Post-harmonised European National Travel Surveys

Look-up tables are collected and analysed for 12 European National Travel Surveys (NTS) in a harmonized way covering the age group 13-84 year. Travel behaviour measured as kilometres, time use and trips per traveller is compared. Trips per traveller are very similar over the countries whereas kilometres differ most, from minus 28% for Spain to plus 19% and 14% for Sweden and Finland. It is shown that two main factors for differences are GDP per capita and density in the urban areas. The latter is the main reason for the low level in Spain. Mode share is except for Spain with a very high level of walking trips rather similar with a higher level of cycling in the Netherlands, more public transport in Switzerland, and more air traffic in Sweden. Normally kilometres per respondent/inhabitant is used for national planning purpose and this is very affected by the share of mobile travellers. The immobile share is varying between 8 and 28% with 6 NTS at a 15-17% level. These differences are analysed and discussed and it is concluded that the immobile share should be a little less than 15-17% because it is assessed that some short trips might have been forgotten in these 6 countries. The share has a downward tendency with higher density. The resulting immobile share is very dependent on data collection methodology, sampling method, quality of interviewer felt-work etc. The paper shows other possibilities to improve local surveys based on comparison with other countries.

Estudio y aplicación de redes neuronales artificiales al análisis y diseño de antenas reflectarrays

En los últimos años, estamos siendo testigos de la alta implantación en la sociedad de dispositivos de comunicación. Lo que hace años estaba reservado a un público reducido, con claras necesidades en comunicación, se ha trasladado al público general, dado la amplia variedad de servicios que sobre los nuevos medios de comunicación se han desarrollado. De hecho, el mayor tráfico de datos en la actualidad no se produce al hilo de necesidades de máxima importancia, sino como producto de nuevos hábitos cotidianos. En este contexto de renovación tecnológica constante en busca de la eficiencia, las antenas reflectoras reflectarray (o, simplemente, los reflectarrays, RAs, [1]) se presentan como una opción competitiva contra los reflectores parabólicos metálicos. En su versión más simple, una antena reflectarray se trata de una estructura compuesta de un elemento alimentador radiante, como puede ser una bocina, y de una superficie plana, consistente en multitud de elementos individuales dispuestos en una rejilla periódica. Sobre esta superficie plana, los frentes de onda provenientes del alimentador son reflejados formando frentes de ondas planas, de una manera análoga a como lo hace un reflector parabólico. A partir de la configuración inicial, y centrándose en el principio de funcionamiento, se ha ido modificando el tipo de elemento RA empleado, consiguiendo RA cada vez más operativos. Es, sobre todo, con el nacimiento de la tecnología impresa cuando las antenas RAs vuelven a cobrar interés. Aunque el uso de tecnología impresa supuso un gran impulso en los RAs, también abrió otros desafíos en lo que al diseño de ellos se refiere. Desde el punto de vista del análisis, es común suponer que el elemento RA se encuentra en un ambiente infinitamente periódico, de forma que se puedan aplicar las condiciones de contorno de Floquet (suposición de periodicidad local). Desde un punto de vista funcional, en general, los elementos RA de tecnología impresa presentan un ancho de banda reducido, que condiciona el ancho de banda del RA completo. Entre las soluciones aportadas, es comúnmente aceptado que las estructuras multicapa, con resonadores a distintas frecuencias cercanas, pueden mitigar en parte el problema del ancho de banda. Por ello, en la actualidad, los elementos RA más comunes están compuestos por varios elementos resonadores, cuyas dimensiones constituyen los parámetros de diseño libres. Es decir, en función de dichas dimensiones, el elemento RA tendrá un valor del coeficiente de reflexión u otro. Esto supone un aumento en la complejidad a la hora de analizar dicho elemento por los métodos numéricos conocidos, como el Método de los Momentos (MoM) o el Método de Elementos Finitos (FEM, por las siglas de su traducción inglesa Finite Element Method), que redundará en un mayor tiempo de cómputo en el análisis. Por otra parte, como se muestra en la Figura R.1, el diseño de un RA conlleva analizar multitud de veces el elemento RA considerado. En efecto, se trata de un método de diseño indirecto, en donde las dimensiones de los parámetros geométricos libres de cada elemento RA se obtienen de manera iterativa usando un optimizador. Se ve claro, entonces, que el aumento en tiempo de análisis del elemento RA repercute en gran medida en el tiempo de diseño total, por lo que una reducción en el tiempo de análisis del elemento RA podría ser muy beneficioso. Uno de los métodos para conseguir reducir el tiempo de diseño de un RA, que se puede encontrar en la literatura, es emplear un modelo de la respuesta del elemento RA en función de los parámetros libres. La cuestión que aflora es cuál es la herramienta idónea para modelar la respuesta del elemento RA. En los últimos años se han propuestos varias formas. La primera de ellas consistía en encontrar un equivalente circuital. Esta aproximación está bien extendida para otras estructuras EM, donde los equivalentes circuitales con componentes LC ofrecen respuestas muy precisas con respecto a las que ofrecen las estructuras EM en sí. A raíz del carácter no lineal de la respuesta, hay autores que han propuesto para el diseño de RAs la creación de tablas de datos (look up tables) que, para cada parámetro de diseño de interés (suele ser el desfase introducido por el elemento) guardan las dimensiones de los parámetros geométricos libres asociados. De esta forma, consiguen un diseño rápido, pero poco versátil, ya que la tabla ofrece un único valor para cada entrada, por lo que es difícil jugar con más de una restricción de diseño. Más recientemente, se está comenzando a utilizar, para la caracterización de estructuras EM, unos sistemas llamados Redes Neuronales Artificiales (ANN, por sus siglas en inglés Artificial Neural Network). El uso fundamental de los mismos en EM es el de servir como interpoladores no lineales. Se trata de sistemas que admiten múltiples parámetros de entradas y múltiples parámetros de salida. Antes de poder ser usados como interpoladores, deben ser entrenados. Para ello, necesitan de un conjunto de pares de los parámetros de entrada a la red, con los valores de las salidas asociados. Algunos usos en electromagnetismo de las ANNs que se pueden encontrar en la literatura son: el modelado de filtros; la caracterización de dispositivos activos; la obtención de modelos que aceleran los algoritmos que calculan la dirección de llegada en antenas de radar; o el diseño de arrays de antenas. Volviendo al modelado de elementos RA, en este trabajo haremos uso de las ANNs para caracterizar distintos tipos de elementos RA. A lo largo de estos últimos años, se ha considerado esta posibilidad como una de las más prometedoras. De hecho, podemos encontrar algunas pocas referencias al respecto, varias de las cuales han sido publicadas por distintos autores durante la elaboración del trabajo recogido en esta Tesis. Como veremos, los resultados que vamos a presentar aportan novedades con respecto a la citada literatura. Particularmente, en este trabajo se ha realizado la caracterización de un elemento RA de tres capas, considerando hasta 9 parámetros de entrada (seis parámetros geométricos, las dos coordenadas del ángulo de incidencia, y la frecuencia) y 4 parámetros de salida complejos (los coeficientes de reflexión para dos polarizaciones ortogonales lineales). Haciendo uso de esta caracterización en el flujo de diseño de RAs, se ha realizado el análisis y el diseño de varias antenas RA con restricciones de diseño de comunicaciones espaciales. Los resultados fueron exitosos comparados con los resultados obtenidos por los métodos tradicionales. De manera puntualizada, podríamos resumir las aportaciones que se verán en esta Tesis como: Caracterización de distintos elementos RA mediante ANNs basadas en el Perceptrón Multicapa (MLP). En concreto, se ha realizado con éxito la caracterización de un elemento RA de parche acoplado a línea de retardo a través de apertura; la caracterización de un elemento RA basado en dipolos sobre substratos de distintas características eléctricas en el rango de centenas de GHz; y la caracterización de un elemento RA basado en 3 parches apilados, con 9 parámetros libres en su caracterización. Uso del FEM, de la técnica de segmentación en subdominios y de la generación y manipulación de accesos MAM para el análisis y la caracterización de elementos RA mediante ANNs. Desarrollo de una nueva técnica de obtención de muestras, para el caso de estructura multicapa cuyo estudio EM se pueda dividir en dos pasos: estudio de cada capa y conexión de capas. De esta forma, se ha podido reducir en varios órdenes de magnitud el tiempo necesario para obtener el set de entrenamiento de las ANNs. Valoración del uso de distintos métodos de entrenamiento de segundo orden para el entrenamiento de redes ANN MLP, en la caracterización de elementos RA. Desarrollo de una nueva técnica para realizar el entrenamiento de redes ANNs basadas en el MLP, denominada como Entrenamiento en Cascada. Dado el alto número de parámetros a caracterizar, era difícil conseguir una red que, partiendo del número de entradas deseado, proporcionara convergencia con precisión suficiente. Con el algoritmo propuesto y probado en esta Tesis, se consiguió entrenar redes de 8 parámetros de entradas (el noveno parámetro, la frecuencia, correspondía a redes diferentes para cada valor) con gran precisión. Desarrollo de un método adaptativo para mejorar la precisión de las ANNs en el análisis de antenas RA. Este método, basado en re-entrenar las ANNs para sub rangos de los parámetros de entrada en donde el error es mayor, aporta una precisión mayor, al mejorar el entrenamiento global de las ANNs, en un tiempo aceptable, ya que solo se incluyen nuevas muestras en torno a los valores donde el error es mayor. Análisis de antena RA completa, con cobertura según especificaciones de la misión AMAZONAS (haz conformado, banda Ku), usando las caracterización el elemento RA obtenida mediante ANNs. La mejora en tiempo de análisis conseguida con respecto al uso del MoM está en un factor 102, con precisiones comparables. Diseño de antenas RA completas, con especificaciones de haz pincel y EuTELSAT (banda Ku). De nuevo, la mejora en tiempo de diseño conseguida están en torno a 102. De todos los puntos anteriores, son de destacar los dos últimos, que forman el objetivo principal de esta Tesis. Esto es, el uso de modelos rápidos de elementos RA mediante ANNs para el análisis y el diseño de antenas para comunicaciones por satélite.

Development of Shape-Optimization Tools for the Aerodynamic Design of Turbomachinery Blades

The aim of this work is to develop an automated tool for the optimization of turbomachinery blades founded on an evolutionary strategy. This optimization scheme will serve to deal with supersonic blades cascades for application to Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbines. The blade geometry is defined using parameterization techniques based on B-Splines curves, that allow to have a local control of the shape. The location in space of the control points of the B-Spline curve define the design variables of the optimization problem. In the present work, the performance of the blade shape is assessed by means of fully-turbulent flow simulations performed with a CFD package, in which a look-up table method is applied to ensure an accurate thermodynamic treatment. The solver is set along with the optimization tool to determine the optimal shape of the blade. As only blade-to-blade effects are of interest in this study, quasi-3D calculations are performed, and a single-objective evolutionary strategy is applied to the optimization. As a result, a non-intrusive tool, with no need for gradients definition, is developed. The computational cost is reduced by the use of surrogate models. A Gaussian interpolation scheme (Kriging model) is applied for the estimated n-dimensional function, and a surrogate-based local optimization strategy is proved to yield an accurate way for optimization. In particular, the present optimization scheme has been applied to the re-design of a supersonic stator cascade of an axial-flow turbine. In this design exercise very strong shock waves are generated in the rear blade suction side and shock-boundary layer interaction mechanisms occur. A significant efficiency improvement as a consequence of a more uniform flow at the blade outlet section of the stator is achieved. This is also expected to provide beneficial effects on the design of a subsequent downstream rotor. The method provides an improvement to gradient-based methods and an optimized blade geometry is easily achieved using the genetic algorithm.

50 Years Ago We Marched: What began on the grounds of Lincoln University, ended on the steps of the Alabama State Capitol

LINCOLN UNIVERSITY - On March 25, 1965, a bus loaded with Lincoln University students and staff arrived in Montgomery, Ala. to join the Selma march for racial and voting equality. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was in force, African-Americans continued to feel the effects of segregation. The 1960s was a decade of social unrest and change. In the Deep South, specifically Alabama, racial segregation was a cultural norm resistant to change. Governor George Wallace never concealed his personal viewpoints and political stance of the white majority, declaring “Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.” The march was aimed at obtaining African-Americans their constitutionally protected right to vote. However, Alabama’s deep-rooted culture of racial bias began to be challenged by a shift in American attitudes towards equality. Both black and whites wanted to end discrimination by using passive resistance, a movement utilized by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. That passive resistance was often met with violence, sometimes at the hands of law enforcement and local citizens. The Selma to Montgomery march was a result of a protest for voting equality. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Southern Christian Leadership Counsel (SCLC) among other students marched along the streets to bring awareness to the voter registration campaign, which was organized to end discrimination in voting based on race. Violent acts of police officers and others were some of the everyday challenges protesters were facing. Forty-one participants from Lincoln University arrived in Montgomery to take part in the 1965 march for equality. Students from Lincoln University’s Journalism 383 class spent part of their 2015 spring semester researching the historical event. Here are their stories: Peter Kellogg “We’ve been watching the television, reading about it in the newspapers,” said Peter Kellogg during a February 2015 telephone interview. “Everyone knew the civil rights movement was going on, and it was important that we give him (Robert Newton) some assistance … and Newton said we needed to get involve and do something,” Kellogg, a lecturer in the 1960s at Lincoln University, discussed how the bus trip originated. “That’s why the bus happened,” Kellogg said. “Because of what he (Newton) did - that’s why Lincoln students went and participated.” “People were excited and the people along the sidewalk were supportive,” Kellogg said. However, the mood flipped from excited to scared and feeling intimidated. “It seems though every office building there was a guy in a blue uniform with binoculars standing in the crowd with troops and police. And if looks could kill me, we could have all been dead.” He says the hatred and intimidation was intense. Kellogg, being white, was an immediate target among many white people. He didn’t realize how dangerous the event in Alabama was until he and the others in the bus heard about the death of Viola Liuzzo. The married mother of five from Detroit was shot and killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan while shuttling activists to the Montgomery airport. “We found out about her death on the ride back,” Kellogg recalled. “Because it was a loss of life, and it shows the violence … we could have been exposed to that danger!” After returning to LU, Kellogg’s outlook on life took a dramatic turn. Kellogg noted King’s belief that a person should be willing to die for important causes. “The idea is that life is about something larger and more important than your own immediate gratification, and career success or personal achievements,” Kellogg said. “The civil rights movement … it made me, it made my life more significant because it was about something important.” The civil rights movement influenced Kellogg to change his career path and to become a black history lecturer. Until this day, he has no regrets and believes that his choices made him as a better individual. The bus ride to Alabama, he says, began with the actions of just one student. Robert Newton Robert Newton was the initiator, recruiter and leader of the Lincoln University movement to join Dr. Martin Luther King’s march in Selma. “In the 60s much of the civil rights activists came out of college,” said Newton during a recent phone interview. Many of the events that involved segregation compelled college students to fight for equality. “We had selected boycotts of merchants, when blacks were not allowed to try on clothes,” Newton said. “You could buy clothes at department stores, but no blacks could work at the department stores as sales people. If you bought clothes there you couldn’t try them on, you had to buy them first and take them home and try them on.” Newton said the students risked their lives to be a part of history and influence change. He not only recognized the historic event of his fellow Lincolnites, but also recognized other college students and historical black colleges and universities who played a vital role in history. “You had the S.N.C.C organization, in terms of voting rights and other things, including a lot of participation and working off the bureau,” Newton said. Other schools and places such as UNT, Greenville and Howard University and other historically black schools had groups that came out as leaders. Newton believes that much has changed from 50 years ago. “I think we’ve certainly come a long way from what I’ve seen from the standpoint of growing up outside of Birmingham, Alabama,” Newton said. He believes that college campuses today are more organized in their approach to social causes. “The campus appears to be some more integrated amongst students in terms of organizations and friendships.” Barbara Flint Dr. Barbara Flint grew up in the southern part of Arkansas and came to Lincoln University in 1961. She describes her experience at Lincoln as “being at Lincoln when the world was changing.“ She was an active member of Lincoln’s History Club, which focused on current events and issues and influenced her decision to join the Selma march. “The first idea was to raise some money and then we started talking about ‘why can’t we go?’ I very much wanted to be a living witness in history.” Reflecting on the march and journey to Montgomery, Flint describes it as being filled with tension. “We were very conscious of the fact that once we got on the road past Tennessee we didn’t know what was going to happen,” said Flint during a February 2015 phone interview. “Many of the students had not been beyond Missouri, so they didn’t have that sense of what happens in the South. Having lived there you knew the balance as well as what is likely to happen and what is not likely to happen. As my father use to say, ‘you have to know how to stay on that line of balance.’” Upon arriving in Alabama she remembers the feeling of excitement and relief from everyone on the bus. “We were tired and very happy to be there and we were trying to figure out where we were going to join and get into the march,” Flint said. “There were so many people coming in and then we were also trying to stay together; that was one of the things that really stuck out for me, not just for us but the people who were coming in. You didn’t want to lose sight of the people you came with.” Flint says she was keenly aware of her surroundings. For her, it was more than just marching forward. “I can still hear those helicopters now,” Flint recalled. “Every time the helicopters would come over the sound would make people jump and look up - I think that demonstrated the extent of the tenseness that was there at the time because the helicopters kept coming over every few minutes.” She said that the marchers sang “we are not afraid,” but that fear remained with every step. “Just having been there and being a witness and marching you realize that I’m one of those drops that’s going to make up this flood and with this flood things will move,” said Flint. As a student at Lincoln in 1965, Flint says the Selma experience undoubtedly changed her life. “You can’t expect to do exactly what you came to Lincoln to do,” Flint says. “That march - along with all the other marchers and the action that was taking place - directly changed the paths that I and many other people at Lincoln would take.” She says current students and new generations need to reflect on their personal role in society. “Decide what needs to be done and ask yourself ‘how can I best contribute to it?’” Flint said. She notes technology and social media can be used to reach audiences in ways unavailable to her generation in 1965. “So you don’t always have to wait for someone else to step out there and say ‘let’s march,’ you can express your vision and your views and you have the means to do so (so) others can follow you. Jaci Newsom Jaci Newsom came to Lincoln in 1965 from Atlanta. She came to Lincoln to major in sociology and being in Jefferson City was largely different from what she had grown up with. “To be able to come into a restaurant, sit down and be served a nice meal was eye-opening to me,” said Newsom during a recent interview. She eventually became accustomed to the relaxed attitude of Missouri and was shocked by the situation she encountered on an out-of-town trip. “I took a bus trip from Atlanta to Pensacola and I encountered the worse racism that I have ever seen. I was at bus stop, I went in to be served and they would not serve me. There was a policeman sitting there at the table and he told me that privately owned places could select not to serve you.” Newsom describes her experience of marching in Montgomery as being one with a purpose. “We felt as though we achieved something - we felt a sense of unity,” Newsom said. “We were very excited (because) we were going to hear from Martin Luther King. To actually be in the presence of him and the other civil rights workers there was just such enthusiasm and excitement yet there was also some apprehension of what we might encounter.” Many of the marchers showed their inspiration and determination while pressing forward towards the grounds of the Alabama Capitol building. Newsom recalled that the marchers were singing the lyrics “ain’t gonna let nobody turn me around” and “we shall overcome.” “ I started seeing people just like me,” Newsom said. “I don’t recall any of the scowling, the hitting, the things I would see on TV later. I just saw a sea of humanity marching towards the Capitol. I don’t remember what Martin Luther King said but it was always the same message: keep the faith; we’re going to get where we’re going and let us remember what our purpose is.” Newsom offers advice on what individuals can do to make their society a more productive and peaceful place. “We have come a long way and we have ways to change things that we did not have before,” Newsom said. “You need to work in positive ways to change.” Referencing the recent unrest in Ferguson, Mo., she believes that people become destructive as a way to show and vent anger. Her generation, she says, was raised to react in lawful ways – and believe in hope. “We have faith to do things in a way that was lawful and it makes me sad what people do when they feel without hope, and there is hope,” Newsom says. “Non-violence does work - we need to include everyone to make this world a better place.” Newsom graduated from Lincoln in 1969 and describes her experience at Lincoln as, “I grew up and did more growing at Lincoln than I think I did for the rest of my life.”

Time-Precision Flexible Arithmetic Unit

Paper submitted to the XVIII Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS), Ciudad Real, España, 2003.

Calculation Methodology for Flexible Arithmetic Processing

Paper submitted to the IFIP International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SOC), Darmstadt, Germany, 2003.

Time-Precision Flexible Adder

Paper submitted to 10th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), Sharjah, Emiratos Árabes, 2003.

FATORES DETERMINANTES DA SOBREVIVÊNCIA DAS MICRO E PEQUENAS EMPRESAS DO SETOR INDUSTRIAL NA CIDADE DE SANTOS

A importância das micro e pequenas empresas na economia brasileira já é sentida desde há muito tempo, pois esse segmento é fundamental na geração de riqueza para a sociedade. Apesar da importância econômica, ainda persiste um elevado grau de descontinuidade nas mesmas, o que lhes outorga dificuldades de transporem os dois primeiros e mais críticos anos de existência. Esta pesquisa visa identificar os fatores determinantes da sobrevivência das micro e pequenas empresas do setor industrial na cidade de Santos. A relevância do estudo se intensifica em decorrência da cidade de Santos estar vivenciando um momento de desenvolvimento econômico impulsionado pelas descobertas de petróleo na camada do pré-sal. Isso poderá aumentar ainda mais o número de criação de MPEs, principalmente no setor industrial, e que provavelmente necessitarão de informações nas quais possam se espelhar. O estudo é de caráter exploratório e descritivo. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de uma pesquisa de campo com aplicação de um questionário baseado em quatro dimensões: empreendedorismo, ambiental, recursos financeiros e organização interna. A pesquisa apresentou como principais fatores de sobrevivência o tempo dedicado à empresa; a adequação dos produtos a demanda; a capacidade de assumir riscos e a liderança do gestor. A amostra de estudo foi definida por conveniência, constituída de MPEs pertencentes ao setor econômico industrial, pois é o mais aderente à cadeia de exploração de petróleo. Foram consideradas as empresas que ultrapassaram os dois primeiros anos de existência, de acordo com os critérios de avaliação de sobrevivência adotado pelo SEBRAE (2011).

Bayesian retrieval of scatterometer wind fields

The retrieval of wind fields from scatterometer observations has traditionally been separated into two phases; local wind vector retrieval and ambiguity removal. Operationally, a forward model relating wind vector to backscatter is inverted, typically using look up tables, to retrieve up to four local wind vector solutions. A heuristic procedure, using numerical weather prediction forecast wind vectors and, often, some neighbourhood comparison is then used to select the correct solution. In this paper we develop a Bayesian method for wind field retrieval, and show how a direct local inverse model, relating backscatter to wind vector, improves the wind vector retrieval accuracy. We compare these results with the operational U.K. Meteorological Office retrievals, our own CMOD4 retrievals and a neural network based local forward model retrieval. We suggest that the neural network based inverse model, which is extremely fast to use, improves upon current forward models when used in a variational data assimilation scheme.

Seeing blur:'Motion sharpening' without motion

It is widely supposed that things tend to look blurred when they are moving fast. Previous work has shown that this is true for sharp edges but, paradoxically, blurred edges look sharper when they are moving than when stationary. This is 'motion sharpening'. We show that blurred edges also look up to 50% sharper when they are presented briefly (8-24 ms) than at longer durations (100-500 ms) without motion. This argues strongly against high-level models of sharpening based specifically on compensation for motion blur. It also argues against a recent, low-level, linear filter model that requires motion to produce sharpening. No linear filter model can explain our finding that sharpening was similar for sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal gratings, since linear filters can never distort sine waves. We also conclude that the idea of a 'default' assumption of sharpness is not supported by experimental evidence. A possible source of sharpening is a nonlinearity in the contrast response of early visual mechanisms to fast or transient temporal changes, perhaps based on the magnocellular (M-cell) pathway. Our finding that sharpening is not diminished at low contrast sets strong constraints on the nature of the nonlinearity.

Fast response static var generator for improving the power system performance of an electric arc furnace (EAF)

Cascaded multilevel inverters-based Static Var Generators (SVGs) are FACTS equipment introduced for active and reactive power flow control. They eliminate the need for zigzag transformers and give a fast response. However, with regard to their application for flicker reduction in using Electric Arc Furnace (EAF), the existing multilevel inverter-based SVGs suffer from the following disadvantages. (1) To control the reactive power, an off-line calculation of Modulation Index (MI) is required to adjust the SVG output voltage. This slows down the transient response to the changes of reactive power; and (2) Random active power exchange may cause unbalance to the voltage of the d.c. link (HBI) capacitor when the reactive power control is done by adjusting the power angle d alone. To resolve these problems, a mathematical model of 11-level cascaded SVG, was developed. A new control strategy involving both MI (modulation index) and power angle (d) is proposed. A selected harmonics elimination method (SHEM) is taken for switching pattern calculations. To shorten the response time and simplify the controls system, feed forward neural networks are used for on-line computation of the switching patterns instead of using look-up tables. The proposed controller updates the MI and switching patterns once each line-cycle according to the sampled reactive power Qs. Meanwhile, the remainder reactive power (compensated by the MI) and the reactive power variations during the line-cycle will be continuously compensated by adjusting the power angles, d. The scheme senses both variables MI and d, and takes action through the inverter switching angle, qi. As a result, the proposed SVG is expected to give a faster and more accurate response than present designs allow. In support of the proposal there is a mathematical model for reactive powered distribution and a sensitivity matrix for voltage regulation assessment, MATLAB simulation results are provided to validate the proposed schemes. The performance with non-linear time varying loads is analysed and refers to a general review of flicker, of methods for measuring flickers due to arc furnace and means for mitigation.

Classification and contextual enhancement of remotely sensed data

The aims of the project were twofold: 1) To investigate classification procedures for remotely sensed digital data, in order to develop modifications to existing algorithms and propose novel classification procedures; and 2) To investigate and develop algorithms for contextual enhancement of classified imagery in order to increase classification accuracy. The following classifiers were examined: box, decision tree, minimum distance, maximum likelihood. In addition to these the following algorithms were developed during the course of the research: deviant distance, look up table and an automated decision tree classifier using expert systems technology. Clustering techniques for unsupervised classification were also investigated. Contextual enhancements investigated were: mode filters, small area replacement and Wharton's CONAN algorithm. Additionally methods for noise and edge based declassification and contextual reclassification, non-probabilitic relaxation and relaxation based on Markov chain theory were developed. The advantages of per-field classifiers and Geographical Information Systems were investigated. The conclusions presented suggest suitable combinations of classifier and contextual enhancement, given user accuracy requirements and time constraints. These were then tested for validity using a different data set. A brief examination of the utility of the recommended contextual algorithms for reducing the effects of data noise was also carried out.

Optimal image colour extraction by differential evolution

Differential evolution is an optimisation technique that has been successfully employed in various applications. In this paper, we apply differential evolution to the problem of extracting the optimal colours of a colour map for quantised images. The choice of entries in the colour map is crucial for the resulting image quality as it forms a look-up table that is used for all pixels in the image. We show that differential evolution can be effectively employed as a method for deriving the entries in the map. In order to optimise the image quality, our differential evolution approach is combined with a local search method that is guaranteed to find the local optimal colour map. This hybrid approach is shown to outperform various commonly used colour quantisation algorithms on a set of standard images. Copyright © 2010 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Structural Health Monitoring using Index Based Reasoning for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) may develop cracks, erosion, delamination or other damages due to aging, fatigue or extreme loads. Identifying these damages is critical for the safe and reliable operation of the systems. ^ Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is capable of determining the conditions of systems automatically and continually through processing and interpreting the data collected from a network of sensors embedded into the systems. With the desired awareness of the systems’ health conditions, SHM can greatly reduce operational cost and speed up maintenance processes. ^ The purpose of this study is to develop an effective, low-cost, flexible and fault tolerant structural health monitoring system. The proposed Index Based Reasoning (IBR) system started as a simple look-up-table based diagnostic system. Later, Fast Fourier Transformation analysis and neural network diagnosis with self-learning capabilities were added. The current version is capable of classifying different health conditions with the learned characteristic patterns, after training with the sensory data acquired from the operating system under different status. ^ The proposed IBR systems are hierarchy and distributed networks deployed into systems to monitor their health conditions. Each IBR node processes the sensory data to extract the features of the signal. Classifying tools are then used to evaluate the local conditions with health index (HI) values. The HI values will be carried to other IBR nodes in the next level of the structured network. The overall health condition of the system can be obtained by evaluating all the local health conditions. ^ The performance of IBR systems has been evaluated by both simulation and experimental studies. The IBR system has been proven successful on simulated cases of a turbojet engine, a high displacement actuator, and a quad rotor helicopter. For its application on experimental data of a four rotor helicopter, IBR also performed acceptably accurate. The proposed IBR system is a perfect fit for the low-cost UAVs to be the onboard structural health management system. It can also be a backup system for aircraft and advanced Space Utility Vehicles. ^