Sähkön tuotantokustannusvertailu

Työssä vertaillaan eri sähköntuotantovaihtoehtojen taloudellista kannattavuutta. Kannattavuusvertailu suoritetaan pelkkää sähköä tuottaville voimalaitoksille. Raportti on jatkoa aikaisemmille tutkimuksille, joista viimeisin julkaistiin 2008. Tutkittavat voimalaitostyypit ovat: ydinvoimalaitos, maakaasukombilauhdevoimalaitos, kivihiililauhdevoimalaitos, turvelauhdevoimalaitos, puulauhdevoimalaitos, tuulivoimala ja uutena aurinkovoimala. Kannattavuustarkastelu suoritetaan annuiteettimenetelmällä käyttäen 5 % reaalikorkoa ja maaliskuun 2012 hintatasoa. Laskelmien perusteella 8000 tunnin huipunkäyttöajalla ydinsähkön tuotantokustannus, kun laitos rakennetaan olemassaolevalle tontille olisi 43,7 €/MWh, täysin uuden ydinvoimalaitoksen 57,9 €/MWh, kaasusähkön 75,4 €/MWh, turvelauhteen 75,4 €/MWh ja hiilisähkön hiilidioksidin talteenotolla 64,4 €/MWh, kun hiilidioksidipäästöoikeuden hintana käytetään 23 €/t. Vastaavasti uusiutuvista puupolttoainelauhdesähkön tuotantokustannus olisi 70,2 €/MWh kun taas 2200 tunnin huipunkäyttöajalla maalla sijaitsevan tuulivoimalaitoksen sähkön tuotantokustannus 52,7 €/MWh ja merellä sijaitsevan tuulivoimalaitoksen 76,8 €/MWh. Erillistarkastelussa arvioitiin suurien keskittävää teknologiaa käyttävän aurinko-voimalaitoksen tuotantokustannuksen ylittävän 100 €/MWh ollen todennäköisesti lähempänä 150 €/MWh. Arvio piensähkön tuotantokustannuksista aurinkosähköisillä paneeleilla vaihtelee 90 – 130 €/MWh. Merkittävin kustannussäästö syntyy, jos aurinkosähköpaketteja voidaan tarjota kuluttajalle kokonaistoimituksena avaimet käteen. Aurinkosähkön tuottaminen kotikeräimillä näyttääkin olevan vaiheessa, jossa se on selkeästi pienkäyttäjälle edullista mikäli sijoitettava pääoma 6000 – 18000 € ei vaadi ulkopuolista rahoitusta.

Testing Platform Development for Large Scale Solar Integration

Currently, a high penetration level of Distributed Generations (DGs) has been observed in the Danish distribution systems, and even more DGs are foreseen to be present in the upcoming years. How to utilize them for maintaining the security of the power supply under the emergency situations, has been of great interest for study. This master project is intended to develop a control architecture for studying purposes of distribution systems with large scale integration of solar power. As part of the EcoGrid EU Smart Grid project, it focuses on the system modelling and simulation of a Danish representative LV network located in Bornholm island. Regarding the control architecture, two types of reactive control techniques are implemented and compare. In addition, a network voltage control based on a tap changer transformer is tested. The optimized results after applying a genetic algorithm to five typical Danish domestic loads are lower power losses and voltage deviation using Q(U) control, specially with large consumptions. Finally, a communication and information exchange system is developed with the objective of regulating the reactive power and thereby, the network voltage remotely and real-time. Validation test of the simulated parameters are performed as well.

An urban solar flux island: measurements from London

Solar irradiance measurements from a new high density urban network in London are presented. Annual averages demonstrate that central London receives 30 ± 10 Wm-2 less solar irradiance than outer London at midday, equivalent to 9 ± 3% less than the London average. Particulate matter and AERONET measurements combined with radiative transfer modeling suggest that the direct aerosol radiative effect could explain 33 to 40% of the inner London deficit and a further 27 to 50% could be explained by increased cloud optical depth due to the aerosol indirect effect. These results have implications for solar power generation and urban energy balance models. A new technique using ‘Langley flux gradients’ to infer aerosol column concentrations over clear periods of three hours has been developed and applied to three case studies. Comparisons with particulate matter measurements across London have been performed and demonstrate that the solar irradiance measurement network is able to detect aerosol distribution across London and transport of a pollution plume out of London.

Análise da viabilidade econômica de um sistema de aquecimento solar de água para uma empresa do setor hoteleiro

This paper presents an analysis of technical and financial feasibility of the use of a solar system for water heating in a fictitious hotel located in the Northeast region. Thereunto it is used techniques of solar collectors´ sizing and methods of financial mathematics, such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback. It will also be presented a sensitivity analysis to verify which are the factors that impact the viability of the solar heating. Comparative analysis will be used concerning three cities of distinct regions of Brazil: Curitiba, Belém and João Pessoa. The viability of using a solar heating system will be demonstrated to the whole Brazil, especially to the northeast region as it is the most viable for such an application of solar power because of its high levels of solar radiation. Among the cities examined for a future installation of solar heating systems for water heating in the hotel chain, João Pessoa was the one that has proved more viable.

Evaluation of integrated inverter topologies for low power PV systems

This work presents the stage integration in power electronics converters as a suitable solution for solar photovoltaic inverters. The rated voltages available in Photovoltaic (PV) modules have usually low values for applications such as regulated output voltages in stand-alone or grid-connected configurations. In these cases, a boost stage or a transformer will be necessary. Transformers have low efficiencies, heavy weights and have been used only when galvanic isolation is mandatory. Furthermore, high-frequency transformers increase the converter complexity. Therefore, the most usual topologies use a boost stage and one inverter stage cascaded. However, the complexity, size, weight, cost and lifetime might be improved considering the integration of both stages. These are the expected features to turn attractive this kind of integrated structures. Therefore, some integrated converters are analyzed and compared in this paper in order to support future evaluations and trends for low power single-phase inverters for PV systems. © 2011 IEEE.

Design and development of a low-cost solar tracker

To become competitive, ultimately, photovoltaics should have its costs reduced and use photovoltaic systems of greater efficiency. The main steps in this direction are the use of new materials, the improvement in the manufacture of modules and the adoption of techniques of maximum power point tracking and of solar tracking. This article aims at presenting the project and development of an azimuth and elevation solar tracker, based on a new conception of the positioning sensor, composed of an array of four photoresistors. The two direct current motors that operate in the vertical and horizontal axes are controlled by a proportional-integral microcontroller. The conditions of the project were low cost, small energy consumption and versatility. The microcontroller can also incorporate a maximum power point tracking algorithm. The performance of solar tracker prototype in the initial phase of field tests can be considered appropriate. © Institution of Engineers Australia, 2013.

Análise do rendimento térmico do aquecedor solar parabólico cilíndrico

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise dos parâmetros técnicos e econômicos do aquecedor solar a vácuo, visando economia de energia

This work is about a development of a vacuum solar water heater. To accomplish this, some measurements were made, such as flow, water temperature and room temperature, relative humidity, solar power density and wind speed. It first presents a brief explanation about the global situation in relation to the accelerated use of exhaustible energy sources which can result in a breakdown of these for future generations. From this, is proposed to analyze this solar water heater with vacuum tubes during the winter season in Brazil southeastern region, under different environmental conditions. From such ideas became possible to prove through the experimental part, calculations and graphical results that technology and the performance of this device are technical and economically viable, according to the life cycle of this. It was also found that the average monthly production in a maximum heat stroke situation was 193,33kWh and minimum isolation was 57,76kWh. This reveals that this instrument should start to be examined more closely by all, as a way to reduce the use of electricity, which will protect the environment without reducing the comfort of people

Análise numérica de uma geometria de coletor solar para sistemas de aquecimento de água

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Solar radiation estimation using a numerical model

[EN]A solar radiation numerical model is presented. It is intented to be useful for different purposes like the evaluation of the suitability of possible locations for solar power stations. This model allows the user to evaluate the radiation values in any location easily, and estimate the solar power generation taking into account not only the radiation level, but also the terrain surface conditions considering the cast shadows. The solar radiation model is implemented taking into account the terrain surface using 2-D adaptive meshes of triangles, which are constructed using a refinement/derefinement procedure in accordance with the variations of terrain surface and albedo...

Steady state analysis of a storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) system

This paper presents the theoretical analysis of a storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) system operating in steady state. These systems combine thermophotovoltaic (TPV) technology and high temperature thermal storage phase-change materials (PCM) in the same unit, providing a great potential in terms of efficiency, cost reduction and storage energy density. The main attraction in the proposed system is its simplicity and modularity compared to conventional Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies. This is mainly due to the absence of moving parts. In this paper we analyze the use of Silicon as the phase change material (PCM). Silicon is an excellent candidate because of its high melting point (1680 K) and its very high latent heat of fusion of 1800 kJ/kg, which is about ten times greater than the conventional PCMs like molten salts. For a simple system configuration, we have demonstrated that overall conversion efficiencies up to ?35% are approachable. Although higher efficiencies are expected by incorporating more advanced devices like multijunction TPV cells, narrow band selective emitters or adopting near-field TPV configurations as well as by enhancing the convective/conductive heat transfer within the PCM. In this paper, we also discuss about the optimum system configurations and provide the general guidelines for designing these systems. Preliminary estimates of night time operations indicate it is possible to achieve over 10 h of operation with a relatively small quantity of Silicon.

Energía solar de concentración: estudio y análisis económico, comparativa con la energía solar fotovoltaica y mejoras tecnológicas

Este trabajo de fin de grado trata sobre el estudio de la energía solar de concentración en todos sus aspectos. Se han analizado sus tecnologías, así como posibles innovaciones que se puedan producir en los próximos años. También se va ha llevado a cabo un estudio de los costes actuales que conlleva el uso de este tipo de generación de energía, así como un análisis de las reducciones que pueden experimentar estos costes. Para poder realizar una comparación posterior con la energía solar fotovoltaica se ha escrito un capítulo dedicado exclusivamente a esta tecnología para conocer cuál es el estado actual. Además se ha realizado un análisis DAFO de los mercados que a priori puedan parecer más beneficiosos y que cuenten con un mayor potencial para el desarrollo de esta tecnología. A modo de conclusión para exponer la comparativa entre esta tecnología y la energía solar fotovoltaica se ha desarrollado un análisis de la viabilidad económica de dos plantas de estas tecnologías para comprobar en qué escenarios resulta más provechosa cada una de ellas. Al final se incluyen unas conclusiones extraídas del desarrollo del trabajo. Abstract This project concerns a study about every aspect about the concentrated solar power. Each type of technology has been analyzed as well as the possible innovations that may occur in the future. Also, the theme regarding the costs of this kind of power generation and an analysis dealing with the potential cost reduction that it may experience has been carried out. Then, in anticipation to do a comparative with the photovoltaic solar power, a whole chapter has been dedicated to this technology, to know what its actual state is. In addition, a SWOT analysis has also been carried out about the countries that at first sight might be a good option to develop the CSP. To conclude and to expose the comparative between these two technologies, a study about the economic viability of two power plants to know under what circumstances are each of them more profitable has been made. At the end some conclusions extracted from the development of this work have been included.

A free real-time hourly tilted solar irradiation data Website for Europe

The engineering of solar power applications, such as photovoltaic energy (PV) or thermal solar energy requires the knowledge of the solar resource available for the solar energy system. This solar resource is generally obtained from datasets, and is either measured by ground-stations, through the use of pyranometers, or by satellites. The solar irradiation data are generally not free, and their cost can be high, in particular if high temporal resolution is required, such as hourly data. In this work, we present an alternative method to provide free hourly global solar tilted irradiation data for the whole European territory through a web platform. The method that we have developed generates solar irradiation data from a combination of clear-sky simulations and weather conditions data. The results are publicly available for free through Soweda, a Web interface. To our knowledge, this is the first time that hourly solar irradiation data are made available online, in real-time, and for free, to the public. The accuracy of these data is not suitable for applications that require high data accuracy, but can be very useful for other applications that only require a rough estimate of solar irradiation.

Night time performance of a storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) system

Energy storage at low maintenance cost is one of the key challenges for generating electricity from the solar energy. This paper presents the theoretical analysis (verified by CFD) of the night time performance of a recently proposed conceptual system that integrates thermal storage (via phase change materials) and thermophotovoltaics for power generation. These storage integrated solar thermophotovoltaic (SISTPV) systems are attractive owing to their simple design (no moving parts) and modularity compared to conventional Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies. Importantly, the ability of high temperature operation of these systems allows the use of silicon (melting point of 1680 K) as the phase change material (PCM). Silicon's very high latent heat of fusion of 1800 kJ/kg and low cost ($1.70/kg), makes it an ideal heat storage medium enabling for an extremely high storage energy density and low weight modular systems. In this paper, the night time operation of the SISTPV system optimised for steady state is analysed. The results indicate that for any given PCM length, a combination of small taper ratio and large inlet hole-to-absorber area ratio are essential to increase the operation time and the average power produced during the night time. Additionally, the overall results show that there is a trade-off between running time and the average power produced during the night time. Average night time power densities as high as 30 W/cm(2) are possible if the system is designed with a small PCM length (10 cm) to operate just a few hours after sun-set, but running times longer than 72 h (3 days) are possible for larger lengths (50 cm) at the expense of a lower average power density of about 14 W/cm(2). In both cases the steady state system efficiency has been predicted to be about 30%. This makes SISTPV systems to be a versatile solution that can be adapted for operation in a broad range of locations with different climate conditions, even being used off-grid and in space applications.

Energy Transition in Europe’s Power House. Alleingang, avant-garde or blackout? IES Policy Brief Issue 2012/03/October 2012

Summary. The transformation of Germany’s energy sector will further exacerbate current network fluctuations and intensify the need for modifications in Europe’s power system. Cross-border power transfers will have to increase in order to overcome national limitations for absorbing large volumes of intermittent renewables like wind and solar power. In order to establish such an infrastructure on a European scale, the energy transition needs to be guided by an economic approach designed to prevent further fractures in the Internal Electricity Market. Moreover, constructive negotiations with neighbouring countries on market designs and price signals will be important preconditions for a successful energy transition in Europe.