Contribuição ao conhecimento dos nematóides que causam galhas em raízes de plantas em São Paulo e estados vizinhos

Eight root-knot nematode forms are known to occur in Brazil, namely Meloidogyne exigua, M. incognita, M. j. javanica, M. j. bauruensis, M. inornata, M. hapla, M. arenaria arenaria and M. coffeicola. After presenting a historical resume of the root-knot disease, as well as observations on symptoms, distribution and spread, and life history of the nematodes, a study of the morphological characters used in identification of species is made, a key for separating the forms referred to above being also prepared. As no information on host plants of the coffee root-knot nematode (M. exigua) was available, a few tests were performed, as an attempt to infect several plant species. Pepper (Capsicum annuun) was the only plant attacked by M. exigua, having failed all attempts to infect nine other plants, including tomato var. Rutgers. M. exigua incited formation of galls on roots of cucumber, but no adult female was found in the tissue. In a final chapter dealing with control, a review of all methods available is presented.

Host plants of root-knot nematodes

Root-knot nematodes were found attacking Coffea spp. and also roots of a few weed species usually found in the coffee orchards in São Paulo. C. arabica cv. Catuaí, C. arabica cv. Mundo Novo, Timor Hybrid and a few plants of C. racemosa showed to be susceptible to Meloidogyne exigua. Roots of Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridis, Bidens pilosa, Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo, Coffea racemosa, Commelina virginica, Digitaria sanguinalis, Galinsoga parviflora, Gnaphalium spathulatum, Porophyllum ruderale, Portulaca oleracea, Pterocaulon virgatum and Solanum americanum were disfigured by M. incognita M. arenaria was found attacking roots of Eleusine indica and Gnaphalium spathulatum, and the presence of an unidentified Meloidogyne species was verified in roots of the following species: Vernonia ferruginea, C. arabica x C. canephora, Eupatorium pauciflorum, Coffea canephora cv. Kouillou, Coffea eugenioides, Coffea racemosa, Coffea stenophylla, Euphorbia pilullifera, Solanum americanum, Ageratum conyzoides, Phyllanthus corcovadensis, and Emilia sagittata.

O gênero Apenesia (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) na Mata Atlântica: notas e descrição de sete espécies novas

Foram estudadas as espécies de Apenesia Westwood, coletadas em 29 localidades ao longo de um gradiente latitudinal na Mata Atlântica. Foram descritas e ilustradas as sete espécies novas seguintes: Apenesia pectinata sp. nov., A. atlantica sp. nov., A. perlonga sp. nov., A. exigua sp. nov., A. patens sp. nov., A. simplex sp. nov., A. hepatica sp. nov.. Foi descoberta e descrita a fêmea de Apenesia elongata Evans, 1963. Foram adicionados registros novos de distribuição geográfica de quatorze espécies previamente descritas: A. apicilata Azevedo & Batista, A. aurita Waichert & Azevedo, A. clypeata Leal & Azevedo, A. concavata Corrêa & Azevedo, A. crenutala (Kieffer), A. distincta Corrêa & Azevedo, A. elongata Evans, A. inca Evans, A. neotropica (Kieffer), A. photophila (Ogloblin), A. quadrata Evans, A. spinipes Evans, A. stricta Corrêa & Azevedo e A. transversa Evans. Apenesia é registrada pela primeira vez para os estados de Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe e Bahia.

Comparative study of algal communities in acid and alkaline waters from Tinto, Odiel and Piedras river basins (SW Spain)

The distribution patterns of benthic algal assemblages in the Tinto, Odiel and Piedras rivers were analyzed during the winter of 2005 in 18 sampling stations. The main objective was to assess and compare the algal communities and parameters affecting them both in the zones affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) and in naturally alkaline waters. A total of 108 benthic diatom taxa and 31 non-diatom taxa were identi ed. Results showed large differences between algal communities in the two environments: Pinnularia acoricola, P. subcapitata and Eunotia exigua were the most frequent diatom taxa in regions affected by acid mine drainage, along with algae like Klebsormidium and Euglena mutabilis were the most relevant non-diatom taxa. In alkaline waters the dominant diatom taxa were Planothidium frequentissimum, Gomphonema angustum, Fragilaria capucina, and some species of Navicula (N. viridula, N. veneta or N. radiosa), accompanied by Oscillatoria and Anabaena as well as by streptophytes of the group of zygnemataceae and desmidiaceae

Differential effectiveness of microbially induced resistance against herbivorous insects in Arabidopsis.

Rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance (ISR) and pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) have a broad, yet partly distinct, range of effectiveness against pathogenic microorganisms. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of ISR and SAR in Arabidopsis against the tissue-chewing insects Pieris rapae and Spodoptera exigua. Resistance against insects consists of direct defense, such as the production of toxins and feeding deterrents and indirect defense such as the production of plant volatiles that attract carnivorous enemies of the herbivores. Wind-tunnel experiments revealed that ISR and SAR did not affect herbivore-induced attraction of the parasitic wasp Cotesia rubecula (indirect defense). By contrast, ISR and SAR significantly reduced growth and development of the generalist herbivore S. exigua, although not that of the specialist P. rapae. This enhanced direct defense against S. exigua was associated with potentiated expression of the defense-related genes PDF1.2 and HEL. Expression profiling using a dedicated cDNA microarray revealed four additional, differentially primed genes in microbially induced S. exigua-challenged plants, three of which encode a lipid-transfer protein. Together, these results indicate that microbially induced plants are differentially primed for enhanced insect-responsive gene expression that is associated with increased direct defense against the generalist S. exigua but not against the specialist P. rapae.

Genética de la conservación del endemismo extremo pirenaico Glandora oleifolia (Boraginaceae)

Glandora oleifolia (Lapeyr.) D.C.Thomas [= Lithodora oleifolia (Lapeyr.) Griseb.] constituye uno de los endemismos más restringidos de la península Ibérica, puesto que cuenta con una única población (dividida en dos núcleos separados por apenas 5 km) localizada en la Alta Garrotxa, en el Pirineo gerundense. Glandora oleifolia está catalogada como VU en la Lista Roja 2008 de la Flora Vascular Española y goza de protección legal en Cataluña (está incluida en el reciente Catálogo de flora amenazada de esta comunidad autónoma). Como parte de un plan de conservación ex situ que está elaborando el Jardín Botánico Marimurtra (JBMiM) para este taxón amenazado, se ha estudiado su diversidad genética mediante aloenzimas y RAPDs. Para ambos marcadores, losniveles de variabilidad genética intrapoblacional mostraron unos valores muy pequeños, tal y como se espera para los endemismos de área muy reducida. La divergencia genética entre los dos núcleos poblacionales también resultó ser muy reducida, inferior al 10% con ambos marcadores. La exigua área de distribución de esta borraginácea, a pesar de su moderado tamaño poblacional (unos 5.000 individuos), junto con tan pequeña variabilidad genética, la convierte en un taxón con un elevado riesgo de extinción. Por otra parte, la especie está sometida a una enorme presión antrópica (sobrefrecuentación), mientras que la baja producción de semillas debido a la escasa actividad de los polinizadores constituye una amenaza adicional.

Molecular biology of baculovirus and its use in biological control in Brazil

Baculoviruses are insect viruses found mainly in Lepidoptera. The family Baculoviridae is taxonomically divided in two genera, Nucleopolyhedrovirus and Granulovirus, which differ by occlusion body morphology. NPVs (Nucleopolyhedroviruses) have polyhedrical inclusion bodies (PIBs) containing multiple viral particles, while GVs (Granuloviruses) appear to be generally single particles occluded in oval shaped occlusion bodies. During the life cycle, two different viral progenies are produced: BV (Budded Virus) and PDV (Polyhedra Derived Virus), which are essential for the infectious process and virus propagation in host cells. Baculoviruses are being used for pest control and they are especially safe due to their specificity and invertebrate-restricted host range. Baculoviruses have been used as vectors for high level protein expression ofheterologous genes from prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Also, recombinant DNA techniques have allowed the production of genetically modified viral insecticides. This study is a review on the taxonomy, structure, replication and molecular biology of baculoviruses, as well as their use as bioinsecticides in Brazil.

Seletividade de oito inseticidas a predadores de lagartas em citros

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade dos inseticidas abamectina, acefato, carbaril, deltametrina, fenitrotiom, fenpropatrina, paratiom metílico e triclorfom aos predadores Brachygastra lecheguana (Latreille), Protonectarina sylveirae (Saussure) e Protopolybia exigua (Saussure) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) em concentrações que corresponderam a 50% e 100% da dose recomendada para o controle de lagartas em citros. Os inseticidas estudados não foram seletivos em favor do predador P. sylveirae. Fenitrotiom, fenpropatrina, paratiom metílico e triclorfom não foram seletivos em favor dos predadores B. lecheguana e P. exigua. Abamectina, acefato e carbaril foram medianamente seletivos em favor de P. exigua, o mesmo foi verificado com abamectina e carbaril em favor de B. lecheguana. Acefato foi seletivo em favor de B. lecheguana e deltametrina em favor de P. exigua. As altas mortalidades causadas por deltametrina a P. sylveirae, triclorfom a B. lecheguana e acefato a P. exigua decresceram quando aplicados em subdose. B. lecheguana foi o predador mais tolerante à dose de acefato, seguido por P. exigua e P. sylveirae. O predador P. exigua foi mais tolerante à dose de deltametrina que B. lecheguana e P. sylveirae. As três espécies de predadores foram altamente suscetíveis às doses e subdoses de fenitrotiom, fenpropatrina e paratiom metílico, e à dose de triclorfom.

Desenfocadas. Cineastas españolas y discursos de género (introducción)

Un estudio sobre mujeres y cine da por asumidos por lo menos dos presupuestos controvertidos: en primer lugar, que existe un corpus cinematográfico definido y definible (o mejor dicho, sexuado y sexuable)1 por el género de sus autores (o autoras); y en segundo lugar, que las autoras de dicho corpus son las directoras de las películas. Ambos conceptos, tanto el de sexuación como el de autoría, han sido cuestionados dentro y fuera del feminismo, y dentro y fuera del mismo grupo de directoras que pretendo estudiar en este libro. Establecer la relación —aunque tenue, exigua y a menudo invisibilizada—entre un texto y el sexo de su autora corresponde a una aproximación cuanto menos esencialista: una de las más sibilinas y desconcertantes formulaciones teóricas de la crítica feminista (según las conocidas palabras de Elaine Showalter, 1981). A su vez, definir al director (o directora) de una película como su autor implica una elección cuanto menos obsoleta, puesto que (según anunció RolandBarthes en 1968) «el autor está muerto», a pesar de los numerosos intentos por resucitarlo desde entonces. Aun así, asumiendo estos riesgos seriamente, como diría Teresa de Lauretis (1994), propongo en estas páginas trabajar sobre un corpus compuesto por poco más de un centenar de películas que tienen en común el haber sido dirigidas por unos sujetos biológicos de sexo femenino, un corpus que en otro lugar he propuesto llamar "ginocine"...

Toxicity of allyl esters in insect cell lines and in Spodoptera littoralis larvae

We investigated the effects of five allyl esters, two aromatic (allyl cinnamate and allyl 2-furoate) and three aliphatic (allyl hexanoate, allyl heptanoate, and allyl octanoate) in established insect cell lines derived from different species and tissues. We studied embryonic cells of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (S2) (Diptera) and the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Se4) (Lepidoptera), fat body cells of the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (CPB) (Coleoptera), ovarian cells of the silkmoth Bombyx mori (Bm5), and midgut cells of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (CF203) (Lepidoptera). Cytotoxicity was determined with use of MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] and trypan blue. In addition, we tested the entomotoxic action of allyl cinnamate against the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis .The median (50%) cytotoxic concentrations (EC50s) of the five allyl esters in the MTT bioassays ranged between 0.25 and 27 mM with significant differences among allyl esters (P = 0.0012), cell lines (P < 0.0001), and the allyl estercell line interaction (P < 0.0001). Allyl cinnamate was the most active product, and CF203 the most sensitive cell line. In the trypan blue bioassays, cytotoxicity was produced rapidly and followed the same trend observed in the MTT bioassay. In first instars of S. littoralis, allyl cinnamate killed all larvae at 0.25% in the diet after 1 day, while this happened in third instars after 5 days. The LC50 in first instars was 0.08%. In addition, larval weight gain was reduced (P < 0.05) after 1 day of feeding on diet with 0.05%. In conclusion, the data provide evidence of the significant but differential cytotoxicity among allyl esters in insect cells of different species and tissues. Midgut cells show high sensitivity, indicating the insect midgut as a primary target tissue. Allyl cinnamate caused rapid toxic effects in S. littoralis larvae at low concentrations, suggesting further potential for use in pest control.

Evolución de las diferencias salariales por razón de sexo

El artículo examina los determinantes del diferencial salarial por razón de sexo y de sus cambios entre 1995 y 2002 mediante una extensión de la metodología propuesta por Juhn et al. (1991, 1993) adaptada a los microdatos emparejados empresa-trabajador de la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial. La evidencia obtenida muestra que el origen fundamental del diferencial radica en la influencia del establecimiento de filiación de los trabajadores y de factores inobservables. Se constata también que la exigua reducción del diferencial con el transcurso del tiempo se debe a que la intensificación de la segregación de las mujeres en establecimientos que pagan salarios comparativamente bajos (caracterizados fundamentalmente por una elevada feminización de su fuerza laboral) contrarresta en buena medida el efecto que en sentido contrario ejercen diversos factores, especialmente la mejora de las cualificaciones relativas de las mujeres. La intensificación de este tipo de segregación es más pronunciada en el caso de las mujeres de mayor cualificación, hasta el punto de que esta circunstancia da lugar, de forma diferenciada para este colectivo, a una ampliación de la brecha salarial frente a hombres de características equivalentes.

ESTIRIL-LACTONAS DE Cryptocarya aschersoniana Mez. (Lauraceae Juss.) COM ATIVIDADE CONTRA Meloidogyne spp. E INTERAÇÃO IN SILICO COM PROVÁVEL FUMARASE DEMeloidogyne hapla

In a previous study, substances with nematicidal properties were detected in the bark of Cryptocarya aschersoniana. Continuing such study, the methanol extract from this plant underwent fractionation guided by in vitro assays with the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne exigua. Two active compounds were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods as (E)-6-styrylpyran-2-one and (R)-goniothalamin. The latter compound was also active againstMeloidogyne incognita. In silico studies carried out with (R)-goniothalamin and the enzyme fumarate hydratase, which was extracted from the genome of Meloidogyne hapla and modeled using computational methods, suggested that this substance acts against nematodes by binding to a cavity close to the active site of the enzyme.

Construction of occluded recombinant baculoviruses containing the full-length cry1Ab and cry1Ac genes from Bacillus thuringiensis

The administration of baculoviruses to insects for bioassay purposes is carried out, in most cases, by contamination of food surfaces with a known amount of occlusion bodies (OBs). Since per os infection is the natural route of infection, occluded recombinant viruses containing crystal protein genes (cry1Ab and cry1Ac) from Bacillus thuringiensis were constructed for comparison with the baculovirus prototype Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV). The transfer vector pAcUW2B was used for construction of occluded recombinant viruses. The transfer vector containing the crystal protein genes was cotransfected with linearized DNA from a non-occluded recombinant virus. The isolation of recombinant viruses was greatly facilitated by the reduction of background "wild type" virus and the increased proportion of recombinant viruses. Since the recombinant viruses containing full-length and truncated forms of the crystal protein genes did not seem to improve the pathogenicity of the recombinant viruses when compared with the wild type AcNPV, and in order to compare expression levels of the full-length crystal proteins produced by non-occluded and occluded recombinant viruses the full-length cry1Ab and cry1Ac genes were chosen for construction of occluded recombinant viruses. The recombinant viruses containing full-length and truncated forms of the crystal protein genes did not seem to improve its pathogenicity but the size of the larvae infected with the recombinant viruses was significantly smaller than that of larvae infected with the wild type virus.

Razonamiento estadístico y contexto escolar de profesores de bachillerato.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Tradición y presencia del Ateneo madrileño.

Se intercala una fotografía de la fachada del Ateneo de Madrid