Alternatives to Reparations in International Investment Arbitration– A Debate Between Theory and Practice

An analysis of the alternatives of compensation in relation to international investment disputes is relevant, because a pecuniary award is not always the appropriate remedy to solve disputes arising between investors and States. This is the case because States may be increasingly interested in opting for a different type of compensation. Furthermore, it is still not clear whether arbitral tribunals have recognised alternative types of awarding damages in respect of international investments disputes. This analysis comprises two principal components, the first, is to identify whether or not the tribunals may render an award that not only demands the payment of a sum of money but also considers some other means of compensation. The second, centres on how compliance with these non-pecuniary awards may be demanded. Our approach to these two principal components will always revolve around the idea of respecting the sovereignty of the State, bearing in mind that the execution of an arbitral award, which obliges the State to refrain from or to perform an act in its territory, relies precisely on the sovereignty of the State to execute it. 

Teoría y práctica de la Prehistoria : perspectivas desde los extremos de Europa = Theory and practice of Prehistory : views from the edges of Europe.

Esta obra es producto de la primera, y única, Reunión Hispano-Soviética de Prehistoriadores organizada por el Departamento de Prehistoria del Centro de Estudios Históricos en el marco del convenio entre la Academia de Ciencias de la U.R.S.S. y el C.S.I.C. español. Su objetivo es promover contactos entre investigadores de ambos países. La publicación se divide en catorce partes: 1. Prefacio. 2. Prólogo. 3. El Centro de Estudios Históricos. 4. El Departamento de Prehistoria. 5. El Instituto de Arqueología de la Academia de Ciencias de Rusia. 6. Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero. 7. Rauv M. Munchaez (ponencia). 8. Emiliano Aguirre Enríquez (ponencia). 9. Valery P. Alekseev (ponencia). 10. Alfonso Moure Romanillo (ponencia). 11. Jizri A. Amirjanoz (ponencia). 12. Eugenio N. Chernij (ponencia). 13. Arturo Ruiz Rodríguez (ponencia). 14. Valery I. Gulaiev.

Adult education and lifelong learning : theory and practice.

Esta edición revisada y actualizada con material adicional incorpora muchos de los cambios ocurridos en el campo de la educación de adultos en los últimos años. Entre sus novedades se destacan: material sobre las implicaciones éticas y políticas del aprendizaje permanente; repercusión de la globalización y de los cambios sociales; información sobre cómo las tecnologías están afectando al aprendizaje de la gente; también se incluyen diversos enfoques sobre el conocimiento y la adquisición y evaluación de conocimientos.

Theory and Practice of Citizenship Education : the Case of Policy, Science and Education in the Netherlands. 'Teoría y práctica de la educación en la ciudadanía : política, ciencia y educación en los Países Bajos'.

Monográfico con el título: 'Educación, valores y democracia'. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Theory and practice in value management: a reply to Ellis et al (2005)

The constructivist model of 'soft' value management (VM) is contrasted with the VM discourse appropriated by cost consultants who operate from within UK quantity surveying (QS) practices. The enactment of VM by cost consultants is shaped by the institutional context within which they operate and is not necessarily representative of VM practice per se. Opportunities to perform VM during the formative stages of design are further constrained by the positivistic rhetoric that such practitioners use to conceptualize and promote their services. The complex interplay between VM theory and practice is highlighted and analysed from a non-deterministic perspective. Codified models of 'best practice' are seen to be socially constructed and legitimized through human interaction in the context of interorganizational networks. Published methodologies are seen to inform practice in only a loose and indirect manner, with extensive scope for localized improvization. New insights into the relationship between VM theory and practice are derived from the dramaturgical metaphor. The social reality of VM is seen to be constituted through scripts and performances, both of which are continuously contested across organizational arenas. It is concluded that VM defies universal definition and is conceptualized and enacted differently across different localized contexts.

How contractors price risk in bids: theory and practice

Formal and analytical models that contractors can use to assess and price project risk at the tender stage have proliferated in recent years. However, they are rarely used in practice. Introducing more models would, therefore, not necessarily help. A better understanding is needed of how contractors arrive at a bid price in practice, and how, and in what circumstances, risk apportionment actually influences pricing levels. More than 60 proposed risk models for contractors that are published in journals were examined and classified. Then exploratory interviews with five UK contractors and documentary analyses on how contractors price work generally and risk specifically were carried out to help in comparing the propositions from the literature to what contractors actually do. No comprehensive literature on the real bidding processes used in practice was found, and there is no evidence that pricing is systematic. Hence, systematic risk and pricing models for contractors may have no justifiable basis. Contractors process their bids through certain tendering gateways. They acknowledge the risk that they should price. However, the final settlement depends on a set of complex, micro-economic factors. Hence, risk accountability may be smaller than its true cost to the contractor. Risk apportionment occurs at three stages of the whole bid-pricing process. However, analytical approaches tend not to incorporate this, although they could.

Adapting to new challenges: extension theory and practice for the 21st century

Twenty first century challenges facing agriculture include climate change, threats to food security for a growing population and downward economic pressures on rural livelihoods. Addressing these challenges will require innovation in extension theory, policy and education, at a time when the dominance of the state in the provision of knowledge and information services to farmers and rural entrepreneurs continues to decline. This paper suggests that extension theory is catching up with and helping us to understand innovative extension practice, and therefore provides a platform for improving rural development policies and strategies. Innovation is now less likely to be spoken of as something to be passed on to farmers, than as a continuing process of creativity and adaptation that can be nurtured and sustained. Innovation systems and innovation platforms are concepts that recognise the multiple factors that lead to farmers’ developing, adapting and applying new ideas and the importance of linking all actors in the value chain to ensure producers can access appropriate information and advice for decision making at all stages in the production process. Concepts of social learning, group development and solidarity, social capital, collective action and empowerment all help to explain and therefore to apply more effectively group extension approaches in building confidence and sustaining innovation. A challenge facing educators is to ensure the curricula for aspiring extension professionals in our higher education institutions are regularly reviewed and keep up with current and future developments in theory, policy and practice.