Ideas and issues in primary ELT.

Esta colección de artículos, se derivan de una importante conferencia internacional a nivel primario ELT. Proporciona una introducción ideal a los problemas en la enseñanza del Inglés como lengua secundaria o extranjera a nivel primario. La conferencia en la que estos documentos se presentaron por primera vez reunió a personas relacionadas con diferentes aspectos de la enseñanza del Inglés para estudiantes de primaria. Los tres escritores de la primera parte de esta colección plantea la cuestión fundamental de si una lengua secundaria deben enseñarse a los niños más pequeños. Los temas incluyen: criterios para planes de estudios y el diseño del programa de estudios, materiales para la escritura a nivel primario, aula de idiomas, nivel primario de formación de profesores.

A sense of place. 1 : place and space in Britain.

Para alumnos que estudian geografía. El enfoque es presentar unas ideas a través de una serie de datos, textos, fotografías, dibujos, diagramas, estadísticas, mapas etc. Se hace hincapié en la comprensión de las ideas más que en la memorización de los hechos, si bien la adquisición de conocimientos de los lugares y de los pueblos se considera como un objetivo importante.

La radio y la educaci??n a distancia en la UNED (Espa??a)

El Real Decreto de creaci??n de la Universidad Nacional de Educaci??n a Distancia, en 1972 y sus estatutos aprobados tambi??n, por Real Decreto en 1985, determinan la necesidad de utilizar medios audiovisuales y otros soportes de difusi??n para impartir las ense??anzas a distancia, y de contar en su organigrama con una direcci??n t??cnica. Con esta finalidad, el Centro de Dise??o y Producci??n de Medios Audiovisuales (CEMAV), esta integrado por los Departamentos de Radio, Video, Posproducci??n, Archivo y Documentaci??n, Estudios y Proyectos, Mantenimiento de Medios T??cnicos, Distribuci??n y Gesti??n Administrativa. Se destacan las actividades de cada uno de estos departamentos, se comenta el contenido de los distintos tipos de programas radiof??nicos y se aportan datos extra??dos del Estudio General de Medios de 1989 respecto de las audiencias registradas.

Concepto y garantías del derecho al ambiente sano en la Constitución Política de Colombia

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar desde una visión crítica que involucra diversos componentes, lo que significó en su momento y lo que en la actualidad representa la recepción del derecho al ambiente sano en el ordenamiento constitucional colombiano; ello implica examinar el desarrollo de este derecho y deber constitucional recurriendo, como referente comparativo, a textos constitucionales de otros Estados. La orientación metodológica propuesta se fundamenta en abordar la dimensión ambiental como problema juridico-constitucional, desde una perspectiva holística, sistémica e interdisciplinaria. Se propuso el tipo de investigación aplicado y los métodos de estudio fueron el jurídico-comparativo, el jurídico-descriptivo y el deductivo. El presente trabajo consta de tres capítulos. El capítulo primero tiene por objetivo determinar desde un aspecto interpretativo la significación del derecho al ambiente en el sistema normativo constitucional. Se estudió mediante el método jurídico-comparativo la conceptualización y los fundamentos de la recepción del derecho al ambiente sano en ciertas constituciones conforme los sustentos teóricos que los soportan. El segundo capítulo tiene por objetivo entender lo que es el ambiente sano para el ordenamiento constitucional de Colombia, se ahonda en el contenido material y formal del derecho al ambiente sano y la estructura de las normas constitucionales que lo reconocen y garantizan. En el tercer capítulo se analiza los mecanismos de protección constitucional al ambiente sano, el objetivo fue indagar si éstos han asegurado la protección de este derecho; para ello se propone conocer cuál ha sido el grado de eficacia alcanzado por estos mecanismos en un período que va desde su reconocimiento en la constitución política de Colombia en 1991 hasta el año 2008 fecha de cierre de esta investigación.

A participação popular na gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS: limites e possibilidades

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Irrigazione e cambiamenti climatici

The aim of this PhD thesis, developed in the framework of the Italian Agroscenari research project, is to compare current irrigation volumes in two study area in Emilia-Romagna with the likely irrigation under climate change conditions. This comparison was carried out between the reference period 1961-1990, as defined by WMO, and the 2021-2050 period. For this period, multi-model climatic projections on the two study areas were available. So, the climatic projections were analyzed in term of their impact on irrigation demand and adaptation strategies for fruit and horticultural crops in the study area of Faenza, with a detailed analysis for kiwifruit vine, and for horticultural crops in Piacenza plan, focusing on the irrigation water needs of tomato. We produced downscaled climatic projections (based on A1B Ipcc emission scenario) for the two study areas. The climate change impacts for the period 2021-2050 on crop irrigation water needs and other agrometeorological index were assessed by means of the Criteria water balance model, in the two versions available, Criteria BdP (local) and Geo (spatial) with different levels of detail. We found in general for both the areas an irrigation demand increase of about +10% comparing the 2021-2050 period with the reference years 1961-1990, but no substantial differences with more recent years (1991-2008), mainly due to a projected increase in spring precipitation compensating the projected higher summer temperature and evapotranspiration. As a consequence, it is not forecasted a dramatic increase in the irrigation volumes with respect to the current volumes.

Incidence and risk factors of homicide-suicide in Swiss households: National Cohort study

BACKGROUND Homicide-suicides are rare but catastrophic events. This study examined the epidemiology of homicide-suicide in Switzerland. METHODS The study identified homicide-suicide events 1991-2008 in persons from the same household in the Swiss National Cohort, which links census and mortality records. The analysis examined the association of the risk of dying in a homicide-suicide event with socio-demographic variables, measured at the individual-level, household composition variables and area-level variables. Proportional hazards regression models were calculated for male perpetrators and female victims. Results are presented as age-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS The study identified 158 deaths from homicide-suicide events, including 85 murder victims (62 women, 4 men, 19 children and adolescents) and 68 male and 5 female perpetrators. The incidence was 3 events per million households and year. Firearms were the most prominent method for both homicides and suicides. The risk of perpetrating homicide-suicide was higher in divorced than in married men (HR 3.64; 95%CI 1.56-8.49), in foreigners without permanent residency compared to Swiss citizens (HR 3.95; 1.52-10.2), higher in men without religious affiliations than in Catholics (HR 2.23; 1.14-4.36) and higher in crowded households (HR 4.85; 1.72-13.6 comparing ≥2 with <1 persons/room). There was no association with education, occupation or nationality, the number of children, the language region or degree of urbanicity. Associations were similar for female victims. CONCLUSIONS This national longitudinal study shows that living conditions associated with psychological stress and lower levels of social support are associated with homicide-suicide events in Switzerland.

Time-trends in assisted and unassisted suicides completed with different methods: Swiss National Cohort.

OBJECTIVE The number of suicides assisted by right-to-die associations has increased in recent years in Switzerland. The aim of our study was to compare time trends in rates of assisted and unassisted suicide from 1991-2008. METHODS The Swiss National Cohort is a longitudinal study of mortality in the Swiss population; based on linkage of census data with mortality records up to 2008. The Federal Statistical Office coded suspected assisted suicides from 1998 onwards; and from 2003 onwards right-to-die associations reported the suicides they assisted. We used Poisson regression to analyse trends in rates of suicide per 100'000 person-years, by gender and age groups (15-34, 35-64, 65-94 years). RESULTS A total of 7'940'297 individuals and 24'842 suicides were included. In women, rates changed little in the younger age groups but increased in 65-94-year-olds, due to an increase in suicide by poisoning (from 5.1 to 17.2 per 100'000; p <0.001). An increase in suicides by poisoning was also observed in older men (from 8.6 to 18.2; p<0.001). Most suicides by poisoning were assisted. In men, suicide rates declined in all age groups, driven by declines in suicide with firearms. CONCLUSIONS Research is needed to gain a better understanding of the reasons for the tripling of assisted suicide rates in older women, and the doubling of rates in older men, of attitudes and vulnerabilities of those choosing assisted suicide, and of access to palliative care. Rates of assisted suicide should be monitored; including data on patient characteristics and underlying comorbidities.

Regulatory price performance, excess cost indexes and profitability:how effective is price cap regulation in the water industry?

In this study we apply an index number approach to allow for cross sectional comparisons of relative profitability, productivity and price performance of the regulated Water and Sewerage companies (WaSCs) in England and Wales during the years 1991-2008. In order to better analyse the impact of regulation on WaSC performance, we decompose actual economic profits into spatial multilateral Fisher productivity (TFP) index, the inverse of which is demonstrated to be a regulatory excess cost index that measures the deviation of a firm’s actual costs from benchmark costs, and a newly developed regulatory total price performance (TPP) index, which measures the excess of regulated revenues relative to benchmark costs. Increases (decreases) in regulatory price performance are indicative of the loosening (tightening) of price cap regulation. Moreover, we also show that the relationship between actual economic profitability, regulatory excess costs and regulatory price performance indices can be used to categorize regulatory price caps as “weak”, “powerful” or “catch-up promoting”. The results indicated that throughout the entire 1991-2008 period, price caps were never “powerful”, in the sense that they required less productive firms to immediately and fully catch-up to the most productive firm to regain economic profitability. More specifically, during the years 1991-2000 price caps were “weak” as prices were high enough for the firms to achieve economic profits despite their low productivity levels. However, after 2001 prices became “catch up promoting” as they required less productive companies to eliminate at least some excess costs in order to eliminate economic losses. Finally, we emphasize that as our results also clearly demonstrated a much closer alignment between allowed revenues and benchmark costs after 2001, Ofwat’s approach during this period was not only appropriate, but should also be continued in the 2009 price review.

Dynamic complementarities in innovation strategies

Using a panel of Irish manufacturing plants over the period 1991-2008 we test for dynamic complementarities in the joint use of internal R&D and external knowledge sources. We find little evidence, either from considering successive cross-sectional waves of comparable surveys, or in terms of the strategy switch choices of specific plants, that there has been a systematic move towards the joint use of internal and external knowledge in innovation. We then test formally for the presence of complementarities in the joint use of internal R&D and external innovation linkages. In static terms we find no evidence of complementarity, but in dynamic terms find evidence that strategy switches by individual plants towards a more 'open' strategy are accompanied by increased innovation outputs.

Price-cap regulation in the English and Welsh water industry:a proposal for measuring productivity performance

Privately owned water utilities typically operate under a regulated monopoly regime. Price-cap regulation has been introduced as a means to enhance efficiency and innovation. The main objective of this paper is to propose a methodology for measuring productivity change across companies and over time when the sample size is limited. An empirical application is developed for the UK water and sewerage companies (WaSCs) for the period 1991-2008. A panel index approach is applied to decompose and derive unit-specific productivity growth as a function of the productivity growth achieved by benchmark firms, and the catch-up to the benchmark firm achieved by less productive firms. The results indicated that significant gains in productivity occurred after 2000, when the regulator set tighter reviews. However, the average WaSC still must improve towards the benchmarking firm by 2.69% over a period of five years to achieve comparable performance. This study is relevant to regulators who are interested in developing comparative performance measurement when the number of water companies that can be evaluated is limited. Moreover, setting an appropriate X factor is essential to improve the efficiency of water companies and this study helps to achieve this challenge.

Autonomía financiera de los municipios en Colombia. Contenido, alcance y principales dificultades en el Estado unitario

Informe final de investigación en el que se define el contenido y se delimita el alcance de la autonomía financiera en los entes municipales en Colombia. Lo anterior, partiendo del premisa del artículo 311 de la C.N., en donde el Municipio es concebido como la “entidad fundamental de la división político-administrativa del Estado (…)”, al cual se le arrogó autonomía como derecho y como garantía institucional, para destinarlo a ser la piedra angular de la organización territorial del Estado, autonomía para la gestión de sus intereses que se manifiesta en la facultad de administrar sus recursos, establecer tributos y participar en las rentas nacionales; indicando que es éste el objeto de análisis del presente documento. La autonomía financiera en los municipios será analizada desde el punto de vista constitucional, normativo, jurisprudencial y doctrinal. Se demostrará que ésta es el resultado de la evolución en la forma en la cual se ha hecho y se hace el gasto público en Colombia, una transición que de manera simultánea al proceso político administrativo, ha demostrado que sólo a través del empoderamiento de los municipios puede concretarse la eficiencia como principio orientador del gasto público. Además, se examinará la autonomía financiera municipal en sus dos manifestaciones esenciales, es decir, revisando la forma en que los municipios obtienen sus recursos y la forma en que posteriormente los ejecutan.

Incidencia de los actores internacionales no estatales en los conflictos internos. Estudio de caso: la participación de las empresas militares privadas “Executive Outcomes” y “Sandline International” en la guerra civil de Sierra Leona (1991-2002)

La Participación de las Empresas Militares Executive Outcomes y Sandline International en el conflicto de Sierra Leona fue una de las primeras veces en las que se vieron en escena a estos actores confluyendo en un nuevo orden internacional; y este estudio de caso busca determinar la manera de actuar de estas empresas y su incidencia en el conflicto. El caso de Sierra Leona es uno de los principales acercamientos a este nuevo fenómeno, que empezó a ejercer funciones que tradicionalmente le correspondían a los Estados y que han llevado a una privatización de la seguridad. Por medio de este estudio de caso se busca también determinar cuáles son las falencias y los retos que acarrean a las Empresas Militares Privadas en cuanto a su intervención en los conflictos internos. El caso de Sierra Leona es fundamental en tanto fue uno de los conflictos más intensos desarrollados en África en la década de los 90; y fue el momento en el cual las Empresas Militares Privadas empezaron a estar en la mira internacional a causa de estas intervenciones que generaron tanto críticas negativas como positivas.

Formação de profissionais de saúde no Brasil: uma análise no período de 1991 a 2008

Estudo conduzido com o objetivo de contribuir para o planejamento e implementação de políticas de qualificação profissional no campo da saúde. Foram analisados 14 cursos de graduação da área da saúde: biomedicina, ciências biológicas, educação física, enfermagem, farmácia, fisioterapia, fonoaudiologia, medicina, medicina veterinária, nutrição, odontologia, psicologia, serviço social e terapia ocupacional, no período de 1991 a 2008. Dados sobre número de ingressantes, taxa de ocupação de vagas, distribuição de concluintes por habitante, gênero e renda familiar foram coletados a partir dos bancos do Ministério da Educação. Para o curso de medicina, a relação foi de 40 candidatos por vaga nas instituições públicas contra 10 nas privadas. A maioria dos ingressantes era composta por mulheres. A região Sudeste concentrou 57% dos concluintes, corroborando o desequilíbrio de distribuição regional das oportunidades de formação de profissionais de saúde e indicando a necessidade de políticas de incentivo à redução dessas desigualdades.

Formação de profissionais de saúde no Brasil: uma análise no período de 1991 a 2008

Estudo conduzido com o objetivo de contribuir para o planejamento e implementação de políticas de qualificação profissional no campo da saúde. Foram analisados 14 cursos de graduação da área da saúde: biomedicina, ciências biológicas, educação física, enfermagem, farmácia, fisioterapia, fonoaudiologia, medicina, medicina veterinária, nutrição, odontologia, psicologia, serviço social e terapia ocupacional, no período de 1991 a 2008. Dados sobre número de ingressantes, taxa de ocupação de vagas, distribuição de concluintes por habitante, gênero e renda familiar foram coletados a partir dos bancos do Ministério da Educação. Para o curso de medicina, a relação foi de 40 candidatos por vaga nas instituições públicas contra 10 nas privadas. A maioria dos ingressantes era composta por mulheres. A região Sudeste concentrou 57% dos concluintes, corroborando o desequilíbrio de distribuição regional das oportunidades de formação de profissionais de saúde e indicando a necessidade de políticas de incentivo à redução dessas desigualdades.