Percepción de los trabajadores acerca de la seguridad en el trabajo en una empresa del sector de gas natural en Casanare

Introducción: La percepción puede ser considerada principalmente como un grupo de procesos internos en las personas que genera en los observadores una representación mental del entorno. Percibir es adelantarse al suceso, a lo que puede llegar a suceder, determinando lo que puede ser un peligro a nuestra seguridad y salud. Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la percepción de los trabajadores acerca de la seguridad en el trabajo en áreas de procesos automatizados y mecánicas en una empresa del sector de gas natural en el departamento de Casanare, Colombia 2016. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de corte transversal en 50 trabajadores de una empresa del sector de gas natural en Casanare. Se uttilizó el Cuestionario nórdico NOSACQ-50-Spanish, instrumento validado para evaluar la percepción acerca de la seguridad y salud en el lugar de trabajo. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, laborales y las relacionadas con la percepción de la seguridad en el lugar del trabajo. Para el análsiis estadistico se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. El estudio de la percepción de seguridad tuvo como puntos de corte: < 2,5 mala percepción y > 2,5 buena percepción. Se emplearon pruebas de asociación X2 o test exacto de Fisher (valores esperados <5) y medidas de asociación OR con sus intervalos de confianza del 95% y se usaron modelos de regresión lineal. Resultados: El total de trabajadores fue de 50 personas, el 76% correspondió al sexo masculino y la mayor distribución se presentó en áreas mecánicas con 52% frente al 48% que se encontró en áreas automatizadas. Se halló asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables sociodemográficas área/sexo (Pr = 0,016), indicando que a los trabajadores de sexo femenino se les ubican en el área mecánica mientras que los de sexo masculino, laboran en todas las áreas sin darle relevancia al género. También se encontró asociación con las variables área/año de nacimiento (Pr =0.022), indicando que en el área automatizada se dejan profesionales con promedio de edad de 32 años, por el tipo de requisitos en competencias que exigen para ejecutar las labores. Para las demás variables ocupacionales que evaluaron la percepción de seguridad frente al trabajo, no se encontró asociación significativa. Conclusión: Los resultados permiten realizar acciones en pro de mejorar la percepción de los trabajadores dentro de la organización. Se podrán desarrollar programas de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, que respondan de manera efectiva a los peligros laborales detectados.

Análise da resistência à fadiga de tubos de aço API 5CT N80 Tipo Q soldados via processo de indução magnética de alta frequência (HFIW)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Projeto e dimensionamento da tampa de ventilação de um motor elétrico

Nos dias de hoje a indústria tenta tornar-se cada vez mais competitiva baixando os custos de produção e aumentando a eficiência do produto. O presente trabalho visa desenvolver uma tampa de ventilação de um motor elétrico mais competitiva mas que cumpra com o desempenho mecânico e eficiência solicitados. Para tal, começou-se por analisar alguns motores elétricos e as suas aplicações. Seguidamente apresentam-se conceitos sobre aerodinâmica e processos de fabrico que permitem apoiar as opções tomadas ao longo do estudo. Após o fundamento teórico é apresentado todo o processo de desenvolvimento de uma nova peça. Recorrendo a softwares como o solidworks e Ansys, realizou-se uma análise analítica que permitiu validar as alterações propostas na tampa de ventilação. Foram, ainda, realizadas análises experimentais com o intuito de consolidar os resultados obtidos analiticamente e garantir que o componente cumpria os requisitos impostos por organizações internacionais ligadas à indústria do oil and gas. A primeira das análises experimentais realizada testa a capacidade do material resistir ao impacto de componentes de pequenas dimensões. Esta analise permitiu garantir a utilização da tampa de ventilação em todas as áreas sem limites de normalização. A segunda permite analisar experimentalmente as alterações de design assim como testar alguns trabalhos futuros. Esta análise permitiu definir se no novo projeto da tampa desenvolvido deveria comtemplar uma alteração do diâmetro da entrada de ar da tampa de ventilação. Como resultados aparecem as decisões tomadas na presente tese, assim como analisar as metas que foram atingidas e que melhorias se pretende atingir de futuro tentando visar novas metas. Os resultados obtidos permitiram definir uma nova tampa de ventilação com a nova que irá beneficiar a empresa na sua competitividade no mercado mantendo a performance do motor.

Los retos del regulador en la consolidación del proceso de liberlización del sector eléctrico

La conexión entre energía e industrialización es un hecho universal y bien documentado desde hace más de dos siglos, cuando la máquina de vapor que permitió convertir la energía calorífica del carbón en energía mecánica supuso un gran avance histórico. En este sentido, el rasgo dominante de todo el siglo xx ha sido un intenso crecimiento de la demanda de energía, especialmente acusado en las décadas posteriores a la segunda guerra mundial, asociado al proceso de intenso crecimiento económico.

Computational and Experimental Analysis of Flow Field in the Diffusers of Centrifugal Compressors

Centrifugal compressors are widely used for example in process industry, oil and gas industry, in small gas turbines and turbochargers. In order to achieve lower consumption of energy and operation costs the efficiency of the compressor needs to be improve. In the present work different pinches and low solidity vaned diffusers were utilized in order to improve the efficiency of a medium size centrifugal compressor. In this study, pinch means the decrement of the diffuser flow passage height. First different geometries were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. The flow solver Finflo was used to solve the flow field. Finflo is a Navier-Stokes solver. The solver is capable to solve compressible, incompressible, steady and unsteady flow fields. Chien's k-e turbulence model was used. One of the numerically investigated pinched diffuser and one low solidity vaned diffuser were studied experimentally. The overall performance of the compressor and the static pressure distribution before and after the diffuser were measured. The flow entering and leaving the diffuser was measured using a three-hole Cobra-probe and Kiel-probes. The pinch and the low solidity vaned diffuser increased the efficiency of the compressor. Highest isentropic efficiency increment obtained was 3\% of the design isentropic efficiency of the original geometry. It was noticed in the numerical results that the pinch made to the hub and the shroud wall was most beneficial to the operation of the compressor. Also the pinch made to the hub was better than the pinchmade to the shroud. The pinch did not affect the operation range of the compressor, but the low solidity vaned diffuser slightly decreased the operation range.The unsteady phenomena in the vaneless diffuser were studied experimentally andnumerically. The unsteady static pressure was measured at the diffuser inlet and outlet, and time-accurate numerical simulation was conducted. The unsteady static pressure showed that most of the pressure variations lay at the passing frequency of every second blade. The pressure variations did not vanish in the diffuser and were visible at the diffuser outlet. However, the amplitude of the pressure variations decreased in the diffuser. The time-accurate calculations showed quite a good agreement with the measured data. Agreement was very good at the design operation point, even though the computational grid was not dense enough inthe volute and in the exit cone. The time-accurate calculation over-predicted the amplitude of the pressure variations at high flow.

El suministro de último recurso en los mercados energéticos liberalizados

Como en otros países europeos, la implementación en España de la figura del suministrador de último recurso en los sectores energéticos se encuentra en una fase inicial (en el gas, desde el 1 de julio de 2008) o aún en fase de definición (en la electricidad, a partir del 1 de julio de 2009). El diseño de este suministro de último recurso y de la correspondiente tarifa (TUR) constituye un reto complejo y de gran trascenden¬cia para unos sistemas que deben evolu-cionar desde mercados minoristas histó¬ricamente dominados por tarifas integra¬les a otros competitivos. Este artículo, además de describir lo que se está ha¬ciendo en Europa y en España, presenta algunas reflexiones generales sobre las principales cuestiones asociadas a la conciliación de la competencia y el suministro de último recurso

Venäläisten yritysten kansainvälistyminen

Tämän kandidaatintyön tavoitteena on selvittää ja analysoida venäläisten yritysten kansainvälistymistä investointien näkökulmasta. Aihetta tutkittiin Venäjältä ulospäin suuntautuneiden investointien valossa. Kansainvälistymistä analysoitiin konkreettisten yritysesimerkkien kautta. Työssä käytettiin lähteinä aikaisempia aiheesta tehtyjä tutkimuksia sekä esimerkkeinä olevien yritysten internetsivuja. Venäläisten yritysten kansainvälistyminen alkoi toden teolla vasta Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen jälkeen. Käytännössä yritysten kansainvälistyminen on lähtenyt kasvuun vasta 2000-luvulla. Viime vuosien aikana Venäjä on ollut yksi suurimmista ulospäin investoijista nousevien markkinatalouksien joukossa. Suurimmat Venäjältä ulospäin investoijat toimivat öljy- ja kaasuteollisuudessa sekä metalli- ja kaivosteollisuudessa. Kyseiset teollisuudenalat ovat riippuvaisia raaka-aineiden maailmanmarkkinahinnoista. Vuoden 2008 lopulla alkanut talouskriisi on alentanut raaka-aineiden hintoja ja näin vaikuttanut yritysten toimintaan. Yritykset ovat joutuneet talousvaikeuksiin, joka on vaikuttanut myös niiden investointeihin ulkomaille. Tällä hetkellä Venäjä on riippuvainen luonnonvaroihin perustuvista teollisuudenaloista, mutta tulevaisuudessa uusilla yrityksillä on mahdollisuuksia nousta kansainvälisien yritysten joukkoon. Raaka-aineiden hintojen kääntyessä jälleen nousuun myös luonnonvaroihin perustuvat yritykset tulevat nousemaan ahdingosta ja jatkamaan kansainvälistymistä.

Performance Improvement of Centrifugal Compressor Stage with Pinched Geometry or Vaned Diffuser

Centrifugal compressors are widely used for example in refrigeration processes, the oil and gas industry, superchargers, and waste water treatment. In this work, five different vaneless diffusers and six different vaned diffusers are investigated numerically. The vaneless diffusers vary only by their diffuser width, so that four of the geometries have pinch implemented to them. Pinch means a decrease in the diffuser width. Four of the vaned diffusers have the same vane turning angle and a different number of vanes, and two have different vane turning angles. The flow solver used to solve the flow fields is Finflo, which is a Navier-Stokes solver. All the cases are modeled with the Chien's k – έ- turbulence model, and selected cases are modeled also with the k – ώ-SST turbulence model. All five vaneless diffusers and three vaned diffusers are investigated also experimentally. For each construction, the compressor operating map is measured according to relevant standards. In addition to this, the flow fields before and after the diffuser are measured with static and total pressure, flow angle and total temperature measurements. When comparing the computational results to the measured results, it is evident that the k – ώ-SST turbulence model predicts the flow fields better. The simulation results indicate that it is possible to improve the efficiency with the pinch, and according to the numerical results, the two best geometries are the ones with most pinch at the shroud. These geometries have approximately 4 percentage points higher efficiency than the unpinched vaneless diffusers. The hub pinch does not seem to have any major benefits. In general, the pinches make the flow fields before and after the diffuser more uniform. The pinch also seems to improve the impeller efficiency. This is down to two reasons. The major reason is that the pinch decreases the size of slow flow and possible backflow region located near the shroud after the impeller. Secondly, the pinches decrease the flow velocity in the tip clearance, leading to a smaller tip leakage flow and therefore slightly better impeller efficiency. Also some of the vaned diffusers improve the efficiency, the increment being 1...3 percentage points, when compared to the vaneless unpinched geometry. The measurement results confirm that the pinch is beneficial to the performance of the compressor. The flow fields are more uniform with the pinched cases, and the slow flow regions are smaller. The peak efficiency is approximately 2 percentage points and the design point efficiency approximately 4 percentage points higher with the pinched geometries than with the un- pinched geometry. According to the measurements, the two best geometries are the ones with the most pinch at the shroud, the case with the pinch only at the shroud being slightly better of the two. The vaned diffusers also have better efficiency than the vaneless unpinched geometries. However, the pinched cases have even better efficiencies. The vaned diffusers narrow the operating range considerably, whilst the pinch has no significant effect on the operating range.

Advanced orbital pipe welding

Since the introduction of automatic orbital welding in pipeline application in 1961, significant improvements have been obtained in orbital pipe welding systems. Requirement of more productive welding systems for pipeline application forces manufacturers to innovate new advanced systems and welding processes for orbital welding method. Various methods have been used to make welding process adaptive, such as visual sensing, passive visual sensing, real-time intelligent control, scan welding technique, multi laser vision sensor, thermal scanning, adaptive image processing, neural network model, machine vision, and optical sensing. Numerous studies are reviewed and discussed in this Master’s thesis and based on a wide range of experiments which already have been accomplished by different researches the vision sensor are reported to be the best choice for adaptive orbital pipe welding system. Also, in this study the most welding processes as well as the most pipe variations welded by orbital welding systems mainly for oil and gas pipeline applications are explained. The welding results show that Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and its variants like Surface Tension Transfer (STT) and modified short circuit are the most preferred processes in the welding of root pass and can be replaced to the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) in many applications. Furthermore, dual-tandem gas metal arc welding technique is currently considered the most efficient method in the welding of fill pass. Orbital GTAW process mostly is applied for applications ranging from single run welding of thin walled stainless tubes to multi run welding of thick walled pipes. Flux cored arc welding process is faster process with higher deposition rate and recently this process is getting more popular in pipe welding applications. Also, combination of gas metal arc welding and Nd:YAG laser has shown acceptable results in girth welding of land pipelines for oil and gas industry. This Master’s thesis can be implemented as a guideline in welding of pipes and tubes to achieve higher quality and efficiency. Also, this research can be used as a base material for future investigations to supplement present finding.

Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Lower Silurian Grimsby formation, in subsurface, Lake Erie and Southwestern Ontario

Since the first offshore Lake Erie well was drilled in 1941, the Grimsby and Thorold formations of the Cataract Group have been economically important to the oil and gas industry of Ontario. The Cataract Group provides a significant amount of Ontario's gas production primarily from wells located on Lake Erie. The Grimsby - Thorold formations are the result of nearshore estuarine processes influenced by tides on a prograding shelf and are composed of subtidal channel complexes, discrete tidal channels, mud flats and non-marine deposits. Deposition was related to a regressive - transgressive cycle associated with eustatic sea level changes caused by the melting and resurgence of continental glaciation centred in Africa in the Late Ordovician/Early Silurian. Grimsby deposition began during a regression with the deposition of subtidal channel complexes incised into the marine deposits of the Cabot Head Formation. The presence of mud drapes and mud couplets suggest that these deposits were influenced by tides. These deposits dominate the lower half of the Grimsby. Deposition continued with a change from these subtidal channel complexes to laterally migrating, discrete, shallow tidal channels and mud flats. These were in turn overlain by the non-marine deposits of the Thorold Formation. Grimsby - Thorold deposition ended with a major transgression replacing siliciclastic deposition with primarily carbonate deposition. Sediment was sourced from the east and southeast and associated with a continuation of the Taconic Orogeny into the Early Silurian. The fluvial head of the estuary prograded from a shoreline that was located in western New York and western Pennsylvania running NNE-SSW and then turning NW-SE and paralleling the present day Lake Erie shoreline. iii The facies attributed to the Grimsby - Thorold formations can be ascribed to the three zones within the tripartite zonation suggested by Dalrymple et ale (1992) for estuaries, that is, a marine-dominated facies, a mixed energy facies, and a facies that is dominated by fluvial processes. Also, sediments within the Grimsby - Thorold are commonly fining upwards sequences which are common in estuarine settings whereas deltaic deposits are normally composed of coarsening upwards sequences in a vertical wedge shape with coarser material near the head. The only coarsening observed was in the Thorold Formation and attributed to non-marine deposition by palynological evidence. The presence of a lag deposit at the base of the sediments of the Grimsby Thorold formations suggests that they were incised into the Cabot Head Formation. Further, the thickness of Early Silurian sediments located between the top of the Queenston Formation, where Early Silurian sedimentation began, to the top of the Reynales - Irondequoit formation are constant whether the Grimsby - Thorold formations are present or not. Also, cross-sections using a sand body located in the Cabot Head Formation for correlation further imply that the Grimsby Formation has been incised into the previous deposits of the Cabot Head.

Análisis del sistema de gestión ambiental de Occidental de Colombia Inc

El sector de Energía y Gas, del cuál hace parte Occidental de Colombia, ha sido uno de los pioneros en el desarrollo de Sistemas de Gestión Ambiental propios en nuestro país, mediante los cuales cumplen con la legislación ambiental

Natural resources, redistribution and Human capital formation

How do resource booms affect human capital accumulation? We exploit time and spatial variation generated by the commodity boom across local governments in Peru to measure the effect of natural resources on human capital formation. We explore the effect of both mining production and tax revenues on test scores, finding a substantial and statistically significant effect for the latter. Transfers to local governments from mining tax revenues are linked to an increase in math test scores of around 0.23 standard deviations. We find that the hiring of permanent teachers as well as the increases in parental employment and improvements in health outcomes of adults and children are plausible mechanisms for such large effect on learning. These findings suggest that redistributive policies could facilitate the accumulation of human capital in resource abundant developing countries as a way to avoid the natural resources curse.

Framing fracking: which frames are heard in English planning and environmental policy and practice?

Fracking in England has been the subject of significant controversy and has sparked not only public protest but also an associated framing war with differing social constructions of the technology adopted by different sides. This article explores the frames and counter-frames which have been employed by both the anti-fracking movement and by government and the oil and gas industry. It then considers the way in which the English planning and regulatory permitting systems have provided space for these frames within the relevant machinery for public participation. The article thus enables one to see which frames have been allowed a voice and which have been excluded.

Aspectos sócio-econômicos dos códigos de conduta de responsabilidade social (CRS) do setor de gás e petróleo

A presença de uma empresa internacionalmente significa também a disseminação mundial de seu Código de Conduta de Responsabilidade Social (Código de CRS). É portanto necessário um certo controle do conteúdo desses Códigos. As regras e padrões internacionais podem desempenhar este papel. O setor de gás e petróleo causa grande impacto nas comunidades em que as empresas exercem suas atividades. O mesmo se pode afirmar em relação aos seus Códigos de CRS. Este estudo examina, então, duas vertentes distintas mas convergentes. De um lado, o estudo comparativo de como os Códigos de CRS das empresas do setor de gás e petróleo tratam dos aspectos sócio-econômicos. De outro, examina-se a conformidade ou falta de conformidade dos Códigos de CRS com os tratados, convenções, normas e padrões internacionais. Estratégias podem então ser propostas ao setor de gás e petróleo, para a melhoria dos padrões sócio-econômicos de seus Códigos de CRS. Com isso atende-se às necessidades das comunidades envolvidas e, também, cria-se valor para as empresas do setor de gás e petróleo.

Aspectos sociais: códigos de conduta do setor de gás e petróleo

A presença de uma empresa internacionalmente significa também a disseminação mundial de seu Código de Conduta de Responsabilidade Social (Código de CRS). É portanto necessário um certo controle do conteúdo desses Códigos. As regras e padrões internacionais podem desempenhar este papel. O setor de gás e petróleo causa grande impacto nas comunidades em que as empresas exercem suas atividades. O mesmo se pode afirmar em relação aos seus Códigos de CRS. Este estudo examina, então, duas vertentes distintas mas convergentes. De um lado, o estudo comparativo de como os Códigos de CRS das empresas do setor de gás e petróleo tratam dos aspectos sociais. De outro, examina-se a conformidade ou falta de conformidade dos Códigos de CRS com os tratados, convenções, normas e padrões internacionais. Estratégias podem então ser propostas ao setor de gás e petróleo, para a melhoria dos padrões sociais de seus Códigos de CRS. Com isso atende-se às necessidades das comunidades envolvidas e, também, cria-se valor para as empresas do setor de gás e petróleo.