From the Reliable and Unselfish to the Versatile and Independent : - desired qualities in two Swedish curricula

The process in which girls and boys are constructed and construct themselves to pupils takes place in a context where conceptions of “the good pupil” are distinctly manifested in national school documents. In different types of texts concerning school and education, the image of the pupil that society wants to create emerges. Documents from early childhood education up to university level prioritise qualities such as independence, initiative, accountability and freedom to make ones own choices. Qualities or competencies that are preferred during a certain period change as time passes and society develops. The idea of the democratic subject is not the same today as it was 25 years ago. The purpose of this article is to emphasise and compare different desired qualities described in two Swedish national curricula, competencies that pupils in the compulsory school are supposed to develop. The discussion encompasses the political ideas of the pupil during a period of twenty-five years in light of changes in Western societies during the last decades.

Viljan till fysisk aktivitet : En intervention avsedd att stimulera ungdomar att bli fysiskt aktiva

Jenny Isberg (2009): Viljan till fysisk aktivitet – en intervention avsedd att stimulera ungdomar att bli fysiskt aktiva. Örebro Studies in Sport Sciences 6, 141 pp. Physical education (PE) at school may play an important role in the process of becoming physically active in the adolescence and in developing a physically active lifestyle. The opportunities for teachers to provide positive physical activity experiences to the student population extend regularly over the school terms. For some students, PE can be the only opportunity they have to be physically active. Therefore it is important that the students become motivated to practice physical activity and know the purpose with physical activity. The overall purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the possibilities to motivate youth, 12-16 years old, to practice physical activity and hopefully to stimulate them to continue to be physically active in young adulthood. The sample consisted of 122 Swedish compulsory school students (12-16 years old), 51 girls and 71 boys, who were either physically inactive, physically active but not formal members of sport clubs, or physically active and members of a sport club. They used a self-monitoring instrument to describe their physical activity and we compared their self-reported physical activity with their actual VO2 capacity and physical status. The self-monitoring instrument was further validated against an activity monitor, RT3. The intervention lasted one and a half years, and four to five years later a follow-up study was done. Using a quasi-experimental design, the three groups of participants were compared with youths who did not use the self-monitoring instrument. The main findings were that the associations between the accelerometer counts and the activities the students recorded in the self-monitoring instrument were high. The participants  in Group 1 (physically inactive) continued exercising nearly to the same extent as during the intervention while youths in a matched control group did not develop regular physical activity habits. Concerning Group 2 (exercisers), participants in the intervention group were more physically active both during the intervention and at follow-up, compared with a matched control group of exercisers who did not use the self-monitoring instrument. In Group 3 (sport team members), there was no difference between the intervention group and a matched control group after the intervention or at follow-up.  The conclusion of these main findings was that when someone motivates students to continue being physically active and to change their physical activity patterns in a positive direction, the self-monitoring instrument can be a door-opener for youths who are physically inactive or regularly active outside sports clubs.

Learning as movements in interspace

My research issues (in rearch project for PhD-degree, named Drama in School) concern how learning takes place in drama education in compulsory school. One part is to explore and problematize approaches to learning (in and through drama). In this paper will the concept learning be discussed by using a thought derived from Deleuze and Guattari’s nomad philosophy. They describe learning as a movement in the interspace. Focus is on process and inquiry, not on achievement of predetermined skills and competences. 

Undersökande arbetssätt i NO-undervisningen i grundskolans tidigare årskurser

This thesis deals with the use of inquiry-based approaches in primary school science. The aim is to investigate the goals and purposes that are constituted by the curriculum and by the teachers in interviews and through their teaching in the classroom. The results are used to develop conceptual tools that can be used by teachers’ in their work to support students’ learning of science when using an inquiry-based approach. The thesis is comprised of four papers. In paper one a comparative analysis is made of five Swedish national curricula for compulsory school regarding what students should learn about scientific inquiry. In paper two 20 teachers were interviewed about their own teaching using inquiry. Classroom interactions were filmed and analyzed in papers three and four, which examine how primary teachers use the various activities and purposes of the inquiry classroom to support learning progressions in science. The results of paper one show how the emphasis within and between the two goals of learning to carry out investigations and learning about the nature of science shifted and changed over time in the different curricula. Paper two describes the selective traditions and qualities that were emphasized in the teachers’ accounts of their own teaching. The results of papers three and four show how students need to be involved in the proximate and ultimate purposes of the teaching activities for progression to happen. The ultimate purposes are the scientific purposes for the lesson (as given by the teacher or by the curriculum), whereas the proximate purposes are the more student-centered purposes that through different activities should allow the students to relate their own experiences and language to the ultimate purpose. The results show the importance of proximate purposes working as ends-in-viewin the sense of John Dewey, meaning that the students see the goal of the activity and that they are able to relate to their experiences and familiar language.

Vad ska elever lära sig angående naturvetenskaplig verksamhet? : En analys av svenska läroplaner för grundskolan under 50 år

The purpose of this study is to contribute to an understanding of which changes related to scientific inquiry have been made historically in curriculum documents. A comparative analysis is made of five Swedish national curricula– Lgr 62, Lgr 69, Lgr 80, Lpo 94 and Lgr 11 – during the last 50 years regarding what compulsory school students (school years 1–9) should learn about scientific inquiry. It focuses 1) what students should learn about carrying out scientific inquiries, and 2) what students should learn about the nature of science. All of the curricula examined have aims concerning scientific inquiry. The results show that during the period there have been many shifts in emphasis and changes of aims, for example from learning an inductive method to a more deductive one, and from an emphasis on carrying out investigations to an emphasis on more conceptual understanding of scientific investigations. Because teaching traditions tend to conserve aspects of earlier curricula, it is discussed how the results can help teachers, teacher students and curriculum developers to better see the consequences of the changes for teaching and learning.

Gymnasisters skrivande : En studie av genre, textstruktur och sammanhang

Students in upper secondary school write in a number of different genres, and do this in school contexts as well as in their spare time. The study presented here is an overview of this activity and the genres concerned. The theoretical framework of the study is that of genre theory whereby genre is understood as a socially situated concept. The study is based on 2 000 texts gathered from students on different study programmes all over Sweden in the school year of 1996-97. The texts were written in different situations. The most important distinction made here is between test texts (i.e. texts from national tests) and self-chosen texts, which may come from schoolwriting or spare-time writing. The texts are categorized according to genre. This text inventory shows a repertoire of 33 different genres in the text material. A small number of genres, such as story, book-review and expository essay dominate the school writing. The test genres differ from this pattern in that they clearly imitate texts with a genuine communicative intent. The most frequent genres are studied further and each of them is demonstrated by an interpretative reading. This reading shows that the genres differ considerably with respect to genre character and stability of text structure. A quantitative study of text length and variation in vocabulary further shows that texts written by two categories of students, those on vocationally oriented programmes and those on programmes preparing for higher education, differ significantly. Reference cohesion is studied in a smaller sample of the texts. This lexico-semantic mechanism of cohesion proves to exhibit an interrelation with variation in vocabulary as well as with text type. One particular cohesive tie, inference, shows different patterns in texts written by the two categories of students mentioned above.

Avaliação da implementação das ações de enfrentamento ao abuso sexual contra crianças e adolescentes em escolas públicas de ensino fundamental do bairro do Guamá – Belém- PA

Estudiosos apontam a escola como local estratégico para o fortalecimento da ação de enfrentamento ao abuso sexual de crianças e adolescentes. A partir de 2000, com a elaboração do Plano Nacional de Enfrentamento à Violência Sexual Contra Crianças e Adolescentes, a política pública destinada ao tratamento desse problema ganhou maior visibilidade e organicidade no Brasil. O abuso sexual de crianças e adolescentes é a principal ocorrência registrada pelo Disque Direitos Humanos (2011) e pelos Conselhos Tutelares de Belém (2010). O bairro do Guamá – Belém/PA apresenta o maior índice de denúncias dessa natureza e as meninas são a maioria das vítimas. Esse contexto revela a relevância social do problema. A presente tese tem como objeto de estudo da avaliação da implementação da política pública de enfrentamento à violência sexual de crianças e adolescentes em escolas públicas de ensino fundamental do Guamá. Para conseguir imprimir uma análise contextual a pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa apoiada nas técnicas de análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os dados de pesquisa são documentos relativos aos planos, programas e projetos governamentais que tem em seu escopo o enfrentamento a esse tipo de violência e são voltados às escolas. Também foram realizadas entrevistas nas treze escolas públicas de ensino fundamental do bairro com diretores ou funcionários indicados por eles. A análise do material se deu por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo dividida nas etapas da pré-análise, descrição analítica e a interpretação inferencial. A análise dos dados apontaram que: 1) as políticas formuladas em âmbito federal na área da formação dos profissionais da educação e dos materiais didáticos pedagógicos elaborados com a finalidade de subsidiá-los na apropriação da temática não chegaram às escolas pesquisadas; 2) planos/projetos que têm entre os seus objetivos o enfrentamento a esse tipo de violação devido a problemas de infraestrutura e de pessoal não foram executados como planejados; 3) nove entrevistados consideram que há a abordagem da temática no currículo das escolas, porém, não como conteúdo específico, mas como uma discussão pontual em meio a outras questões. Conclui-se dessa maneira, que pelas debilidades apresentadas a política pública de enfrentamento à violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes não foi implementada nas escolas públicas de ensino fundamental do Guamá – Belém/PA. Crianças e adolescentes, em idade escolar obrigatória, são as principais vítimas de violência sexual. Por isso, a importância da inserção efetiva da escola na rede de enfrentamento com condições para identificar e notificar casos dessa natureza. Mas, para isso, é preciso fazer com que às políticas elaboradas com essa finalidade cheguem às unidades escolares, sobretudo a política de formação e que tenha intersecção com a política educacional.

O adoecimento dos trabalhadores docentes na rede pública de ensino de Belém-Pará

Esta tese investiga o adoecimento dos trabalhadores docentes no Ensino Fundamental da Rede Pública de Ensino de Belém – RME no Estado do Pará, a partir das reformas educacionais implementadas no período de 2005-2012. O objetivo geral constituiu-se em analisar as causas do adoecimento dos docentes na Rede Pública de Ensino de Belém RME, observando os seguintes objetivos específicos: analisar as políticas educacionais da RME; identificar as repercussões das políticas educacionais e sua relação com o adoecimento do docente; analisar as condições de trabalho docente; identificar a ocorrência de intensificação e precarização no trabalho docente e possíveis relações com o adoecimento. A pesquisa foi realizada em etapas: a primeira etapa foi a realização da pesquisa bibliográfica para se conhecer melhor o tema. Para compreender o conceito de Trabalho, Mundo do Trabalho, Mercado de Trabalho, Trabalho e Educação foram realizados estudos em autores como: Marx (2006), Alves (2010); Antunes (2006), Frigotto (2003), que trazem uma profunda compreensão do objeto de estudo, razão pela qual são referências para análise na perspectiva histórico-dialética. Sobre as Políticas Educacionais e Trabalho Docente, tomou-se por base de estudos Oliveira (2003); Maués (2006); Shiroma et al,. (2007) e outros. Os autores utilizados para discutir saúde e adoecimento de maneira geral e na escola foram: Bravo (2010; 2011), Codo (2006; 2010), Esteve (1999), Benevides-Pereira (2006), Minayo (1998) e outros. A segunda etapa de construção desta tese foi a pesquisa de campo que serviu para complementar e esclarecer questões e dúvidas acerca do objeto de estudo, sendo utilizados questionário estruturado e entrevista semiestruturada e a terceira etapa se configurou na definição das categorias, a partir da pesquisa de campo. Esta fase se concretizou através da decomposição de textos em unidades, reclassificando-os por reagrupamento e foi realizada em três etapas: a análise prévia, que se consistiu na organização do material, a análise exploratória, que consiste em codificações e classificação, e finalmente o tratamento dos resultados obtidos e interpretação, que incidiu na tabulação e na aplicação de técnicas descritivas e analíticas dos dados. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que as causas dos adoecimentos na RME estão relacionadas: a) às condições de trabalho em seu sentido lato, indicando a existência de processos de intensificação e de precarização do trabalho docente; b) às políticas de formação continuada com acentuados graus de exigências das avaliações do Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica – IDEB; c) à existência de mal-estar docente, corroborando com os desgastes e pouca satisfação com o trabalho.

Aprendendo por meio de experiências com situações problema

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Jessie Huey Laurence Papers - Accession 5

The Jessie Huey Laurence Papers primarily consist of correspondence, but also included are speeches, program notes, minutes, financial records, photographs, clippings, and scrapbooks relating to her role in the South Carolina Federation of Women’s Clubs (1928-1937); her promotion of a compulsory school attendance bill for South Carolina (1934-1936); the formation of the South Carolina Council for the Common Good (1935); Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Public Works Administration (PWA) projects in South Carolina; and her interest in the Catawba Indians of York County, as chairman of Indian Affairs Committee for the Catawba Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Subjects include literacy, Santee-Cooper Dam, Winthrop College, World War II, York County Historical Society, York, Chester, and Lancaster Counties and family history material including: Adams, Craig, Jackson, Lesslie, Lessly, Mull, Muehl, Robinson, Taylor, Weidner, Witherspoon, and Wylie families.

Child Aggression in a Post-Communist Country: Race and Gender Aspects in a Cross-Cultural Comparison

Gypsies represent approximately 2.5% of the Czech population, but are considerably over-represented among the unemployed, prisoners, schooldropouts, neglected children, etc. Together with racist attitudes on the part of the majority, this causes strong inter-ethnic tension and obviouseconomic, moral and political problems. This research studied the way in which this situation is reflected in peer relations between Gypsy andmajority children in schools. Six samples of children (totalling 2974 children aged 7-15, of whom 15% were Gypsies) were studied through peernomination, teacher assessment and self-reporting. Gypsy/non-Gypsy and gender dichotomies were correlated with measures of aggression,victimisation and acceptance/rejection. The results showed that Gypsy children, both boys and girls, were more likely to nominate their Gypsy peers as aggressors than they nominatemajority children, implying that they tend to direct their rejection toward their own kind. The number of Gypsy children in a class was also animportant factor with Gypsies being more likely to be accepted and less likely to appear aggressive when they were only one or two in a class, thanin a class where there was a greater number of Gypsy pupils. When whole classes were taken as the unit of analysis, Gypsy children were seen asmore likely to behave aggressively in class by their Gypsy and non-Gypsy counterparts as well as by their teachers. At the same time they aremuch less likely to become victims of aggression than are non-Gypsy children, both boys and girls. Mr. Rican also found that the acceptance/rejection patterns of Gypsy children betray their unsatisfactory socialisation. Among their peers, Gypsyor non-Gypsy, they tend to prefer aggressors or children who teachers describe as showing little discipline or effort to succeed at school. Partialcorrelation to assess the influence of seniority on aggressiveness provided a warning that the recent lengthening of compulsory school attendance islikely to bring an increase in aggressiveness. He believes that Gypsy ethnic identity has lost many of its important positive aspects, making itsnegative aspects more prominent and more dangerous. He does however find some possible ways for teachers to reinforce the positive aspects ofGypsy children's identities in order to support their socialisation at schools.

Executive functions and their differential contribution to sustained attention in 5- to 8-year-old children

ABSTRACT Everyday routine in general and school settings in particular make high demands on children's abilities to sustain their focus of attention over longer time periods. School tasks thus require the child to accomplish the task on an appropriate level of performance while maintaining the focus of attention even under repetitious or distracting conditions. However, sustained attention (SA) may be a more heterogeneous construct than commonly assumed as it requires the individual not only to sustain attentional capacities but also to store and maintain the task rule (working memory), to inhibit inappropriate responses (inhibition), and to switch according to requirements (switching). It might thus involve processes counted among executive functions (EF). In the present study, performance in EF tasks (covering the core components inhibition, switching, and working memory) and in a SA task was assessed in 118 children, aged between 5;0 and 8;11 years. Similar age-dependent performance trajectories were found in EF components and SA, indicating ongoing performance improvements between 5 until at least 8 years of age in SA and in EF. Interrelations between single EF components and SA showed to be small to moderate. Finally, different patterns of SA performance predictions were found in age-homogeneous subgroups with inhibition being crucial for SA performance in the youngest and switching in the oldest age group. Taken as a whole, even though similarities in assumed developmental trajectories and substantial interrelations point to common underlying processes in EF and SA, age-dependent patterns of explained variance indicate clear discriminability.

Préparation à la transition de l'école obligatoire à la formation professionelle

Cette contribution analyse les contraintes et opportunités issus de la transition entre l’école obligatoire et la formation professionnelle en Suisse. L’ambition est de montrer que des facteurs psychologiques et structuraux sont essentiels pour comprendre les inégalités observées lors de cette transition. Les résultats de différentes études empiriques montrent que des facteurs associés à la personnalité, au support social, et à l’engagement personnel dans la préparation au choix de carrière ont une incidence sur les différences interindividuelles en termes d’adaptabilité de carrière et de congruence du choix professionnel tel qu’observés avant la transition. Les implications pour la pratique dans le domaine du conseil en orientation seront présentées.

Übergangslösungen beim Eintritt in die Schweizer Berufsbildung: Brückenschlag oder Sackgasse?

In der Schweiz finden viele Jugendliche keinen direkten Zugang zu einer beruflichen Grundbildung; vielmehr durchlaufen sie zunächst eine so genannte Übergangslösung oder ein Brückenangebot wie z.B. ein zehntes Schuljahr. Wir beleuchten in diesem Beitrag zum einen, wie schulische, individuelle, familiäre und kontextuell-systemische Faktoren den Übertritt in solche Brückenangebote beeinflussen. Zum anderen gehen wir der Frage nach, wie sich ein verzögerter Einstieg via ein Brückenangebot auf die Chance auswirkt, einen Abschluss der Sekundarstufe II zu erwerben. Die empirische Analyse stützt sich auf die TREE-Studie, welche eine Kohorte von Schulentlassenen des Jahres 2000 längsschnittlich beobachtet. Wir modellieren dabei zunächst die interessierenden Übertrittsprozesse mittels einer multinomialen logistischen Regression, um dann mittels Propensity Score Matching deren Wirkung auf die nachobligatorischen Bildungschancen abzuschätzen.

Leistung oder soziale Herkunft? Bestimmungsfaktoren für erwarteten und tatsächlichen beruflichen Erfolg im jungen Erwachsenenalter

Welchen berulichen Status haben junge Erwachsene in der Schweiz zehn Jahre nach Beendigung der obligatorischen Schule im Alter von durchschnittlich 26 Jahren erreicht – und welche Faktoren beeinlussen ihn? Wie nehmen junge Erwachsene ihren Status im Vergleich zum elterlichen wahr und wie, denken sie, wird er sich in Zukunt noch verändern? Diese Forschungsfragen werden auf der Basis der TREE-Daten (Transitionen von der Erstausbildung ins Erwerbsleben) analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieses Beitrags zeigen, dass viele 26-Jährige den elterlichen Status bereits erreicht haben, in Zukunt aber noch mit einem weiteren Statusanstieg rechnen. Askriptive Merkmale wie Geschlecht, soziale Herkunt und Migrationshintergrund sowie der auf Sekundarstufe I besuchte Schultyp haben unter sonst vergleichbaren Bedingungen über den ganzen Bildungsverlauf hinweg einen bedeutsamen Einluss auf den berulichen Status. Dies deutet einerseits auf eine vergleichsweise hohe Status-“Vererblichkeit“ zwischen den Generationen hin, andererseits auf erhebliche Verletzungen des meritokratischen Prinzips, wonach für den Bildungserfolg und die erreichte Position in der Gesellschat vor allem die individuelle Leistung massgeblich sein sollte.