975 resultados para F51 - International Conflicts
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In a real world multiagent system, where the agents are faced with partial, incomplete and intrinsically dynamic knowledge, conflicts are inevitable. Frequently, different agents have goals or beliefs that cannot hold simultaneously. Conflict resolution methodologies have to be adopted to overcome such undesirable occurrences. In this paper we investigate the application of distributed belief revision techniques as the support for conflict resolution in the analysis of the validity of the candidate beams to be produced in the CERN particle accelerators. This CERN multiagent system contains a higher hierarchy agent, the Specialist agent, which makes use of meta-knowledge (on how the con- flicting beliefs have been produced by the other agents) in order to detect which beliefs should be abandoned. Upon solving a conflict, the Specialist instructs the involved agents to revise their beliefs accordingly. Conflicts in the problem domain are mapped into conflicting beliefs of the distributed belief revision system, where they can be handled by proven formal methods. This technique builds on well established concepts and combines them in a new way to solve important problems. We find this approach generally applicable in several domains.
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"Mmoire prsent la Facult des tudes suprieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Matrise en Droit (LL.M.)"
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Avec le dveloppement exponentiel de l'Internet et son corollaire l'expansion du commerce en ligne, le sort de la protection du cyberconsommateur devient un sujet proccupant en ce 21ime sicle. En effet, dans ce monde virtuel o l'on emploie des mthodes et technologies nouvelles et plus encore des clauses abusives dans les contrats unilatraux, s'installe indubitablement un sentiment de mfiance entre le cyberconsommateur et le cybercommerant. Pour rtablir cette confiance et favoriser le commerce par Internet, des lois nationales, internationales et des normes communautaires ont t adoptes aux fins de l'encadrement rigoureux du processus contractuel. Toutefois, en raison de la prsence frquente d'lments d'extranit dans les contrats de consommation en ligne, la question fondamentale qui vient tout naturellement l'esprit de tous ceux qui entreprennent des tudes aujourd'hui, en la matire, est celle de savoir si les rgles classiques de droit international priv sont dpasses par le dveloppement trop rapide de ce type de commerce ou si au contraire elles y sont adaptes. On pourrait en outre se demander si l'encadrement juridique offert au cyberconsommateur est mme de lui procurer le mme niveau de protection dont il bnficie dans le commerce traditionnel. La prsente tude tente d'apporter certains lments de rponse en analysant dans un premier temps, le droit substantiel interne de protection du consommateur dans les systmes juridiques europen, franais, canadien et qubcois en vu de scruter des zones de conflits susceptibles d'exister dans le cycle de vie de ce contrat. Dans la seconde partie, elle dmontre que les mthodes classiques de rsolution des conflits de juridiction et des conflits de lois en droit international priv, bien que ncessitant des adaptations, sont effectivement applicables au contexte de l'internet et ce, dans l'objectif privilgi de la protection du cyberconsommateur. Le bilan de l'analyse et de l'apprciation des critres de ces rgles de conflits nous conduiront l'examen des nouvelles mesures qui s'imposent.
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Ce mmoire porte sur la responsabilit pnale des entreprises canadiennes pour des crimes internationaux commis en partie ou entirement ltranger. Dans la premire partie, nous montrons que les premiers dveloppements sur la reconnaissance de la responsabilit criminelle dentits collectives devant les tribunaux militaires tablis aprs la deuxime guerre mondiale nont pas t retenus par les tribunaux ad hoc des Nations Unies et par la Cour pnale internationale. En effet, la comptence personnelle de ces tribunaux permet uniquement de contraindre des personnes physiques pour des crimes internationaux. Dans la deuxime partie, nous offrons des exemples concrets illustrant que des entreprises canadiennes ont jou dans le pass et peuvent jouer un rle criminel de soutien lors de guerres civiles et de conflits arms au cours desquels se commettent des crimes internationaux. Nous montrons que le droit pnal canadien permet dattribuer une responsabilit criminelle une organisation (compagnie ou groupe non incorpor) pour des crimes de droit commun commis au Canada, comme auteur rel ou comme complice. Nous soutenons quil est galement possible de poursuivre des entreprises canadiennes devant les tribunaux canadiens pour des crimes internationaux commis lextrieur du Canada, en vertu de la Loi canadienne sur les crimes contre lhumanit et les crimes de guerre, du principe de la comptence universelle et des rgles de droit commun. Bref, le Canada est dot dinstruments juridiques et judiciaires pour poursuivre des entreprises souponnes de crimes internationaux commis ltranger et peut ainsi mettre un terme leur tat indsirable dimpunit.
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Cette recherche aborde un sujet complexe, qui est en plein dbat doctrinal en droit de l'arbitrage international: L'arbitrage commercial international et les garanties procdurales. Au fait, l'arbitrage commercial international revt le mode traditionnel des rglements de litiges du commerce international et des relations conomiques internationales. cause de l'hybridit de sa nature (contractuelle et juridictionnelle), il est le plus souvent prfr par les parties aux tribunaux tatiques. Cette faveur vis--vis de ce mode de rglements de litiges internationaux s'explique par le dveloppement de l'conomie internationale, par la globalisation du march, par la conclusion de nombreuses conventions internationales en la matire, par la cration des centres d'arbitrage, enfin par la modernisation des lois et rglements nationaux. En revanche, il est constat que l'arbitrage souffre d'un dficit de prvisibilit et de certitudes pour les acteurs du commerce international. Que l'on songe seulement la multiplication des rattachements lgislatifs et des contrles judiciaires: conflits de lois, conflits entre les rgles de conflits, etc. Nous avons dmontr que la solution aux difficults de la mthode conflictualiste serait l'harmonisation de la procdure arbitrale internationale et que ce mode de rglement de diffrends dbouche de plus en plus sur le rapprochement entre traditions juridiques diffrentes (Common Law et droit civil).Toutefois, ce mouvement de convergence est loin d'tre achev. Beaucoup d'autres pratiques arbitrales continuent de garder l'empreinte de la diversit des procdures tatiques et celle des grands systmes juridiques mondiaux.
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Depuis des annes, le Kenya avait donn limpression dtre un pays relativement stable dans la rgion dAfrique sub-saharienne, rgulirement secoue par les conflits, et un centre autour duquel la communaut internationale coordonne ses missions vers certains pays dAfrique comme ceux faisant partie de la Rgion des Grandes Lacs (Burundi, Rwanda, Ouganda, Rpublique dmocratique du Congo, Kenya et Tanzanie) et ceux de la Corne de lAfrique (Kenya, Somalie, thiopie, Djibouti et Ouganda). Toutefois, les lections prsidentielles trs contestes en 2007 et les conflits qui se sont enchans ont entrain de nombreuses proccupations en ce qui concerne la stabilit du Kenya lre de linscurit globale. Alors que le rtablissement de la paix continue, la coexistence entre groupes est toujours dlicate car le Kenya compte au moins quarante-deux ethnies qui sont toutes distinctes les unes par rapport aux autres. Par ailleurs, louverture dune enqute judiciaire, par la Cour Pnale Internationale (CPI), contre quatre des six personnes prsumes tre les principaux auteurs des violences postlectorales de 2007/08, sajoute aux problmes lis la coexistence pacifique entre les diffrents groupes avant les prochaines lections. Cette thse examine les politiques relatives laccommodation des diffrents groupes travers les radios vernaculaires et comment ces politiques ont influenc les relations entre les groupes lors des conflits de 2007/08 au Kenya. Partant du constat quun conflit est un processus communicatif, elle intgre le concept dencadrement mdiatique la thorie de Protracted Social Conflict (PSC) dfinie par Azar (1990) pour tracer non seulement les changements dans les discours dencadrement de ces conflits, mais aussi pour illustrer les mutations des attitudes lgard des relations entre groupes survenues avant, durant et aprs ces conflits. Cette tude emploie principalement les mthodes qualitatives pour rassembler les donnes issues des trois rgions au Kenya qui sont ethniquement et linguistiquement divergentes: Nyeri (la majorit Kikuyu), Kisumu (la majorit Luo) et Eldoret (la majorit Kalenjin). Largument central de cette thse est que lencadrement des relations entre groupes, notamment lors des conflits, est soit diffrenci soit concert dpendamment du stade auquel le conflit se manifeste. Alors que dans lencadrement diffrenci, les discours mdiatiques sont articuls de faon ce que ceux-ci soient susceptibles dentrainer une polarisation entre groupes, lencadrement concert dcrit les discours mdiatiques ngocis de manire ce que ceux-ci refltent les valeurs partages au travers des diffrents groupes, et donc sont susceptibles dengendrer une coopration entre groupes. Jargumente que les changements dans le discours des radios vernaculaires prennent effet lorsque de nouveaux lments sont ajouts aux discours caractrisant un conflit dj existant, et les nouveaux significations que ces lments apportent la comprhension du conflit en question. Jargumente galement que le changement du lencadrement diffrentie lencadrement concert (et vice-versa) dpende du degr de rsonance de ces discours avec la population cible. De faon gnrale, cette tude suggre que le langage de diffusion et la proximit culturelle induisent lencadrement entre groupes travers les radios vernaculaires au Kenya. La force de cette thse se trouve donc dans les perspectives analytiques quelle propose pour localiser les discours changeants lors des conflits, plus particulirement dans les tats multiethniques o les politiques daccommodation entre les diffrents groupes demeurent toujours fragiles et conditionnelles.
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India is a signatory to the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights 1948 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political 1966, the two major International instruments, building the foundations of the major democracies and the constitutions of the world. Both these instruments give an independent and upper position to right to privacy compared to right to freedom of speech and expression. The freedom of press finds its place under this right to freedom of speech and expression. Both these rights are the two opposite faces of the same coin. Therefore, without the right of privacy finding an equal place in Indian law compared to right to freedom of speech and expression, the working of democracy would be severely handicapped and violations against citizens rights will be on the rise It was this problem in law and need to bring a balance between these two conflicting rights that induced me to undertake this venture. This heavy burden to bring in a mechanism to balance these two rights culminated in me to undertake this thesis titled Right to Privacy and Freedom of Press Conflicts and Challenges
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La Participacin de las Empresas Militares Executive Outcomes y Sandline International en el conflicto de Sierra Leona fue una de las primeras veces en las que se vieron en escena a estos actores confluyendo en un nuevo orden internacional; y este estudio de caso busca determinar la manera de actuar de estas empresas y su incidencia en el conflicto. El caso de Sierra Leona es uno de los principales acercamientos a este nuevo fenmeno, que empez a ejercer funciones que tradicionalmente le correspondan a los Estados y que han llevado a una privatizacin de la seguridad. Por medio de este estudio de caso se busca tambin determinar cules son las falencias y los retos que acarrean a las Empresas Militares Privadas en cuanto a su intervencin en los conflictos internos. El caso de Sierra Leona es fundamental en tanto fue uno de los conflictos ms intensos desarrollados en frica en la dcada de los 90; y fue el momento en el cual las Empresas Militares Privadas empezaron a estar en la mira internacional a causa de estas intervenciones que generaron tanto crticas negativas como positivas.
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This book is highly topical considering the recent resurgence of violence by the PKK, the incursions into Northern Iraq by the Turkish army and security forces and Turkeys EU accession negotiations. Turkey has become an increasingly important player in Middle Eastern geopolitics. More than two decades of serious conflict in Turkey are proving to be a barrier to improved relations between Turkey and the EU. This book is the first study to address fully the legal and political dimensions of the conflict, and their impact on mechanisms for conflict resolution in the region, offering a scholarly exploration of a debate that is often politically and emotionally highly charged. Kerim Yildiz and Susan Breau look at the practical application of the law of armed conflicts to the ongoing situation in Turkey and Northern Iraq. The application of the law in this region also means addressing larger questions in international law, global politics and conflict resolution. Examples include belligerency in international law, whether the war on terror has resulted in changes to the law of armed conflict and terrorism and conflict resolution. The Kurdish Conflict explores the practical possibilities of conflict resolution in the region, examining the political dynamics of the region, and suggesting where lessons can be drawn from other peace processes, such as in Northern Ireland. This book will be of great value to policy-makers, regional experts, and others interested in international humanitarian law and conflict resolution.
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In this paper, we consider one particularly interesting feature of the Lieber Code, which is the fact that it was drawn up by the U.S. Government to regulate the conduct of its armed forces in a civil war. In so doing, we hope to explore the extent to which there may be links between the Lieber Code and the contemporary regulation of non-international armed conflicts. In particular, we explore some similarities and contrasts between the views on the regulation of civil war that existed at the time of the drafting of the Lieber Code and the position that exists today.
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My thesis uses legal arguments to demonstrate a requirement for recognition of same-sex marriages and registered partnerships between EU Member States. I draw on the US experience, where arguments for recognition of marriages void in some states previously arose in relation to interracial marriages. I show how there the issue of recognition today depends on conflicts of law and its interface with US constitutional freedoms against discrimination. I introduce the themes of the importance of domicile, the role of the public policy exception, vested rights, and relevant US constitutional freedoms. Recognition in the EU also depends on managing the tension between private international law and freedoms guaranteed by higher norms, in this case the EU Treaties and the European Convention on Human Rights. I set out the inconsistencies between various private international law systems and the problems this creates. Other difficulties are caused by the use of nationality as a connecting factor to determine personal capacity, and the overuse of the public policy exception. I argue that EU Law can constrain the use of conflicts law or public policy by any Member State where these are used to deny effect to same-sex unions validly formed elsewhere. I address the fact that family law falls only partly within Union competence, that existing EU Directives have had limited success at achieving full equality and that powers to implement new measures have not been used to their full potential. However, Treaty provisions outlawing discrimination on grounds of nationality can be interpreted so as to require recognition in many cases. Treaty citizenship rights can also be interpreted favourably to mandate recognition, once private international law is itself recognised as an obstacle to free movement. Finally, evolving interpretations of the European Convention on Human Rights may also support claims for cross-border recognition of existing relationships.
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Laws of war have been carefully defined by individual nations own codes of law as well as by supranational bodies. Yet the international scene has seen an increasing movement away from traditionally declared war toward multinational peacekeeping missions geared at containing local conflicts when perceived as potential threats to their respective regions political stability. While individual nations laws governing warfare presuppose national sovereignty, the multinational nature of peacekeeping scenarios can blur the lines of command structures, soldiers national loyalties, occupational jurisdiction, and raise profound questions as to which countries moral sense/governmental system is to be the one upheld. Historically increasingly complex international relations have driven increasingly detailed internationally drafted guidelines for countries interactions while at war, yet there are operational, legislative, and moral issues arising in multinational peacekeeping situations which these laws do not address at all. The author analyzes three unique peacekeeping operations in light of these legislative voids and suggests systematic points to consider to the end of protecting the peacekeepers, the national interests of the countries involved, operational matters, and clearly delineating both the objective and logical boundaries of a given multinational peacekeeping mission.
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The present work tries to display a comprehensive and comparative study of the different legal and regulatory problems involved in international securitization transactions. First, an introduction to securitization is provided, with the basic elements of the transaction, followed by the different varieties of it, including dynamic securitization and synthetic securitization structures. Together with this introduction to the intricacies of the structure, a insight into the influence of securitization in the financial and economic crisis of 2007-2009 is provided too; as well as an overview of the process of regulatory competition and cooperation that constitutes the framework for the international aspects of securitization. The next Chapter focuses on the aspects that constitute the foundations of structured finance: the inception of the vehicle, and the transfer of risks associated to the securitized assets, with particular emphasis on the validity of those elements, and how a securitization transaction could be threatened at its root. In this sense, special importance is given to the validity of the trust as an instrument of finance, to the assignment of future receivables or receivables in block, and to the importance of formalities for the validity of corporations, trusts, assignments, etc., and the interaction of such formalities contained in general corporate, trust and assignment law with those contemplated under specific securitization regulations. Then, the next Chapter (III) focuses on creditor protection aspects. As such, we provide some insights on the debate on the capital structure of the firm, and its inadequacy to assess the financial soundness problems inherent to securitization. Then, we proceed to analyze the importance of rules on creditor protection in the context of securitization. The corollary is in the rules in case of insolvency. In this sense, we divide the cases where a party involved in the transaction goes bankrupt, from those where the transaction itself collapses. Finally, we focus on the scenario where a substance over form analysis may compromise some of the elements of the structure (notably the limited liability of the sponsor, and/or the transfer of assets) by means of veil piercing, substantive consolidation, or recharacterization theories. Once these elements have been covered, the next Chapters focus on the regulatory aspects involved in the transaction. Chapter IV is more referred to market regulations, i.e. those concerned with information disclosure and other rules (appointment of the indenture trustee, and elaboration of a rating by a rating agency) concerning the offering of asset-backed securities to the public. Chapter V, on the other hand, focuses on prudential regulation of the entity entrusted with securitizing assets (the so-called Special Purpose vehicle), and other entities involved in the process. Regarding the SPV, a reference is made to licensing requirements, restriction of activities and governance structures to prevent abuses. Regarding the sponsor of the transaction, a focus is made on provisions on sound originating practices, and the servicing function. Finally, we study accounting and banking regulations, including the Basel I and Basel II Frameworks, which determine the consolidation of the SPV, and the de-recognition of the securitized asset from the originating companys balance-sheet, as well as the posterior treatment of those assets, in particular by banks. Chapters VI-IX are concerned with liability matters. Chapter VI is an introduction to the different sources of liability. Chapter VII focuses on the liability by the SPV and its management for the information supplied to investors, the management of the asset pool, and the breach of loyalty (or fiduciary) duties. Chapter VIII rather refers to the liability of the originator as a result of such information and statements, but also as a result of inadequate and reckless originating or servicing practices. Chapter IX finally focuses on third parties entrusted with the soundness of the transaction towards the market, the so-called gatekeepers. In this respect, we make special emphasis on the liability of indenture trustees, underwriters and rating agencies. Chapters X and XI focus on the international aspects of securitization. Chapter X contains a conflicts of laws analysis of the different aspects of structured finance. In this respect, a study is made of the laws applicable to the vehicle, to the transfer of risks (either by assignment or by means of derivatives contracts), to liability issues; and a study is also made of the competent jurisdiction (and applicable law) in bankruptcy cases; as well as in cases where a substance-over-form is performed. Then, special attention is also devoted to the role of financial and securities regulations; as well as to their territorial limits, and extraterritoriality problems involved. Chapter XI supplements the prior Chapter, for it analyzes the limits to the States exercise of regulatory power by the personal and market freedoms included in the US Constitution or the EU Treaties. A reference is also made to the (still insufficient) rules from the WTO Framework, and their significance to the States recognition and regulation of securitization transactions.
