Regionalización de la calidad de vida y salud materno-infantil: Aproximación a la geografía de las condiciones de salud-enfermedad en el Ecuador

La relación entre la salud y el medio geográfico ha sido convencionalmente enfocada de un modo restrictivo. El "medio geográfico" y la "sociedad" tienen espacio y tiempo, y se transforman continuamente, no como esferas aisladas sino como expresiones de un mismo mundo. La naturaleza gracias a su permanente transformación dio lugar a la aparición de la sociedad,su más acabado producto. Lo social es una manifestación superior y altamente compleja de lo natural, que se desenvuelve en un espacio que puede denominarse el medio geográfico o las condiciones naturales externas. Al aparecer la vida social, el medio geográfico se vuelve un medio natural transformado por el hombre, "humanizado" o social. Muchas veces se piensa que la geografía es un espacio estático, que existe únicamente como una inmensa base natural de la vida social, ligada a ésta sólo por relaciones externas, ecológicas, y sobre la cual puede distribuirse físicamente la enfermedad. Se expone una síntesis de los aspectos relevantes de la geografía de la salud materno-infantil en la formación social ecuatoriana.

Na busca de evidências científicas para a humanização do cuidado na enfermagem oncológica

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar do ponto de vista teórico, as características do cuidado humanizado na assistência de enfermagem direcionada ao paciente oncológico. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica na base de dados SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online). Também foram utilizados livros e documentos voltados para humanização na assistência de enfermagem oncológica obtidos na Biblioteca “Jorge José Alves da Silva”, da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul. A seleção e análise dos artigos ocorreram no período compreendido entre os meses de março a outubro de 2012. Foram identificados um total de 21 artigos que atendiam aos critérios de seleção. A análise das informações foi realizada por meio da leitura exploratória dos artigos selecionados. A síntese dos dados foi realizada de forma descritiva. Foram identificadas três categorias temáticas que permitem concluir o seguinte: O câncer gera mudanças que interferem na vida da pessoa, não apenas físicas, mas sociais, espirituais e principalmente emocionais. É uma doença, ainda, percebida como um castigo e sinônimo de morte. O enfermeiro torna-se elemento fundamental no tratamento do paciente com câncer, e precisa de habilidades tanto técnico-científicas como de relações interpessoais. O cuidado ao paciente com câncer deverá considerar a humanização como premissa que sustenta o fazer na enfermagem. O cuidado humanizado na abordagem integral implica o envolvimento do “ser enfermeiro” que transcende o cuidado na relação com o paciente com câncer e sua família.

O cuidado cultural à mulher durante a gestação : uma contribuição para a humanização

Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo conduzido na linha da etnoenfermagem. Teve como objetivo implementar o cuidado cultural congruente à mulher durante a gestação, segundo o modelo de Leininger. Participou seis mulheres gestantes moradoras de Passo Fundo, interior do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de março de 2003 a novembro de 2003. Os dados foram coletados durante a consulta de enfermagem e a visita domiciliar; como estratégia para obtenção dos dados utilizou-se a observação participante e o Guia Rápido para Avaliação Cultural serviu de instrumento para conhecer a cultura da gestante. Para a análise dos dados, foi utilizada a Análise Temática e de Padrões. A partir dos assuntos abordados durante a implementação do cuidado emergiram unidades de significado que foram agrupadas para a formação dos temas. Procurou-se desenvolver a implementação do cuidado cultural na gestação aplicando as três formas de ação: preservação, acomodação e repadronização. O cuidado cultural na gestação mostrou-se como um recurso para favorecer o cuidado humanizado à mulher durante a gestação. As descobertas deste estudo apontam para a necessidade de se valorizar o contexto cultural da gestante no sentido de alcançar um cuidado congruente com seu modo de vida.

Dimensões do processo de cuidar na enfermagem : um olhar da enfermeira

Este estudo busca compreender as dimensões do processo de cuidar na enfermagem, sob o olhar das enfermeiras, em uma realidade hospitalar. A investigação caracteriza-se como um estudo qualitativo com abordagem fenomenológica. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se em um hospital geral, de médio porte, localizado em uma cidade da região norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As participantes foram oito enfermeiras assistenciais; o instrumento utilizado para a coleta das informações foi à entrevista semi-estruturada e para a análise dos discursos utilizou-se a hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur. As dimensões do processo de cuidar na enfermagem desvelaram os seguintes temas e subtemas: o mundo do cuidado: organização, gerenciamento e competência técnica; o processo de enfermagem; a humanização do cuidado: estar com o ser cuidado no mundo do cuidado, respeitando o ser cuidado na sua singularidade, construindo uma relação dialógica e (des)conhecendo o cuidado humanizado; o estar com o cuidador no mundo do cuidado: o ser aí do cuidador de enfermagem, compartilhando tomadas de decisões, compartilhando saberes e construindo uma relação de cuidado; o vir-aser no mundo do cuidado. Ao compreender as dimensões do processo de cuidar na enfermagem, desvelou-se o mundo do cuidado vivido pelas enfermeiras na instituição pesquisada, caracterizado por ser um ambiente com nuanças próprias, no qual o processo de cuidar se apresentou multifacetado. O encontro de cuidado autêntico entre os seres que ali coabitavam se manifestou a partir da compreensão do ser humano enquanto ser único, capaz de compartilhar suas vivências e experiências no cotidiano de cuidado.

Escutando as mães HIV+ sobre o grupo de gestantes soropositivas para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana

A feminização é uma das características atuais da epidemia da Aids e atinge principalmente mulheres em idade fértil, o que vem desencadeando um aumento de gestantes portadoras de HIV/Aids. O Serviço de Assistência Especializada em DST/Aids, que integro como enfermeira, vem desenvolvendo o Grupo de Gestantes Soropositivas para o HIV. Conhecer a opinião das mães HIV+ egressas desses grupos sobre esta atividade, tornou-se, então, o objetivo deste estudo. O interesse pelo tema surgiu da experiência de ter cuidado mulheres que vivenciaram esta trajetória no período gestacional e por entender que, ao escutá-las, têm-se subsídios para qualificar o grupo de gestantes soropositivas para o HIV. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. As participantes do estudo, utilizando o critério de saturação, foram 10 mulheres HIV+ egressas do programa de pré-natal de um Serviço de Assistência Especializada em DST/Aids do município de Porto Alegre. A coleta de dados, realizada no terceiro trimestre de 2004, foi obtida por meio de entrevista, após a leitura e assinatura, pelas entrevistadas, do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido com aprovação do Comitê de Ética em pesquisa da Instituição. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo (MORAES,1999) A complexidade dos resultados aponta várias considerações relacionadas a: perplexidade das mulheres ao conhecerem seu diagnóstico de HIV e conseqüentes desinformações relativas ao processo gravídico puerperal acompanhado de HIV, dilema quanto à clandestinidade do diagnóstico, desamparo familiar e social, impossibilidade de amamentar somado ao despreparo de profissionais de enfermagem na maternidade, à condução de outras alternativas substitutivas do aleitamento materno e a preocupação pela responsabilidade de ser ela a fonte transmissora do HIV para seu filho. Para este mundo singular vivido por estas mulheres, pode-se afirmar ser o Grupo de Gestantes Sororpositivas para o HIV, um espaço coletivo de cuidado especial e humanizado e que independente das experiências de vida pessoal, gestacional e familiar e de diferenças de cada participante, resulta num movimento capaz de imprimir grandes mudanças de atitudes, tornando-se evidente para a autora a necessidade de se oportunizarem cada vez mais, espaços de Educação para Saúde como disponibilizados neste grupo. As mães como atoras sociais trouxeram ao aprimoramento do grupo valiosas sugestões referentes à manutenção dos grupos, à ampliação dos participantes oportunizando que outros membros da família participem e à continuação do grupo após o parto. Entre as recomendações advindas desse estudo destaca-se a de construção de trabalhos interdisciplinares em espaços institucionais, familiares e sociais que contemplem o amplo conjunto de necessidades referido pelas mulheres e as apóiem na busca da qualidade de vida para si e seus bebês.

A ordem da humanização do parto na educação da vida

A presente tese objetivou descrever como se articulam os saberes sobre a 'humanização' para compor políticas relacionadas à educação para o parto como uma das estratégias de educação da vida; de que modo são colocados em operação os poderes que 'humanizam' as políticas de educação para o parto, sua contingência e historicidade e a maneira como o parto 'humanizado' torna-se modo de ordenamento da vida. Conceitos construídos por Michel Foucault, entre os quais dispositivo pedagógico, humanização, sociedade disciplinar, disciplina, corpo, biopolítica, governamentalidade, poder e resistência foram utilizados como ferramentas para a composição do estudo. Os documentos analisados fazem parte da política de humanização do parto e nascimento editados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. A análise procurou evidenciar rupturas e continuidades nas práticas de parto e os modos pelos quais as sociedades, disciplinar e de controle, produzem formas de educação para fazer viver e deixar morrer. Para isso, buscouse, em momentos históricos diversos, descrições relacionadas às práticas de parto que ordenaram, de diferentes maneiras, os modos pelos quais o parto e o nascimento tornaramse dispositivos de disciplina, controle e gerência da população na atualidade.

Fenômeno vivido por familiares de pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva

COMASSETTO, Isabel, ENDERS, Bertha Cruz. Fenômeno vivido por familiares de pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem., Porto Alegre(RS), v.30,n., p.46-53. Mar. 2009. Disponivel em: < http://www.seer.ufrgs.br/index.php/RevistaGauchadeEnfermagem/search/results>.

Avaliação da efetividade de estratégias não farmacológicas para o alívio da dor de parturientes na fase ativa do período de dilatação no trabalho de parto

This study was aim to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies non pharmacological for the relief of the intensity of the parturient pain in the phase activates of the dilation period in the labor. Is a clinic rehearse of the type therapeutic intervention before and after" with a quantitative approach, accomplished in the Humanized Unit of Childbirth of the Maternity Januário Cicco School of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, in Natal/RN, whit 130 parturient, being 30 in the pre-test of the strategies and 100 in the application of the strategies non pharmacological combined (breathing exercises, muscular relaxation and lombossacral massage) and isolated (shower bath in a normal temperature). We used the visual analogical scale to evaluate the intensity of the pain of the study parturient before and after" to the application of the strategies in the phases of acceleration, maximum inclination and desaceleration in the phase activates of dilation period in the labor. The principal results showed that the majority of the study parturient was between 20 to 30 years old (60%); with incomplete fundamental teaching (85%); family income until 2 minimum wages (74%); 78% had a companion and these, 44% were the own husband. The oxytocin was administered in the parturient during the phase activates of the labor in 81% of the cases and only 15% these women didn´t reciev anything medication. We verified significant relief (ρ=0.000) of intensity of the pain of the study parturient after application of the strategies non pharmacological combined and isolated. We concluded that the strategies non pharmacological combined and isolated were effective in the relief of the pain of the study parturient in the phase activates de labor

A saúde psíquica de quem faz saúde: uma análise crítica sobre a humanização direcionada ao profissional de saúde

It is noticeable that pressure, tension and overwork are frequent in health professionals routine. The work related to the ward area demands deep attention and surveillance. Because of that, it is essential to have a specific look at the humanization directed at health professionals, considering that taking care of other human beings is the essence of their job. This study has analyzed the psychic health levels, as well as the stress health professionals are submitted to, providing a debate about the humanization in 06 public hospitals (03 of them awarded by actions of humanization, and 03 not awarded) in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. A study with 126 active health professionals (doctors, nurses, psychologists, nutritionists and social workers) in ward areas in their respective institutions was carried out. The thesis presented, with multi-disciplinary characteristic, counted on the support of statisticians (to calculate samples and data analysis), psychologists, social workers and administrators (linked to the human resources sector in each hospital). A cross-sectional study was performed, taking into consideration both quantitative and qualitative factors. The tools used for that were a semistructured questionnaire with socio-demographic characteristics, work and humanization; Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults (ISSL), and the Goldberg s General Health Questionnaire (QSG). The workers are predominantly women (84,9%), married (54,8%), between 46 and 55 years old (40,5%), working in the same institution for more than 20 years (22,2%), and between 16 and 20 years (20,6%), respectively. They work 40 hours a week (71,4%) and have multiple jobs (61,9%). Although most of these individuals global psychic health is in a good level, there are a significant number of people that is gradually getting worse concerning psychic stress (F1) showed by QSG (54,7%), and stress showed by ISSL(42,1%). Observing the categories, nurses (41,5%). Nutritionists (20,8%), doctors and social workers (18,9%), were among the most affected. About general health (F6), 63% of the awarded hospitals and 70% of the not awarded ones, presented good health levels (ranging from 5 to 50%). It was also noticed that, in the groups mentioned above, 25 and 20% respectively, were inserted in scores between 55 to 90%, what means that they are in worsening phase. The fact that the hospital is awarded or well recognized doesn t interfere in health professionals stress level and in their psychic health. Through what was heard from these individuals, it was possible to verify that they know little about humanization, once few of them identify or know that the service they offer is in an adoption process by Ministerial Policies. It was also detected the necessity of developing actions aimed at worker s health. Such results showed the importance of have more investments in programs that are directed to workers well-being, because they deal with other people s health and it is known that it is difficult for them to offer high-quality assistance if there are not suitable physical, psychological and material conditions to help them develop their jobs. As a warning, it is fair to say that investments in actions that provide humanized care to health professionals, mainly concerning preventive care for their health and life quality in their work

Hospital humano: etnografia da humanização hospitalar na perspectiva de usuários

This ethnographic work studies the experiences of patients admitted in public (PUH) and private (PRH) hospitals in the Brazilian northeastern region. 28 adult patients of different clinics participated in the study. Data were analyzed by the patient path method, consisting in a combination of complemented and articulated techniques free observation, participating observation, ethnographic interview and patient testimonials collected prospectively during the patients admissions, from their arrival and until their discharge. The analysis was carried out according to the Thematic Categories Analysis Technique and the data were interpreted pursuant to medical anthropology, healthcare humanization and healthcare promotion theoretical references. The ethical principles of Resolution 196/96 were followed. The human hospital, as revealed by the patient, highlights the significance of subjectivity. 225 (54.7%) out of 411 mentioned concepts were collected in a public hospital (PUH) and 186 (45.3%) in a private institution (PRH). The results show that the patient at the PUH and PRH ethnoevaluates different aspects of the healthcare professionals´ human and technical competence, the hospital´s functioning structure, the access to and the ethics in the financial management, and develops overcoming strategies for his stay at the hospital. This ethnoevaluation is mediated by different factors, namely: social and economic status, personality, religiosity, ironic speech, somber diagnosis and satisfied needs, prior hospital experiences and the conditions under which the interview was carried out. A pedagogic proposal for the hospital humanization must include structural, managerial and organizational changes of the offered services and use active methodologies aimed to the political resolution of problematic situations at work and the inclusion of affective and subjective factors, and become as well a tool for the collective learning. This study shows the importance for the user´s ethnoevaluation to be incorporated into the hospital management and care as a guideline in the decision making and clinical action, thus promoting practices that shall lead to a decent and humanized care. The multidisciplinary nature of this study allowed a wide understanding of the user´s perspective as a socially critical ethnoevaluator

Significados e percepções do homem diante da gravidez de sua companheira com síndromes hipertensivas

The general aim of the research was to comprehend the Social Representations constructed by the man in the face of his companion s risk pregnancy caused by hypertensive syndromes. The study is of exploratory and descriptive character in a qualitative approach developed at two public maternity hospitals, both located in Natal-RN, with 65 men whose wives had undergone high-risk pregnancy. The project was submitted to the Ethics on Research Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (CEP-UFRN), with favorable report no. 81/07. For data collection, the following multimethods were employed: a word free association test; a projective test for registering mental images; and a semistructured interview schedule. The speech contents were analyzed in accordance with the Theory of Social Representations and complemented by the Central Nucleus Theory. The discussion of the results was grounded on literary findings of the companion s participation in pregnancy as well as in risk pregnancy associated with hypertensive syndromes. The data showed fear as representation s central nucleus, while recollections of that feeling referred to death of both companion and child in addition to fear of the unknown. The categories preoccupation and carefulness, other feelings, and clinical picture of the disease represented components of the peripheral nucleus. The results concerning mental images followed the same category criteria of the word free association test fear, other feelings, preoccupation, carefulness, and clinical picture of the disease. After being processed in accordance with the principles of content analysis, the statements originated three thematic unities: fear and insecurity in the presence of the companion s risk pregnancy; attitudes of carefulness to the risk pregnancy of the partner; and humanized assistance during the companion s risk pregnancy. Considering the results, the conclusion is that the partner s risk pregnancy caused by hypertensive syndromes represents, for the man, feelings of fear, preoccupation, insecurity, lack of acceptance and information, as well as attitudes of carefulness. The results reveal necessity of reorganizing the obstetric assistance with an eye to including the man as participant in the reproductive process. That demands extension of humanized carefulness to the companion with a view to make him an active coadjutor in the assistance of high-risk pregnant

Desmame em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao nascer no primeiro retorno ambulatorial após a alta hospitalar

Investigate intrahospital and neonatal determinants associated to the weaning of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: 119 VLBW (<1500g) infants 81 were monitored from July 2005 through August 2006, from birth to the first ambulatory visit after maternity discharge. This maternity unit uses the Kangaroo Method and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. Results: Out of 119 VLBW infants monitored until discharge, 88 (75%) returned to the facility, 22 (25%) were on exclusive breastfeeding (EB) and 66 (75%) were weaned (partial breastfeeding or formula feeding). Univariate analysis found an association between weaning and lower birth weight, longer stays in the NICU and longer hospitalization times, in addition to more prolonged enteral feeding and birth weight recovery period. Logistic regression showed length of NICU stay as being the main determinant of weaning. Conclusion: The negative repercussion on EB of an extended stay in the NICU is a significant challenge for health professionals to provide more adequate nutrition to VLBW infants

As repercussões dos serviços hospitalares em diferentes contextos: uma análise de profissionais de saúde

This study has as general object: to verify as the health professionals that work in different hospitals evaluate the hospital services; and specific objectives: identify how health professionals evaluate the work conditions in different hospitals and verify the central nucleus and the peripheral elements of the social representations elaborated by these professionals about these institution. This is a descriptive study realized in Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte. Were collected 213 questionnaires. Concerning the evaluation of the health services, high averages had been verified in the philanthropic hospital, for example, quality of the customer service. At the state hospital was observed lowest ones: respect to the privacy of the patients. Similar results were found about work conditions. It was observed as central nucleus the categories Overcrowded and Humanized care, in the state and philanthropic hospital respectively, and as peripheral elements Low wages and Overcrowded. Being thus the conflicts in this scene are inevitable because of the poor structure of some public hospitals, however, these problems can be foresee and solvable if the hospital has a free expression channel accessible to all agents. The evaluation has to become integrant part of the culture of the organization, a time that this will guide the steps in direction to the best quality in the hospital assistance

O Trabalho e o labirinto da responsabilidade socioempresarial:a experiência da cidadania empresarial do Banco do Brasil

In the current systemic crisis, economic policy is directed to correct the consequences of the functioning of this metabolism, but within the limits of the capital. From this perspective, decision makers propose trade policies, agricultural and industrial to ensure conditions for economic growth. However, as a dead end, there is failure of the State in giving efficacy to the operation of all segments of the economy, especially given the budget constraint. Public managers are forced to seek external resources, resuming the cycle of political allegiance to the interests of international financial and banking representatives, installed in so-called multilateral. The complex ideological capital comes into play in trying to convince society that the paths taken by governments are inevitable, and that capitalism can be "humanized", even with the realization of the growing inequalities caused by historical irrationalism of the production process of capital . In this sense, emerging concepts that attempt to demonstrate the compatibility of the system to real human needs. This ideological offensive is intended to legitimize the capital. The so-called third sector has a special highlight with the concept of corporate social responsibility. It creates a political environment in which the inevitable mix-up with new illusions offered by and often funding the metabolism of capital in order to perpetuate this system. In this context, political elites, and considerable portions of the academy, embark on "waves of capitalist optimism," while the sociometabolismo capital expands its historical limits, driving forces postponing their collapse, but that cause human suffering and ecological stress. Wars are disseminated to strengthen the deadly war industry and the automobile industry; and devastating the environment of which depends the capital system. In this scenario disassemble, propositions emerge around a "new social pact" in order to minimize the adverse effects of the dynamics of reproduction of capital. The business class is called to exercise its role through the discourse that appeals to social responsibility programs, in order to intervene directly in the "social question". The core of this research is precisely this point. Although there is considerable scholarship on the phenomenon of Social Responsibility and Corporate Citizenship, there is also an evident lack of this approach focused on the banking sector in Brazil. The importance of rentier capital increased ownership of shares in the wealth produced by all of Brazilian society, justifies a sociological research project on Social Responsibility in the domestic financial sector. In this sense, it was decided to perform a dynamic approach to the "Corporate Citizenship" in the banking industry, specifically in the Bank of Brazil. As this is a key institution, is important analyze of the impacts of this strategy fetish of capitalist reproduction, in order to evaluate the social legitimization of rentier capital in Brazil. In this scenario of the abundance of the discourse on social responsibility there exist a progressive impoverishment of professional work in this segment in Brazil. There is a dramatic mismatch between rhetoric and practice because of the trend of deepening vulnerability of the working conditions of the Brazilian bank worker, from the 1990's. In the specific case of the Bank of Brazil, the first initiative of the institution was to conform to the principles of the UNO and the Ethos Institute, aiming to align their domestic policies to this new strategy of domination of capital. The purpose is to place the Bank in the ideological sphere of corporate social responsibility, just as with its partners in the private financial intercapitalist competition. Indeed, in the internal ambit of the Bank of Brazil, there is a policy to adjust its functional segments to the doctrine of Social Corporate Responsibility. The concepts of this doctrine is presented as something inexorable. There are no alternatives. The Bank of Brazil operates in a highly competitive market, the segment featuring the dominance of financial capital accumulation today. For this reason it can not fail to incorporate the technological advances organizational. For employees there is no alternative but to adapt to this new set of ideas proposed by the metabolism of capital