Herbert B. Ehrmann papers, 1913-1970.

Contains correspondence, addresses and speeches, newspaper clippings, and published material relating primarily to Ehrmann's activity in the national and Boston chapter of the American Jewish Committee (1935-1970). Of special interest is material on the relation of the Committee to the American Jewish Conference (1943-1948), the relationship of American Jewry to the State of Israel, and the attitude of the Committee to the establishment of Israel. Also contains genealogical material, in German and in English, between Ehrmann and his relatives in Poland immediately prior World War II, and in Italy immediately after the war. Also contains letters and reports sent by Mrs. Sara Rosenfeld Ehrmann (b. 1895) by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) and the United Jewish Appeal, dealing primarily with fund-raising matters.

Waelder family 1885-1985

Family tree of Waelder family.

Block-Kaufmann Collection 1885-1931

Ms. Eva Padnick, 1988.

Witten; Jewish Community Collection 1885-1988

Photocopy of handwritten "Urkunde ueber die Geschichte der juedischen Gemeinde zu Witten und den Bau ihres neuen Tempels" (1885) + typed manuscript of same. Photo of interior of Witten synagogue (1935). Press clippings and other documentations on Jewish life in Witten collected by Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe (1988).

Ammatti, ihminen ja maailmankuva murroksessa : Tutkimus yliopistokirjastoista ja kirjastonhoitajista tietoyhteiskuntakaudella 1970-2005

PROFESSION, PERSON AND WORLDVIEW AT A TURNING POINT A Study of University Libraries and Library Staff in the Information Age 1970 - 2005 The incongruity between commonly held ideas of libraries and librarians and the changes that have occurred in libraries since 2000 provided the impulse for this work. The object is to find out if the changes of the last few decades have penetrated to a deeper level, that is, if they have caused changes in the values and world views of library staff and management. The study focuses on Finnish university libraries and the people who work in them. The theoretical framework is provided by the concepts of world view (values, the concept of time, man and self, the experience of the supernatural and the holy, community and leadership). The viewpoint, framework and methods of the study place it in the area of Comparative Religion by applying the world view framework. The time frame is the information age, which has deeply affected Finnish society and scholarly communication from 1970 to 2005. The source material of the study comprises 30 life stories; somewhat more than half of the stories come from the University of Helsinki, and the rest from the other eight universities. Written sources include library journals, planning documents and historical accounts of libraries. The experiences and research diaries of the research worker are also used as source material. The world view questions are discussed on different levels: 1) recognition of the differences and similarities in the values of the library sphere and the university sphere, 2) examination of the world view elements, community and leadership based on the life stories, and 3) the three phases of the effects of information technology on the university libraries and those who work in them. In comparing the values of the library sphere and the university sphere, the appreciation of creative work and culture as well as the founding principles of science and research are jointly held values. The main difference between the values in the university and library spheres concerns competition and service. Competition is part of the university as an institution of research work. The core value of the library sphere is service, which creates the essential ethos of library work. The ethical principles of the library sphere also include the values of democracy and equality as well as the value of intellectual freedom. There is also a difference between an essential value in the university sphere, the value of autonomy and academic freedom on the one hand, and the global value of the library sphere - organizing operations in a practical and efficient way on the other hand. Implementing this value can also create tension between the research community and the library. Based on the life stories, similarities can be found in the values of the library staff members. The value of service seems to be of primary importance for all who are committed to library work and who find it interesting and rewarding. The service role of the library staff can be extended from information services provider to include the roles of teacher, listener and even therapist, all needed in a competitive research community. The values of democracy and equality also emerge fairly strongly. The information age development has progressed in three phases in the libraries from the 1960s onward. In the third phase beginning in the mid 1990s, the increased usage of electronic resources has set fundamental changes in motion. The changes have affected basic values and the concept of time as well as the hierarchies and valuations within the library community. In addition to and as a replacement for the library possessing a local identity and operational model, a networked, global library is emerging. The changes have brought tension both to the library communities and to the relationship between the university community and the library. Future orientation can be said to be the key concept for change; it affects where the ideals and models for operations are taken from. Future orientation manifests itself as changes in metaphors, changes in the model of a good librarian and as communal valuations. Tension between the libraries and research communities can arise if the research community pictures the library primarily as a traditional library building with a local identity, whereas the 21st century library staff and directors are affected by future orientation and membership in a networked library sphere, working proactively to develop their libraries.

"Me emme ole kirkkoa politisoimassa" : Keskustapuolue ja Suomen evankelis-luterilaisen kirkon kirkolliskokous vuosina 1970-1977

Tutkielma käsittelee historiantutkimuksen keinoin Keskustapuolueen ja Suomen evankelis-luterilaisen kirkon kirkolliskokouksen suhdetta ja suhteen kehittymistä vuosina 1970 1977. Aihepiiriä lähestytään sekä henkilö- että organisaatiotasolla. Päälähteinä ovat kirkolliskokouksen pöytäkirjat sekä Keskustapuolueen eri puolue-elinten, ennen kaikkea kirkkopoliittisen toimikunnan, arkistokokoelmat. Keskustapuolue aktivoitui muiden puolueiden tavoin kirkkopolitiikassaan 1960- ja 1970-luvun vaihteessa. Vanhojen herätysliikkeiden edustajista muodostetulla puolueen kirkkopoliittisella toimikunnalla oli tässä aktivoitumisessa keskeinen sija. Vuosikymmenen alussa kirkon politisoituminen nähtiin toimikunnassa pääasiassa myönteisenä kehityksenä. Pyrkiessään säilyttämään herätysliikkeiden luottamuksen toimikunta joutui kuitenkin vuodesta 1974 lähtien muuttamaan kantaansa ja korostamaan, ettei Keskustapuolue ollut politisoimassa kirkkoa. Puolueen kirkkopoliitikkojen mukaan keskusta pyrki itse asiassa kirkkopolitiikallaan vapauttamaan kirkon muiden puolueiden politikoinnilta. Totta olikin, että kirkkopoliittinen toimikunta pysyi melko pitkälle vaiti opillisista kysymyksistä. Sen sijaan kirkon hallinnon demokratisointia ja köyhien seurakuntien aseman parantamista ajettiin voimakkaasti. Vaikka keskustasuuntautuneet kirkolliskokousedustajat eivät muodostaneetkaan toiminnassaan mitään yhtenäistä ryhmää, he kunnostautuivat hyvin näiden kysymysten esillä pitämisessä, aivan samoin kuin raittiuden ajamisessa. Kirkossa kuunneltiin 1970-luvun alussa puolueiden vaatimuksia ja uudistettiin hallintoa. Vuosikymmenen edetessä Keskustapuolueen vaikuttamispyrkimykset kirkolliskokouksen asiakysymyksiin kuitenkin vähenivät. Samaan aikaan kirkolliskokous puolestaan aktivoitui yhteiskunnallisille päättäjille, ja siten myös Keskustapuolueelle, suuntaamissaan kannanotoissa. Keskustapuolueessa kuunneltiinkin tarkasti kirkon ääntä. Haluttiin asettua samalle kannalle kirkon kanssa ja puolustaa kirkkoa. Siten pyrittiin vastaamaan SKL:n nousuun ja toisaalta tarjoamaan vaihtoehto SDP:n kirkkopolitiikalle, joka tähtäsi kirkon ja valtion erottamiseen. Vaikka keskustan vaikuttamispyrkimykset kirkolliskokouksen asiakysymyksiin vaimenivat tutkimuskauden kuluessa, puolue panosti jatkuvasti enemmän kirkolliskokousedustajien vaaleihin ja kirkolliskokouksessa suoritettaviin henkilövalintoihin. Vuonna 1977 keskustassa viritettiin puolueorganisaatiota jo hyvin tehokkaasti seuraavan vuoden kirkolliskokousvaaleihin. SDP:n haastaminen kirkollisissa henkilövalinnoissa alkoi toden teolla vuonna 1973 eli samaan aikaan, kun keskustan ja SDP:n nimityskilpa käynnistyi muuallakin yhteiskunnassa. SDP:n uhalla perusteltiin keskustassa myös omaa kirkkopoliittista aktiivisuutta. Keskusta pyrki haastamaan SDP:n kirkossa paljolti samoin keinoin ja samalla retoriikalla kuin ammattiyhdistysliikkeessä. Keskustapuolue säilytti edustuksensa kirkolliskokouksessa muita puolueita paremmin tutkimuskauden kuluessa. Keskustasuuntautuneet kirkolliskokousedustajat olivat lähes poikkeuksetta maallikoita ja tulivat lähinnä puolueen vahvoilta kannatusalueilta, kuten Lapuan ja Oulun hiippakunnasta. Edustajien joukossa vanhojen herätysliikkeiden osuus oli huomattava, ja keskustassa pyrittiinkin saamaan omiksi ehdokkaiksi nimenomaan herätysliike-, ei niinkään puoluevaikuttajia. Avainsanat: Kirkolliskokoukset, puolueet, Keskustapuolue, kirkkopolitiikka, politisoituminen, kirkolliset vaalit, herätysliikkeet

NORDEK : A Plan for Increased Nordic Economic Co-operation and Integration 1968-1970

For the first time the attempt of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden to increase Nordic economic co-operation and integration (NORDEK 1968-1970) is analysed by using records from the four governments archives and interviews with central actors participating. A dominating argument has until now been that dynamics in Nordic economic integration is different from dynamics in European integration. This archive based study disproves the myth however of ideological Nordism and of short term political developments outside Norden as most important for the NORDEK initiative. The NORDEK initiative was actually more a consequence of a long term socioeconomic and socio-political path dependant process. The study also disproves the myth that the NORDEK plan was a political and ideological symbol without socioeconomic substance. The purpose with NORDEK was to create a better basis for generating economic growth and social welfare. The proposed NORDEK institutions were therefore developed to promote economic progress. The study finally shows that the NORDEK failure in 1970 was not a result of lacking economic rationale or incompatible economic interests. The failure was a result of a power struggle in Finnish domestic policy and lacking political will in the other Nordic countries to continue without Finland.

Vallankumous kotona! : Arkielämän visuaalinen murros 1960-luvun lopussa ja 1970-luvun alussa

Revolution at home! Visual Changes in Everyday Life in Finland in the Late 1960s and Early 1970s The purpose of my research was to investigate the visual changes in private homes in Finland during the 1960s and 1970s. The 1960s is often described as a turning point in Finnish life, a time when the society's previous agricultural orientation began to give way first to an industrial orientation and then, by the end of the 1970s, to a service orientation. My title refers to three elements in the transition period: the question of daily life; the timeframe; and the visual changes observable in private homes, which in retrospect signalled a kind of revolution in the social orientation. Those changes appeared not only in colours and designs but also in the forms and materials of household objects. My premise is that analysing interiors from a historical perspective can reveal valuable information about Finnish society and social attitudes, information that might easily escape attention otherwise. I have used the time-honoured method of collecting narratives. As far back as Aristotle, formulating narratives has been a means of gaining knowledge. By collecting and classifying narratives about the 1960s and 1970s, it is possible to gain new insight into these important decades. The archetypal 1960s narrative, involving student demonstrations and young people's efforts to improve society, is well known. Less well known is the narrative that relates the changes going on in daily life. Substantially the study focuses mainly on fabrics, porcelain ware and the use of plastics. Marimekko's style is especially important when following innovations in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Porcelain production at the Arabia factory was another element that had a great influence on the look of Finnish homes and kitchens; and a further widespread phenomenon of the late 1960s and early 1970s was the use of plastics in many different forms. Further evidence was sought in Anttila department store mail catalogues, which displayed products that were marketed on a large scale, as well as in magazines such as Avotakka. The terminal point of the visual evolution is the real homes, as seen in the questionnaire "Homemade". I have used the 800 pages of the oral history text that respondents of the Finnish Literature Society have written about their first home in the 1960s. I also used archival material on actual homes in Helsinki from the archives of the Helsinki City Museum. The basic story is the elite narrative, which was produced by students in the 1960s. My main narrative from the same time is visual change in everyday life in the late 1960s and early 1970s. I have classified the main narrative of visual change into four subcategories: the narrative of national ideas, the narrative of a better standard of living, the narrative of objects in the culture of everyday life and the narrative of changing colour and form.