Dynamics of sheared inelastic dumbbells

We study the dynamical properties of the homogeneous shear flow of inelastic dumbbells in two dimensions as a first step towards examining the effect of shape on the properties of flowing granular materials. The dumbbells are modelled as smooth fused disks characterized by the ratio of the distance between centres (L) and the disk diameter (D), with an aspect ratio (L/D) varying between 0 and 1 in our simulations. Area fractions studied are in the range 0.1-0.7, while coefficients of normal restitution (e(n)) from 0.99 to 0.7 are considered. The simulations use a modified form of the event-driven methodology for circular disks. The average orientation is characterized by an order parameter S, which varies between 0 (for a perfectly disordered fluid) and 1 (for a fluid with the axes of all dumbbells in the same direction). We investigate power-law fits of S as a function of (L D) and (1 - e(n)(2)) There is a gradual increase in ordering as the area fraction is increased, as the aspect ratio is increased or as the coefficient of restitution is decreased. The order parameter has a maximum value of about 0.5 for the highest area fraction and lowest coefficient of restitution considered here. The mean energy of the velocity fluctuations in the flow direction is higher than that in the gradient direction and the rotational energy, though the difference decreases as the area fraction increases, due to the efficient collisional transfer of energy between the three directions. The distributions of the translational and rotational velocities are Gaussian to a very good approximation. The pressure is found to be remarkably independent of the coefficient of restitution. The pressure and dissipation rate show relatively little variation when scaled by the collision frequency for all the area fractions studied here, indicating that the collision frequency determines the momentum transport and energy dissipation, even at the lowest area fractions studied here. The mean angular velocity of the particles is equal to half the vorticity at low area fractions, but the magnitude systematically decreases to less than half the vorticity as the area fraction is increased, even though the stress tensor is symmetric.

Dense granular flow down an inclined plane A comparison between the hard particle model and soft particle simulations

The granular flow down an inclined plane is simulated using the discrete element (DE) technique to examine the extent to which the dynamics of an unconfined dense granular flow can be well described by a hard particle model First, we examine the average coordination number for the particles in the flow down an inclined plane using the DE technique using the linear contact model with and without friction, and the Hertzian contact model with friction The simulations show that the average coordination number decreases below 1 for values of the spring stiffness corresponding to real materials, such as sand and glass, even when the angle of inclination is only 10 larger than the angle of repose Additional measures of correlations in the system, such as the fraction of particles with multibody contact, the force ratio (average ratio of the magnitudes of the largest and the second largest force on a particle), and the angle between the two largest forces on the particle, show no evidence of force chains or other correlated motions in the system An analysis of the bond-orientational order parameter indicates that the flow is in the random state, as in event-driven (ED) simulations V Kumaran, J Fluid Mech 632, 107 (2009), J Fluid Mech 632, 145 (2009)] The results of the two simulation techniques for the Bagnold coefficients (ratio of stress and square of the strain rate) and the granular temperature (mean square of the fluctuating velocity) are compared with the theory V Kumaran, J Fluid Mech 632, 107 (2009), J Fluid Mech 632, 145 (2009)] and are found to be in quantitative agreement In addition, we also conduct a comparison of the collision frequency and the distribution of the precollisional relative velocities of particles in contact The strong correlation effects exhibited by these two quantities in event-driven simulations V Kumaran, J Fluid Mech 632, 145 (2009)] are also found in the DE simulations (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics doi 10 1063/1 3504660]

Characterization and monitoring of temperature, chlorophyll, and light availability patterns in National Marine Sanctuary waters: final report

This project provides a framework for developing the capabilities of using satellite and related oceanographic and climatological data to improve environmental monitoring and characterization of physical, biological, and water quality parameters in the National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS). The project sought to: 1) assemble satellite imagery datasets in order to extract spatially explicit time series information on temperature, chlorophyll, and light availability for the Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones, and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries. 2) perform preliminary analyses with these data in order to identify seasonal, annual, inter-annual, and event-driven patterns.

事件驱动的BPEL引擎架构设计与实现

WS-BPEL(Web Service Business Process Execution Language，简称BPEL)是Web服务规范族中服务复合层的重要标准。BPEL支持通过对Web服务的编制(Orchestration)来构建业务流程，从而使编程人员能够集中关注业务逻辑。BPEL引擎系统是一个支持BPEL语言描述的业务流程运行的服务器中间件系统，使用BPEL引擎可以执行BPEL语言编写的业务流程。作为一个网络服务器系统，BPEL引擎将不可避免的处理大量的并发请求。如何设计实现BPEL引擎使之能高效的处理并发将是高性能BPEL引擎设计的关键问题。 并发服务器系统通常采用多线程和事件驱动两种并发模型。传统上大多数服务器软件都建立在多线程(或多进程)模型的基础上。但在高负载条件下，过多的线程和线程间的上下文切换会造成系统较大的开销，这些开销是导致系统性能下降的主要原因。事件驱动模型是一种只采用少量固定数量线程的并发模型，一般说来，它的伸缩性更好，并且有更高的处理效率。 本文对高并发服务器系统中所使用的事件驱动模型进行了分析和研究，并且结合BPEL语言规范的特点，提出了事件驱动的BPEL引擎实现技术方案。论文重点研究了BPEL事件结构和有限状态机(Finite State Machine，简称FSM)刻画BPEL流程和活动行为的原理，针对BPEL语言语法特点，构造了完整的BPEL FSM模型，包括了状态空间和基于ECA(Event-Condition-Action)模式的状态转移规则。 在基于事件驱动模型的BPEL引擎架构原理的指导下，我们设计并实现了基于事件驱动模型的OnceBPEL2.0引擎系统。并且，我们对采用多线程模型实现的OnceBPEL1.0系统和采用事件驱动模型实现的OnceBPEL2.0系统进行了性能测试和分析比较。从我们的测试数据和分析结果可以看出，采用事件驱动模型的OnceBPEL2.0系统比采用多线程模型的OnceBPEL1.0有了较大的性能提升。

Measuring the Behavior of a World-Wide Web Server

Server performance has become a crucial issue for improving the overall performance of the World-Wide Web. This paper describes Webmonitor, a tool for evaluating and understanding server performance, and presents new results for a realistic workload. Webmonitor measures activity and resource consumption, both within the kernel and in HTTP processes running in user space. Webmonitor is implemented using an efficient combination of sampling and event-driven techniques that exhibit low overhead. Our initial implementation is for the Apache World-Wide Web server running on the Linux operating system. We demonstrate the utility of Webmonitor by measuring and understanding the performance of a Pentium-based PC acting as a dedicated WWW server. Our workload uses a file size distribution with a heavy tail. This captures the fact that Web servers must concurrently handle some requests for large audio and video files, and a large number of requests for small documents, containing text or images. Our results show that in a Web server saturated by client requests, over 90% of the time spent handling HTTP requests is spent in the kernel. Furthermore, keeping TCP connections open, as required by TCP, causes a factor of 2-9 increase in the elapsed time required to service an HTTP request. Data gathered from Webmonitor provide insight into the causes of this performance penalty. Specifically, we observe a significant increase in resource consumption along three dimensions: the number of HTTP processes running at the same time, CPU utilization, and memory utilization. These results emphasize the important role of operating system and network protocol implementation in determining Web server performance.

Decomposing the mid-holocene Tsuga decline in eastern North America

The mid-Holocene decline of Tsuga canadensis (hereafter Tsuga) populations across eastern North America is widely perceived as a synchronous event, driven by pests/pathogens, rapid climate change, or both. Pattern identification and causal attribution are hampered by low stratigraphic density of pollen-sampling and radiometric dates at most sites, and by absence of highly resolved, paired pollen and paleoclimate records from single sediment cores, where chronological order of climatic and vegetational changes can be assessed. We present an intensely sampled (contiguous 1-cm intervals) record of pollen and water table depth (inferred from testate amoebae) from a single core spanning the Tsuga decline at Irwin Smith Bog in Lower Michigan, with high-precision chronology. We also present an intensively sampled pollen record from Tower Lake in Upper Michigan. Both sites show high-magnitude fluctuations in Tsuga pollen percentages during the pre-decline maximum. The terminal decline is dated at both sites ca. 5000 cal yr BP, some 400 years later than estimates from other sites and data compilations. The terminal Tsuga decline was evidently heterochronous across its range. A transient decline ca. 5350 cal yr BP at both sites may correspond to the terminal decline at other sites in eastern North America. At Irwin Smith Bog, the terminal Tsuga decline preceded an abrupt and persistent decline in water table depths by;200 years, suggesting the decline was not directly driven by abrupt climate change. The Tsuga decline may best be viewed as comprising at least three phases: a long-duration predecline maximum with high-magnitude and high-frequency fluctuations, followed by a terminal decline at individual sites, followed in turn by two millennia of persistently low Tsuga populations. These phases may not be causally linked, and may represent dynamics taking place at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Further progress toward understanding the phenomenon requires an expanded network of high-resolution pollen and paleoclimate chronologies.

Análise de eficiência energética de transportes rodoviários

Projecto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática e de computadores

The infared optical properties of Sr2RuO4 and SmTiO3 including an object-oriented resistivity interface /

The perovskite crystal structure is host to many different materials from insulating to superconducting providing a diverse range of intrinsic character and complexity. A better fundamental description of these materials in terms of their electronic, optical and magnetic properties undoubtedly precedes an effective realization of their application potential. SmTiOa, a distorted perovskite has a strongly localized electronic structure and undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at 50 K in its nominally stoichiometric form. Sr2Ru04 is a layered perovskite superconductor (ie. Tc % 1 K) bearing the same structure as the high-tem|>erature superconductor La2_xSrrCu04. Polarized reflectance measurements were carried out on both of these materials revealing several interesting features in the far-infrared range of the spectrum. In the case of SmTiOa, although insulating, evidence indicates the presence of a finite background optical conductivity. As the temperature is lowered through the ordering temperature a resonance feature appears to narrow and strengthen near 120 cm~^ A nearby phonon mode appears to also couple to this magnetic transition as revealed by a growing asymmetry in the optica] conductivity. Experiments on a doped sample with a greater itinerant character and lower Neel temperature = 40 K also indicate the presence of this strongly temperature dependent mode even at twice the ordering temperature. Although the mode appears to be sensitive to the magnetic transition it is unclear whether a magnon assignment is appropriate. At very least, evidence suggests an interesting interaction between magnetic and electronic excitations. Although Sr2Ru04 is highly anisotropic it is metallic in three-dimensions at low temperatures and reveals its coherent transport in an inter-plane Drude-like component to the highest temperatures measured (ie. 90 K). An extended Drude analysis is used to probe the frequency dependent scattering character revealing a peak in both the mass enhancement and scattering rate near 80 cm~* and 100 cm~* respectively. All of these experimental observations appear relatively consistent with a Fermi-liquid picture of charge transport. To supplement the optical measurements a resistivity station was set up with an event driven object oriented user interface. The program controls a Keithley Current Source, HP Nano-Voltmeter and Switching Unit as well as a LakeShore Temperature Controller in order to obtain a plot of the Resistivity as a function of temperature. The system allows for resistivity measurements ranging from 4 K to 290 K using an external probe or between 0.4 K to 295 K using a Helium - 3 Cryostat. Several materials of known resistivity have confirmed the system to be robust and capable of measuring metallic samples distinguishing features of several fiQ-cm.

Acelerando algoritmos de baixo nível em visão robótica com hardware reconfigurável

A challenge that remains in the robotics field is how to make a robot to react in real time to visual stimulus. Traditional computer vision algorithms used to overcome this problem are still very expensive taking too long when using common computer processors. Very simple algorithms like image filtering or even mathematical morphology operations may take too long. Researchers have implemented image processing algorithms in high parallelism hardware devices in order to cut down the time spent in the algorithms processing, with good results. By using hardware implemented image processing techniques and a platform oriented system that uses the Nios II Processor we propose an approach that uses the hardware processing and event based programming to simplify the vision based systems while at the same time accelerating some parts of the used algorithms

Análise de linguagens de modelagem de processos de um modelo de referência na cadeia de suprimentos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Progettazione e sviluppo di applicazioni distribuite su Web: da JavaScript a TypeScript

Il Web nel corso della sua esistenza ha subito un mutamento dovuto in parte dalle richieste del mercato, ma soprattutto dall’evoluzione e la nascita costante delle numerose tecnologie coinvolte in esso. Si è passati da un’iniziale semplice diffusione di contenuti statici, ad una successiva collezione di siti web, dapprima con limitate presenze di dinamicità e interattività (a causa dei limiti tecnologici), ma successivamente poi evoluti alle attuali applicazioni web moderne che hanno colmato il gap con le applicazioni desktop, sia a livello tecnologico, che a livello di diffusione effettiva sul mercato. Tali applicazioni web moderne possono presentare un grado di complessità paragonabile in tutto e per tutto ai sistemi software desktop tradizionali; le tecnologie web hanno subito nel tempo un evoluzione legata ai cambiamenti del web stesso e tra le tecnologie più diffuse troviamo JavaScript, un linguaggio di scripting nato per dare dinamicità ai siti web che si ritrova tutt’ora ad essere utilizzato come linguaggio di programmazione di applicazioni altamente strutturate. Nel corso degli anni la comunità di sviluppo che ruota intorno a JavaScript ha prodotto numerose librerie al supporto del linguaggio dotando così gli sviluppatori di un linguaggio completo in grado di far realizzare applicazioni web avanzate. Le recenti evoluzioni dei motori javascript presenti nei browser hanno inoltre incrementato le prestazioni del linguaggio consacrandone la sua leadership nei confronti dei linguaggi concorrenti. Negli ultimi anni a causa della crescita della complessità delle applicazioni web, javascript è stato messo molto in discussione in quanto come linguaggio non offre le classiche astrazioni consolidate nel tempo per la programmazione altamente strutturata; per questo motivo sono nati linguaggi orientati alla programmazione ad oggetti per il web che si pongono come obiettivo la risoluzione di questo problema: tra questi si trovano linguaggi che hanno l’ambizione di soppiantare JavaScript come ad esempio Dart creato da Google, oppure altri che invece sfruttano JavaScript come linguaggio base al quale aggiungono le caratteristiche mancanti e, mediante il processo di compilazione, producono codice JavaScript puro compatibile con i motori JavaScript presenti nei browser. JavaScript storicamente fu introdotto come linguaggio sia per la programmazione client-side, che per la controparte server-side, ma per vari motivi (la forte concorrenza, basse performance, etc.) ebbe successo solo come linguaggio per la programmazione client; le recenti evoluzioni del linguaggio lo hanno però riportato in auge anche per la programmazione server-side, soprattutto per i miglioramenti delle performance, ma anche per la sua naturale predisposizione per la programmazione event-driven, paradigma alternativo al multi-threading per la programmazione concorrente. Un’applicazione web di elevata complessità al giorno d’oggi può quindi essere interamente sviluppata utilizzando il linguaggio JavaScript, acquisendone sia i suoi vantaggi che gli svantaggi; le nuove tecnologie introdotte ambiscono quindi a diventare la soluzione per i problemi presenti in JavaScript e di conseguenza si propongono come potenziali nuovi linguaggi completi per la programmazione web del futuro, anticipando anche le prossime evoluzioni delle tecnologie già esistenti preannunciate dagli enti standard della programmazione web, il W3C ed ECMAScript. In questa tesi saranno affrontate le tematiche appena introdotte confrontando tra loro le tecnologie in gioco con lo scopo di ottenere un’ampia panoramica delle soluzioni che uno sviluppatore web dovrà prendere in considerazione per realizzare un sistema di importanti dimensioni; in particolare sarà approfondito il linguaggio TypeScript proposto da Microsoft, il quale è nato in successione a Dart apparentemente con lo stesso scopo, ma grazie alla compatibilità con JavaScript e soprattutto con il vasto mondo di librerie legate ad esso nate in questi ultimi anni, si presenta nel mercato come tecnologia facile da apprendere per tutti gli sviluppatori che già da tempo hanno sviluppato abilità nella programmazione JavaScript.

Ruolo delle architetture ad eventi nello sviluppo delle applicazioni moderne

Attualmente il panorama informatico è dominato dai dispositivi mobile: smartphone e tablet pc dominano incontrastati la scena del mercato elettronico. Questo comporta un radicale ripensamento e cambiamento del software, le web app e le mobile application richiedono infatti una sempre maggiore reattività dell’interfaccia utente, la persistente connessione a Internet e l’interazione con una moltitudine di dispositivi esterni. Il progettista di software deve oggi far fronte a tutta una serie di problematiche, l’aumentata complessità dei sistemi e i sempre più ristretti tempi di sviluppo e consegna richiedono compromessi tra la semplicità delle tecniche di progettazione e l’efficienza del prodotto ottenuto. Le architetture ad eventi in primis, unitamente al paradigma di programmazione asincrona, si pongono come soluzione ottimale a queste esigenze. L’obbiettivo principale di questa tesi è quello di offrire una panoramica generale sullo stato dell’arte delle architetture ad eventi focalizzandosi sul ruolo che esse assumono nel contesto delle applicazioni moderne, intendendo principalmente con questo termine le web application e le mobile application. Partendo dal concetto di programmazione sincrona e parallela si giunge a descrivere un terzo modello, il modello asincrono, di fondamentale importanza per i sistemi event-driven. Utilizzando come principale linguaggio di riferimento JavaScript si affrontano le problematiche legate alla stesura del codice per la gestione degli eventi, l’asincronicità intrinseca degli eventi e l’utilizzo di funzioni di callback portano a produrre codice di difficile lettura e manutenzione. Si analizzano quindi in dettaglio i pattern fondamentali e le tecniche attualmente utilizzate per l’ottimizzazione della gestione del codice e delle problematiche esposte fornendo numerosi esempi esplicativi.

Tangram ed edutainment per l'apprendimento della geometria

Partendo dalle analisi condotte sulla relazione esistente tra il divertimento ed un migliore apprendimento, e sui concetti di Edutainment e Gamification, si è realizzata una applicazione per dispositivi mobili che riproduce in formato digitale il gioco cinese del Tangram al fine di utilizzarlo come strumento di edutainment volto all'apprendimento di alcune nozioni di geometria ed all'allenamento delle abilità legate alla logica. Nello sviluppo di tale applicazione si è fatto riferimento alla metodologia di progettazione delle applicazioni ibride, in modo da semplificare la portabilità cross-platform tra i dispositivi, e si è prestata particolare attenzione alla creazione di un sistema che possa essere inserito come modulo all'interno di una applicazione multi-gioco di più ampio respiro. Per la progettazione si è fatto riferimento al paradigma ad oggetti e ad una gestione delle dinamiche di gioco event-driven.

Applicazione del modello di concorrenza ad Attori nello sviluppo di applicazioni Web: un caso di studio

Panoramica del contesto storico focalizzato sullo sviluppo del Web e del contesto sociale. Panorama del modello a Threads con analisi delle tecniche di concorrenza applicabili. Panoramica del modello ad Attori focalizzandosi sull'implementazione di Akka e di alcuni patterns di comunicazione. Analisi dell'architettura event-driven e di Node.js. Esposizione di un caso di studio per la programmazione Web comparando modello a Thread e modello ad Attori.

Anomalous Velocity Distributions in Active Brownian Suspensions

Large-scale simulations and analytical theory have been combined to obtain the nonequilibrium velocity distribution, f(v), of randomly accelerated particles in suspension. The simulations are based on an event-driven algorithm, generalized to include friction. They reveal strongly anomalous but largely universal distributions, which are independent of volume fraction and collision processes, which suggests a one-particle model should capture all the essential features. We have formulated this one-particle model and solved it analytically in the limit of strong damping, where we find that f (v) decays as 1/v for multiple decades, eventually crossing over to a Gaussian decay for the largest velocities. Many particle simulations and numerical solution of the one-particle model agree for all values of the damping.