angren industrial region (which hosts a coal mine, power plant, rubber factory and gold refinery) in Uzbekistan and in the city of Bratislava, the densely populated capital of Slovakia.rnRecoveries of five carbonyl-OPAHs in spike experiments ranged between 78-97% (relative standard deviation, RSD, 5-12%), while 1,2-acenaphthenequinone and 1,4-naphtho-quinone had recoveries between 34-44%% (RSD, 19-28%). Five spiked hydroxyl-/carboxyl-OPAHs showed recoveries between 36-70% (RSD, 13-46%), while others showed recoveries &amp;amp;lt;10% or were completely lost. With the optimized method, I determined, on average, 103% of the alkyl-/parent-PAH concentrations in a certified reference material.rnThe ∑OPAHs concentrations in surface soil ranged 62-2692 ng g-1 and those of ∑alkyl-/parent-PAHs was 842-244870 ng g-1. The carbonyl-OPAHs had higher concentrations than the hydroxyl-/carboxyl-OPAHs. The most abundant carbonyl-OPAHs were consistently 9-fluorenone (9-FLO), 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-ANQ), 1-indanone (1-INDA) and benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione (7,12-B(A)A) and the most abundant hydroxyl-/carboxyl-OPAH was 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The concentrations of carbonyl-OPAHs were frequently higher than those of their parent-PAHs (e.g., 9-FLO/fluorene &amp;amp;gt;100 near a rubber factory in Angren). The concentrations of OPAHs like those of their alkyl-/parent-PAHs were higher at locations closer to point sources and the OPAH and PAH concentrations were correlated suggesting that both compound classes originated from the same sources. Only for 1-INDA and 2-biphenylcarboxaldehyde sources other than combustion seemed to dominate. Like those of the alkyl-/parent-PAHs, OPAH concentrations were higher in topsoils than subsoils. Evidence of higher mobility of OPAHs than their parent-PAHs was provided by greater subsoil:topsoil concentration ratios of carbonyl-OPAHs (0.41-0.82) than their parent-PAHs (0.41-0.63) in Uzbekistan. This was further backed by the consistently higher contribution of more soluble 9-FLO and 1-INDA to the ∑carbonyl-OPAHs in subsoil than topsoil at the expense of 9,10-ANQ, 7,12-B(A)A and higher OPAH/parent-PAH concentration ratios in subsoil than topsoil in Bratislava.rnWith this thesis, I contribute a suitable method to determine a large number of OPAHs and PAHs in soil. My results demonstrate that carbonyl-OPAHs are more abundant than hydroxyl-/carboxyl-OPAHs and OPAH concentrations are frequently higher than parent-PAH concentrations. Furthermore, there are indications that OPAHs are more mobile in soil than PAHs. This calls for appropriate legal regulation of OPAH concentrations in soil.

Thomas Reinhardt. Dinslage_Frobenius

In den Jahren 1928 bis 1930 unternahm Leo Frobenius im südlichen Afrika die neunte seiner insgesamt zwölf Deutschen Innerafrikanischen Forschungs-Expeditionen. Von Kapstadt aus reiste der achtköpfige Expeditionstrupp über Pretoria bis zum Oberlauf des Zambesi im Gebiet des heutigen Zimbabwe. Unterwegs dokumentierten die Teilnehmer Felszeichnungen, untersuchten die materielle Kultur der durchreisten Gebiete und besuchten als erste Weiße die Königsgräber der Hungwe. Im Oktober 1928 erzwang ein Beinbruch Frobenius’ einen insgesamt siebenwöchigen Aufenthalt nahe Marandellas (Marondera), etwa 75 km östlich der rhodesischen Hauptstadt Salisbury gelegen, dem heutigen Harare. Dort, so scheint es, erwachte Frobenius’ Interesse an lokalen Volksmärchen.

Römische Holzbaubefunde aus dem vicus Tasgetium

Von der Hauptstadt Rom aus gesehen liegt der vicus Tasgetium (Eschenz TG) am Rande des römischen Imperiums. Unter günstigen Voraussetzungen konnten sich hier jedoch über die Jahrtausende Befunde und Funde aus Holz aussergewöhnlich gut erhalten, eine Seltenheit im römischen Reich! Der Vortrag stellt einige dieser Befunde vor und vermittelt Einblicke in die römische Holzbautechnik.

Von Sarajewo in die Welt und zurück: Globale Perspektiven auf den Ersten Weltkrieg

Das Attentat von Sarajewo vom 28. Juni 1914 bildete den Ausgangspunkt für den Ersten Weltkrieg. Von Beginn weg und für die nächsten vier Jahre nahm dieser ein globales Ausmass an. Der Vortrag wird deshalb versuchen, ausgehend von Sarajewo eine globale Perspektive auf einen Konflikt zu werfen, der schon sehr früh als Weltkrieg bezeichnet und später als Erster Weltkrieg bekannt wurde. Mehr Raum als üblich soll dabei den wichtigen Verflechtungen zwischen der europäischen und der aussereuropäischen Welt eingeräumt werden. Am Schluss wird der Vortrag wieder zur Geschichte der bosnischen Hauptstadt zurückkehren.

Versuch einer Geschichte der Juden in Sina

abweichender Titel des beigefügten Werkes: Nachrichten von den heiligen Büchern der Synagoge zu Cai-fong-fu, der Hauptstadt der Provinz Ho-nan

Petition wegen Rückberufung der Garden, beschlossen im Verein der Perliner [sic!] Tänzerinnen

Boberach: Mit Titelblattillustration: Ballett der Petenten mit Pickelhaube, darüber Spruchband: O kehre wieder!. - Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Schilderung einer (fiktiven) Versammlung von Berliner Tänzerinnen, die für die Rückberufung des Gardekorps in die Hauptstadt petitionieren. Mit überwiegend schlüpfrigem Inhalt

Brief eines Mitgliedes der Opposition an seine Herren Collegen

Boberach: Nach dem Vorbild der verbotenen Rheinischen Zeitung in Köln soll sich die aus der Opposition im Vereinigten Landtag hervorgegangene Verfassungspartei eine Zeitung in der Hauptstadt mit einem hauptberuflichen Chefredakteur schaffen

Ein Bild unserer Tage : offenes Sendschreiben an die Preußischen Volksvertreter

Boberach: Die Abgeordneten sollen sich von der "Anarchie" distanzieren, die vor allem in Berlin als Folge der Revolution eingetreten ist, und sollten besser außerhalb der Hauptstadt tagen

Ueber die Nothwendigkeit, den Sitz der Reichsgewalt in die Mitte Deutschlands zu verlegen

Boberach: Für die Wahl des Sitzes der Reichsgewalt ist wichtig, daß [das] Kriegs-, [das] Handels- und [das] Marineministerium genügend entfernt von der französischen Grenze und der Küste nahe genug liegen, um von dort mit der Eisenbahn in einer Tagesreise erreichbar zu sein. Deshalb soll nicht Frankfurt, sondern Erfurt Hauptstadt werden. In Krakau soll eine deutsche Bundesfestung errichtet werden. - Wentzke: Gegen Frankfurt als Mittelpunkt des neuen Bundesstaats. Man schaffe ein Bundesgebiet, welches der Reichsgewalt unmittelbar unterworfen ist, welches aber nicht von einer der größeren Mächte ganz umschlossen sein darf: Erfurt Sitz der Reichsgewalt, d.h. des Parlaments

Kann Erfurt "Sitz der deutschen Reichsgewalt" werden? : ein Nachtrag zu der Schrift: Über die Nothwendigkeit "den Sitz der Reichsgewalt in die Mitte Deutschlands zu verlegen"

Boberach: Für Erfurt spricht außer der geographischen Lage das gesunde Klima und das Angebot vieler Bauplätze. Es könnte dort leicht der Zentralknotenpunkt des deutschen Eisenbahnnetzes geschaffen werden. - Wentzke: Erfurt [ist] durch seine Lage und örtlichen Verhältnisse ausgezeichnet [für den Sitz der Reichsgewalt] geeignet

Auf Vorposten ist nicht gut debattiren, soll der Reichsverweser am 17. Juli zu den Regensburgern gesagt und ihnen gerathen haben ...

Boberach: [Hauptwerk:] Frankfurt eignet sich trotz der gefährlichen Nähe zu Frankreich als deutsche Hauptstadt. In Regensburg wären Parlament und Reichsregierung nicht besser aufgehoben. Volksbewaffnung ist erforderlich, um die Märzerrungenschaften zu erhalten. - Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): [Beigefügtes Werk:] Plädoyer des Frankfurter Literaten Funck gegen - an die Adresse der Nationalversammlung gerichtete - Kollektivpetitionen