Science-based restoration monitoring of coastal habitats, Volume One: A framework for monitoring plans under the Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000 (Public Law 160-457)

Executive Summary: The Estuary Restoration Act of 2000 (ERA), Title I of the Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, was created to promote the restoration of habitats along the coast of the United States (including the US protectorates and the Great Lakes). The NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science was charged with the development of a guidance manual for monitoring plans under this Act. This guidance manual, titled Science-Based Restoration Monitoring of Coastal Habitats, is written in two volumes. It provides technical assistance, outlines necessary steps, and provides useful tools for the development and implementation of sound scientific monitoring of coastal restoration efforts. In addition, this manual offers a means to detect early warnings that the restoration is on track or not, to gauge how well a restoration site is functioning, to coordinate projects and efforts for consistent and successful restoration, and to evaluate the ecological health of specific coastal habitats both before and after project completion (Galatowitsch et al. 1998). The following habitats have been selected for discussion in this manual: water column, rock bottom, coral reefs, oyster reefs, soft bottom, kelp and other macroalgae, rocky shoreline, soft shoreline, submerged aquatic vegetation, marshes, mangrove swamps, deepwater swamps, and riverine forests. The classification of habitats used in this document is generally based on that of Cowardin et al. (1979) in their Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States, as called for in the ERA Estuary Habitat Restoration Strategy. This manual is not intended to be a restoration monitoring “cookbook” that provides templates of monitoring plans for specific habitats. The interdependence of a large number of site-specific factors causes habitat types to vary in physical and biological structure within and between regions and geographic locations (Kusler and Kentula 1990). Monitoring approaches used should be tailored to these differences. However, even with the diversity of habitats that may need to be restored and the extreme geographic range across which these habitats occur, there are consistent principles and approaches that form a common basis for effective monitoring. Volume One, titled A Framework for Monitoring Plans under the Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000, begins with definitions and background information. Topics such as restoration, restoration monitoring, estuaries, and the role of socioeconomics in restoration are discussed. In addition, the habitats selected for discussion in this manual are briefly described. (PDF contains 116 pages)

Sorting nanoparticles by centrifugal fields in clean media

The on-demand availability of nanomaterials with selected size and well-defined chemical/physical properties is of fundamental importance for their widespread application. We report two clean, rapid, and non-destructive approaches for nanoparticle (NP) size selection in centrifugal fields. The first exploits rate zonal separation in a high viscosity gradient. The second exploits selective sedimentation of NPs with different sizes. These methods are here applied to metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) with different compositions and surface chemistry, dispersed either in water or organic solvents. The approach is general and can also be exploited for the separation of NPs of any material. We selectively sort both Au and AgNPs with sizes in the 10-30 nm range, achieving chemical-free MNPs with low polydispersivity. We do not use solutes, thus avoiding contamination, and only require low centrifugal fields, easily achievable in benchtop systems. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

Rapid bioassay as indicator of potentially harmful effects for dioxin-like compounds in sample of Ya-Er Lake, China: Requirements for clean-up and comparison to chemical analysis

A rapid bioassay was established measuring the extracts of wildlife samples which were taken from Ya-Er Lake area, China. In extracts of these samples containing PCDD/Fs and PCBs, bioassay and chemically derived TCDD-equivalents (TEQs) were nearly identical. Our results indicate this bioassay is an excellent complement to chemical residue analysis and a useful tool in understanding the complex interactions of halogenated hydrocarbons. However, it must be mentioned that the proper prior clean-up method is very important for using the bioassay.

Electron diffraction and photoemission studies of clean and water-covered Si(5,5,12) and Si(112) surfaces

The structure of silicon surfaces in the orientation range (113)-(5,5,12)-(337)-(112) has been investigated using high resolution LEED and photoemission both on a spherical and on flat samples. We find that Si(5,5,12) [5.3 degrees from (113) and 0.7 degrees from (937)] is the only stable orientation between (113) and (111) and confirm the result of Baski et al. [Science 269, 1556 (1995)] that it has a 2 x 1 superstructure with a very large unit cell of 7.68 x 53.5 Angstrom(2). Adsorption measurements of water on Si(5,5,12) yield a mobile precursor kinetics with two kinds of regions saturating at 0.25 and 0.15 ML which are related to adsorption on different sites. Using these results, a modified structure model is proposed. Surfaces between (113) and (5,5,12) separate into facets of these two orientations; between (5,5,12) and (112), they separate into (5,5,12) and (111) facets. (337) facets in this range may be considered as defective (5,5,12) facets.

Slow highly charged ion O4+ induced electron emission from clean solid surfaces

The. total electron emission yields following the interaction of slow highly charged ions (SHCI) O4+ with different material surfaces (W, Au, Si and SiO2) have been measured. It is found that the electron emission yield gamma increases proportionally with the projectile velocity v ranging from 5.36 x 10(5)m/s to 10.7 x 10(5)m/s. The total emission yield is dependent on the target materials, and it turns out to follow the relationship gamma(Au) > gamma(Si)> gamma(W). The result shows that the electron emission yields are mainly determined by the electron stopping power of the target when the projectile potential energy is taken as a constant, which is in good agreement with the former studies

Research for a clean and large throughput differential pumping system

The research is to design a differential pumping system not only to achieve the pressure transition with a large throughput, but also to achieve a clean system without back-oil. In the paper, the pressure in differential stages is calculated; the differential pumping system design and equipment choice are introduced; the tests of Molecular/Booster Pump (MBP), a new kind of molecular-drag pump with large throughout and clean vacuum are described and the system experimental result and analysis are presented.