Teenagers born at extremely low birth weight

Adolescence constitutes a major transition for extremely low birth weight (ELBW) teenagers. Recent studies of ELBW teenagers born in the 1980s have provided information about the growth and developmental characteristics of these individuals in adolescence and in early adulthood. ELBW teenagers are shorter and lighter than their full-term peers, and have a smaller head circumference. Cognitive and academic vulnerabilities documented during the school years, particularly difficulties with nonverbal intelligence and arithmetic, persist into late adolescence. Many ELBW children struggle in school and have lower academic achievement levels. The self-concept of ELBW teenagers is generally similar to that of their full-term peers, but their parents perceive them to be more vulnerable over a wide range of behavioural and psychosocial dimensions, particularly depression and attention. ELBW teenagers perceive themselves as needing more assistance in job seeking than do their peers. Physical activity levels and fitness in late adolescence are significantly lower in ELBW teenagers than in their full-term peers, constituting a potential additional health hazard in later life. The outcomes of ELBW teenagers are significantly influenced by socioeconomic, family and parenting factors.

Lung consequences in adults born prematurely

Although survival has improved significantly in recent years, prematurity remains a major cause of infant and childhood mortality and morbidity. Preterm births (<37 weeks of gestation) account for 8% of live births representing >50 000 live births each year in the UK. Preterm birth, irrespective of whether babies require neonatal intensive care, is associated with increased respiratory symptoms, partially reversible airflow obstruction and abnormal thoracic imaging in childhood and in young adulthood compared with those born at term. Having failed to reach their optimal peak lung function in early adulthood, there are as yet unsubstantiated concerns of accelerated lung function decline especially if exposed to noxious substances leading to chronic respiratory illness; even if the rate of decline in lung function is normal, the threshold for respiratory symptoms will be crossed early. Few adult respiratory physicians enquire about the neonatal period in their clinical practice. The management of these subjects in adulthood is largely evidence free. They are often labelled as asthmatic although the underlying mechanisms are likely to be very different. Smoking cessation, maintaining physical fitness, annual influenza immunisation and a general healthy lifestyle should be endorsed irrespective of any symptoms. There are a number of clinical and research priorities to maximise the quality of life and lung health in the longer term not least understanding the underlying mechanisms and optimising treatment, rather than extrapolating from other airway diseases.

The stability of alcohol consumption between age 16 and 26: Evidence from a National Birth Cohort Study

This study examined the association between moderate drinking at age 16 (adolescence) and alcohol consumption at age 26 (young adulthood), whilst controlling for possible confounding effects at the individual and family level (assessed at birth and age 10). Using the British Cohort Study (BCS70), 6515 respondents provided data on their adolescent alcohol consumption and other behaviours. Of these, 4392 also completed the survey at age 26. Consumption patterns established in adolescence persisted, to a large degree, into early adulthood. Those adolescents who drank moderately in adolescence drank significantly less in adulthood than those adolescents who drank to heavy or hazardous levels. Implications for health promotion strategies and guidance are discussed.

Maternal High Fat Feeding: Impact of Female Offspring Body Composition and Bone Health

High fat diet (HFD) consumption in rodents alters body composition and weakens bones. Whether female offspring of mothers consuming a HFD are similarly affected at weaning and early adulthood is unclear. This research determined whether maternal HFD contributes to long-lasting alterations in body composition and bone health of female offspring. Rats were fed control or HFD for 10 weeks prior to and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Female offspring were studied at weaning or 3 months of age (consumed control diet). Main findings in female offspring: maternal HFD decreased lean mass, increased fat mass and femoral BMD at weaning, but not at 3 months; weanling femoral lipid composition reflected maternal diet, persisting to 3 months of age (decreased total and n6 polyunsaturates, increased saturates); and no differences in femoral strength at 3 months. In summary, 3 month old female offspring have similar body composition and bone health regardless of maternal diet.

The Impact of Labeling in Childhood on the Sense of Self of Young Adults

Research studies on labeling of children have either focused on the effects of formal labels on the lives of children with exceptionalities and mental health issues, or the effect of informal labeling by parents, peers and teachers on teenagers. The effects of informal labeling in childhood and its implications in later life or for one’s career choice have not yet been examined. This study adds to the growing research on informal labeling. The purpose of this qualitative study was to determine what negative effects informal labeling of children as deviant had on their lives. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews conducted with seventeen young adults, between the ages of sixteen and thirty years, from a post-secondary institution and an organization for homeless youth. The results showed an initial negative impact on the lives of the young adults during their childhood and early teenage years but as they progressed into their late teens and early adulthood, most were able to overcome their negative labels suggesting resilience. There were no significant gender differences in the impact of the labels. The implications of the study for policy makers and parents are discussed as well as some recommendations for parents and practitioners are offered.

Étude des corrélats neurobiologiques des effets à long terme des commotions cérébrales liées au sport

L’âge, le génotype et les traumatismes crâniens (TCC) sont trois facteurs de risque majeurs du développement de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Avec une accumulation d’évidences démontrant la persistance d’anomalies cérébrales suite aux plus légers des TCC, qui affichent d’ailleurs la plus haute incidence, il devient impératif de tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle même les commotions cérébrales puissent interagir avec l’âge et les gènes afin de précipiter la neurodégénération. Trente ex-athlètes de haut niveau (âge M = 60 ans), dont la moitié a subi des commotions cérébrales il y a plus de 30 ans, ont été évalués en neuropsychologie, en neuroimagerie multimodale ainsi qu’en génétique. De nombreuses mesures neuroanatomiques, dont l’expansion du volume des ventricules latéraux, se trouvent à corréler avec divers déficits cognitifs (mémoire différée et de reconnaissance) détectés chez les participants commotionnés. D’un intérêt particulier, certains de ces résultats sont modulés par le polymorphisme nucléotidique simple du gène Apolipoprotéine E. Ces résultats appuient l’hypothèse selon laquelle la commotion cérébrale chez de jeunes athlètes serait un facteur de risque de neurodégénération dans le vieillissement normal.

Traits psychopathiques et délinquance autorapportée chez des adolescents suivis en Centre jeunesse

Cette thèse porte sur les traits de personnalité associés aux comportements délinquants. De façon plus spécifique, elle s’intéresse à la contribution des traits de personnalité psychopathiques évalués à l’adolescence pour prédire les conduites délinquantes au début de l’âge adulte, lorsque sont également considérés des indices comportementaux. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une étude longitudinale plus large destinée à décrire les adolescents des Centres jeunesse du Québec. Aux fins de la thèse, un sous-groupe de jeunes, de sexe masculin, a été sélectionné : ces jeunes présentent un trouble des conduites ou ont manifesté des comportements délinquants au cours de l’adolescence. Cette sélection vise à cerner les adolescents les plus susceptibles de présenter des traits psychopathiques, eu égard à la faible prévalence du trouble dans la population générale. Quarante-huit adolescents ont accepté de participer à l'entrevue utilisant la PCL-SV (Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version). Un premier volet de la thèse valide, au Québec, une version française d’une mesure de la psychopathie adaptée à l'adolescence, la PCL-SV. Les indices de fidélité et de validité sont satisfaisants et comparables à ce qui est rapporté avec d’autres versions de la PCL auprès d’adolescents et d’adultes. Les résultats appuient la pertinence de son utilisation auprès des adolescents. Un second volet du projet porte sur la contribution d’une mesure des traits psychopathiques à l’adolescence à la prédiction des conduites délinquantes au début de l’âge adulte. Les traits psychopathiques, tels qu’évalués à l’aide de la PCL-SV, sont un apport significatif aux indices de comportements délinquants dans la prédiction des conduites délinquantes autorapportées deux ans plus tard. Finalement, un dernier volet explore une approche dimensionnelle dans la conceptualisation de la psychopathie, sous l’angle d’un modèle général de la personnalité : le Modèle à cinq facteurs (MCF). Ce volet porte sur la capacité de ce modèle, alternative au modèle catégoriel, à distinguer des jeunes au plan de la gravité de leur délinquance. Les jeunes présentant une délinquance distinctive ont une plus forte propension à rechercher les sensations fortes que ceux dont la délinquance est générale. Les résultats mettent en lumière l’importance d’une composante d’impulsivité comme élément caractéristique d’un sous-groupe de jeunes présentant une délinquance distinctive. L’étude appuie l’utilisation d’un modèle général de la personnalité pour cerner des traits associés à la psychopathie, permettant ainsi d’identifier un noyau dur de délinquants. L’ensemble du projet permet d’établir la valeur ajoutée d’une mesure des traits psychopathiques à l’adolescence pour la prédiction des conduites délinquantes. Il met en lumière l’importance d’une composante d’impulsivité chez les jeunes impliqués dans une délinquance distinctive. C’est l’une des rares études longitudinales s’intéressant à la délinquance autorapportée et à la psychopathie sous l’angle des facettes du MCF chez des adolescents. Il y a une telle hétérogénéité parmi les jeunes délinquants qu’une mesure valide de la psychopathie à l’adolescence permettra une identification plus fiable des jeunes susceptibles de poursuivre leur trajectoire criminelle à l’âge adulte. Les implications cliniques des résultats et les recommandations pour des recherches futures sont reprises dans la conclusion de l’ouvrage.

Molecular mechanisms underlying deficient neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease

La neurogenèse est présente, dans le cerveau adulte, dans la zone sous-ventriculaire (ZSV) encadrant les ventricules latéraux et dans le gyrus dentelé (GD) de l’hippocampe, permettant l’apprentissage, la mémoire et la fonction olfactive. Ces micro-environnements possèdent des signaux contrôlant l’auto-renouvellement des cellules souches neurales (CSN), leur prolifération, leur destin et leur différenciation. Or, lors du vieillissement, les capacités régénératives et homéostatiques et la neurogenèse déclinent. Les patients atteints de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA), comme le modèle animal reproduisant cette maladie (3xTg-AD), montrent une accélération des phénotypes liés au vieillissement dont une diminution de la neurogenèse. Notre hypothèse est que la découverte des mécanismes affectant la neurogenèse, lors du vieillissement et de la MA, pourrait fournir de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour prévenir le déclin cognitif. Les études sur l’âge d’apparition et les mécanismes altérant la neurogenèse dans la MA sont contrastées et nous ont guidé vers deux études. L’examen des changements dans les étapes de la neurogenèse lors du vieillissement et du développement de la neuropathologie. Nous avons étudié la ZSV, les bulbes olfactifs et le GD de souris femelles de 11 et 18 mois, et l’apparition des deux pathologies associées à la MA : les plaques amyloïdes et les enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires. Nous avons découvert que les souris 3xTg-AD possèdent moins de cellules en prolifération, de progéniteurs et de neuroblastes, induisant une diminution de l’intégration de nouvelles cellules dans le GD et les bulbes olfactifs. Notons que le taux de neurogenèse chez ces souris de 11 mois est similaire à celui des souris de phénotype sauvage de 18 mois, indiquant une accélération des changements liés au vieillissement dans la MA. Dans la ZSV, nous avons aussi démontré une accumulation de gouttelettes lipidiques, suggérant des changements dans l’organisation et le métabolisme de la niche. Enfin, nous avons démontré que le déficit de la neurogenèse apparait lors des premières étapes de la MA, avant l’apparition des plaques amyloïdes et des enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires. A l’examen des mécanismes inhibant la neurogenèse lors de la MA, nous voyons que chez des souris de 5 mois, le déficit de la neurogenèse dans la ZSV et le GD est corrélé avec l’accumulation de lipides, qui coïncide avec l’apparition du déclin cognitif. Nous avons aussi découvert que dans le cerveau humain de patients atteints de la MA et dans les 3xTg-AD, des gouttelettes lipidiques s’accumulaient dans les cellules épendymaires, représentant le principal soutien des CSN de la niche. Ces lipides sont des triglycérides enrichis en acide oléique qui proviennent de la niche et pas d’une défaillance du système périphérique. De plus, l’infusion locale d’acide oléique chez des souris de phénotype sauvage permet de reproduire l’accumulation de triglycérides dans les cellules épendymaires, comme dans la MA. Ces gouttelettes induisent un dérèglement de la voie de signalisation Akt-FoxO3 dans les CSN, menant à l’inhibition de leur activation in vitro et in vivo. Ces résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension de la régulation de la neurogenèse par le métabolisme lipidique. Nous avons démontré un nouveau mécanisme par lequel l’accumulation des lipides dans la ZSV induit une inhibition des capacités de prolifération et de régénération des CSN lors de la MA. Les travaux futurs permettront de comprendre comment et pourquoi le métabolisme lipidique du cerveau est altéré dans la MA, ce qui pourrait offrir de nouvelles voies thérapeutiques pour la prévention et la régénération.

Análisis del gen adra2a receptor alfa 2a adrenergico en pacientes con trastorno de hiperactividad y déficit de atención

El trastorno de hiperactividad y déficit de atención (THDA), es definido clínicamente como una alteración en el comportamiento, caracterizada por inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad. Estos aspectos son clasificados en tres subtipos, que son: Inatento, hiperactivo impulsivo y mixto. Clínicamente se describe un espectro amplio que incluye desordenes académicos, trastornos de aprendizaje, déficit cognitivo, trastornos de conducta, personalidad antisocial, pobres relaciones interpersonales y aumento de la ansiedad, que pueden continuar hasta la adultez. A nivel global se ha estimado una prevalencia entre el 1% y el 22%, con amplias variaciones, dadas por la edad, procedencia y características sociales. En Colombia, se han realizado estudios en Bogotá y Antioquia, que han permitido establecer una prevalencia del 5% y 15%, respectivamente. La causa específica no ha sido totalmente esclarecida, sin embargo se ha calculado una heredabilidad cercana al 80% en algunas poblaciones, demostrando el papel fundamental de la genética en la etiología de la enfermedad. Los factores genéticos involucrados se relacionan con cambios neuroquímicos de los sistemas dopaminérgicos, serotoninérgicos y noradrenérgicos, particularmente en los sistemas frontales subcorticales, corteza cerebral prefrontal, en las regiones ventral, medial, dorsolateral y la porción anterior del cíngulo. Basados en los datos de estudios previos que sugieren una herencia poligénica multifactorial, se han realizado esfuerzos continuos en la búsqueda de genes candidatos, a través de diferentes estrategias. Particularmente los receptores Alfa 2 adrenérgicos, se encuentran en la corteza cerebral, cumpliendo funciones de asociación, memoria y es el sitio de acción de fármacos utilizados comúnmente en el tratamiento de este trastorno, siendo esta la principal evidencia de la asociación de este receptor con el desarrollo del THDA. Hasta la fecha se han descrito más de 80 polimorfismos en el gen (ADRA2A), algunos de los cuales se han asociado con la entidad. Sin embargo, los resultados son controversiales y varían según la metodología diagnóstica empleada y la población estudiada, antecedentes y comorbilidades. Este trabajo pretende establecer si las variaciones en la secuencia codificante del gen ADRA2A, podrían relacionarse con el fenotipo del Trastorno de Hiperactividad y el Déficit de Atención.

El costo de la atención ambulatoria del lupus eritematoso sistémico en Colombia. Contrastes y comparaciones con otras poblaciones.

Introducción: el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es considerado una enfermedad de alto costo. La expresión clínica de la enfermedad depende de la ubicación geografía y la etnicidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue el calcular los costos ambulatorios relacionado al LES en una cohorte colombiana, identificar los predictores de costos y comparar nuestro resultados con otras poblaciones. Métodos: Se realizó una aproximación de tipo prevalencia en 100 pacientes LES en quienes se evaluaron los costos directos médicos, directos no médicos, indirectos e intangibles. Todos los costos médicos fueron evaluados usando una metodología abajo hacia arriba. Los costos directos fueron valorados desde una perspectiva social usando una metodología de micro-costeo. Los costos indirectos se evaluaron mediante una aproximación de capital humano, y los costos intangibles calculados a partir de los años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC). Se analizaron los datos por medio de un análisis multivariado. Para comparaciones con otras poblaciones todos los costos fueron expresados como la razón entre los costos y producto interno bruto nacional per cápita. Resultados: La media de costos totales fue 13.031±9.215 USD (ajustados por el factor de conversión de paridad del poder adquisitivo), lo cual representa el 1,66 del PIB per capita de Colombia. Los costos directos son el 64% de los costos totales. Los costos médicos representan el 80% de los costos directos,. Los costos indirectos fueron el 10% y los costos intangibles el 25% de los costos totales. Los medicamentos representaron el 45% de los costos directos. Mayores costos se relacionaron con el estrato socioeconómico, seguro médico privado, AVAC, alopecia, micofenolato mofetilo, y terapia anticoagulante. Los costos directos ajustados de los pacientes con LES en Colombia fueron mayores que en Norte América y en Europa. Conclusiones: el LES impone una carga económica importante para la sociedad. Los costos relacionados con la atención médica y AVAC fueron los principales contribuyentes al alto costo de la enfermedad. Estos resultados pueden ser referencia para determinar políticas en salud pública así como comparar el gasto en salud de forma internacional.

Human microbiota in health and disease

Each human body plays host to a microbial population which is both numerically vast (at around 1014 microbial cells) and phenomenally diverse (over 1,000 species). The majority of the microbial species in the gut have not been cultured but the application of culture-independent approaches for high throughput diversity and functionality analysis has allowed characterisation of the diverse microbial phylotypes present in health and disease. Studies in monozygotic twins, showing that these retain highly similar microbiota decades after birth and initial colonisation, are strongly indicative that diversity of the microbiome is host-specific and affected by the genotype. Microbial diversity in the human body is reflected in both richness and evenness. Diversity increases steeply from birth reaching its highest point in early adulthood, before declining in older age. However, in healthy subjects there appears to be a core of microbial phylotypes which remains relatively stable over time. Studies of individuals from diverse geopraphies suggest that clusters of intestinal bacterial groups tend to occur together, constituting ‘enterotypes’. So variation in intestinal microbiota is stratified rather than continuous and there may be a limited number of host/microbial states which respond differently to environmental influences. Exploration of enterotypes and functional groups may provide biomarkers for disease and insights into the potential for new treatments based on manipulation of the microbiome. In health, the microbiota interact with host defences and exist in harmonious homeostasis which can then be disturbed by invading organisms or when ‘carpet bombing’ by antibiotics occurs. In a portion of individuals with infections, the disease will resolve itself without the need for antibiotics and microbial homeostasis with the host’s defences is restored. The administration of probiotics (live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host) represents an artificial way to enhance or stimulate these natural processes. The study of innate mechanisms of antimicrobial defence on the skin, including the production of numerous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), has shown an important role for skin commensal organisms. These organisms may produce AMPs, and also amplify the innate immune responses to pathogens by activating signalling pathways and processing host produced AMPs. Research continues into how to enhance and manipulate the role of commensal organisms on the skin. The challenges of skin infection (including diseases caused by multiply resistant organisms) and infestations remain considerable. The potential to re-colonise the skin to replace or reduce pathogens, and exploring the relationship between microbiota elsewhere and skin diseases are among a growing list of research targets. Lactobacillus species are among the best known ‘beneficial’ bacterial members of the human microbiota. Of the approximately 120 species known, about 15 are known to occur in the human vagina. These organisms have multiple properties, including the production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins, which render the vagina inhospitable to potential pathogens. Depletion of the of the normal Lactobacillus population and overgrowth of vaginal anaerobes, accompanied by the loss of normal vaginal acidity can lead to bacterial vaginosis – the commonest cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women. Some vaginal anaerobes are associated with the formation of vaginal biofilms which serve to act as a reservoir of organisms which persists after standard antibiotic therapy of bacterial vaginosis and may help to account for the characteristically high relapse rate in the condition. Administration of Lactobacillus species both vaginally and orally have shown beneficial effects in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and such treatments have an excellent overall safety record. Candida albicans is a frequent coloniser of human skin and mucosal membranes, and is a normal part of the microbiota in the mouth, gut and vagina. Nevertheless Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen worldwide and is a leading cause of serious and often fatal nosocomial infections. What turns this organism from a commensal to a pathogen is a combination of increasing virulence in the organism and predisposing host factors that compromise immunity. There has been considerable research into the use of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. in vaginal candidiasis. Studies in reconstituted human epithelium and monolayer cell cultures have shown that L. rhamnosus GG can protect mucosa from damage caused by Candida albicans, and enhance the immune responses of mucosal surfaces. Such findings offer the promise that the use of such probiotic bacteria could provide new options for antifungal therapy. Studies of changes of the human intestinal microbiota in health and disease are complicated by its size and diversity. The Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre in Cork (Republic of Ireland) has the mission to ‘mine microbes for mankind’ and its work illustrates the potential benefits of understanding the gut microbiota. Work undertaken at the centre includes: mapping changes in the microbiota with age; studies of the interaction between the microbiota and the gut; potential interactions between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system; the potential for probiotics to act as anti-infectives including through the production of bacteriocins; and the characterisation of interactions between gut microbiota and bile acids which have important roles as signalling molecules and in immunity. The important disease entity where the role of the gut microbiota appears to be central is the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). IBS patients show evidence of immune activation, impaired gut barrier function and abnormal gut microbiota. Studies with probiotics have shown that these organisms can exert anti-inflammatory effects in inflammatory bowel disease and may strengthen the gut barrier in IBS of the diarrhoea-predominant type. Formal randomised trials of probiotics in IBS show mixed results with limited benefit for some but not all. Studies confirm that administered probiotics can survive and temporarily colonise the gut. They can also stimulate the numbers of other lactic acid bacilli in the gut, and reduce the numbers of pathogens. However consuming live organisms is not the only way to influence gut microbiota. Dietary prebiotics are selectively fermented ingredients that can change the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota in beneficial ways. Dietary components that reach the colon, and are available to influence the microbiota include poorly digestible carbohydrates, such as non-starch polysaccharides, resistant starch, non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) and polyphenols. Mixtures of probiotic and prebiotic ingredients that can selectively stimulate growth or activity of health promoting bacteria have been termed ‘synbiotics’. All of these approaches can influence gut microbial ecology, mainly to increase bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, but metagenomic approaches may reveal wider effects. Characterising how these changes produce physiological benefits may enable broader use of these tactics in health and disease in the future. The current status of probiotic products commercially available worldwide is less than ideal. Prevalent problems include misidentification of ingredient organisms and poor viability of probiotic microorganisms leading to inadequate shelf life. On occasions these problems mean that some commercially available products cannot be considered to meet the definition of a probiotic product. Given the potential benefits of manipulating the human microbiota for beneficial effects, there is a clear need for improved regulation of probiotics. The potential importance of the human microbiota cannot be overstated. ‘We feed our microbes, they talk to us and we benefit. We just have to understand and then exploit this.’ (Willem de Vos).

The reinstatement of amphetamine-induced place preference is long-lasting and related to decreased expression of AMPA receptors in the nucleus accumbens

A great deal of effort has been devoted to elucidating the psychopharmacology underlying addiction and relapse. Long-term neuroadaptations in glutamate transmission seem to be of great relevance for relapse to stimulant abuse. In this study, we investigated amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference during adolescence and the reinstatement of the conditioned behavior following a priming injection of the drug 1 day (adolescence), 30 days (early adulthood) and 60 days (adulthood) after the extinction test. The nucleus accumbens was dissected immediately after the reinstatement test to examine alterations in GluR1 and NR1 subunits of glutamatergic receptors. Our results showed that a priming injection of amphetamine was able to reinstate the CPP 1 and 30 days after extinction. However, it failed to reinstate the conditioned response after 60 days. GluR1 levels were decreased on days 1 and 30 but not on day 60 while NR1 levels were unaltered in the reinstatement test. Using a relapse model we found that reinstatement of amphetamine-induced conditioning place preference during adolescence is long lasting and persists through early adulthood. Decreased levels of GluR1 in the nucleus accumbens might be related to the reinstatement of amphetamine-induced conditioning place preference. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cysts reabsorption in the testis of the bee wax pest Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) during spermatogenesis

The present paper reports the occurrence of testicular cysts degeneration during spermatogenesis of Achroia grisella, a Lepidoptera with dimorphic spermatogenesis, through ultrastrucutural studies. Signs of cysts degeneration can be detected in the last larval instar but it increases during pupation and early adulthood. The degeneration affects the eupyrene, as well apyrene cysts but it is not always possible to recognize which cysts are degenerating. Some morphological features of cysts degeneration resemble apoptosis.

Densidade mineral óssea de adolescentes saudáveis do sexo feminino

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeito do ambiente sobre o período crítico de plasticidade do córtex pré-frontal de ratos

O período crítico de plasticidade do córtex cerebral é a etapa do desenvolvimento pós-natal do sistema nervoso onde os circuitos neurais são mais suscetíveis à mudanças influenciadas por informações oriundas do ambiente. No córtex pré-frontal de humanos, responsável pelas funções executivas, o período crítico de plasticidade estende-se desde o nascimento até o final da adolescência e início da vida adulta. Isto é definido, entre outros fatores, pelo amadurecimento das redes perineuronais, uma estrutura especializada da matriz extracelular, localizada em volta do corpo celular e dendritos proximais de interneurônios inibitórios. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar o efeito do ambiente em etapas distintas da adolescência sobre a estrutura e a função do córtex pré-frontal de ratos e a distribuição da expressão espacial e temporal das redes perineuronais sob estas condições. As funções executivas foram avaliadas através de testes comportamentais medindo a capacidade de memória operacional e a inibição comportamental. Observamos que estímulos estressores crônicos imprevisíveis provocam alterações no período crítico de plasticidade do córtex pré-frontal e, consequentemente, influenciam o amadurecimento das funções executivas. Observamos também que o estresse crônico induz modificação no padrão de amadurecimento das redes perineuronais no córtex pré-frontal. Estes resultados indicam a vulnerabilidade do córtex pré-frontal de ratos adolescentes para os efeitos negativos de estímulos ambientais estressores sobre o período crítico de plasticidade.