Efeito antiobesogênico do óleo de peixe: função do tecido adiposo marrom e branco

A modulação do tecido adiposo marrom (TAM) e do tecido adiposo branco (TAB) está associada à prevenção ou redução do ganho de massa corporal. O óleo de peixe possui diversos efeitos benéficos que podem estar relacionados a esses tecidos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos antiobesogênicos de diferentes dietas hiperlipídicas com óleo de peixe na termogênese do TAM e na lipogênese e beta-oxidação do TAB. Para isso, foram utilizados camundongos machos C57BL/6, com três meses de idade, que foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: um que recebeu dieta standard-chow (SC, 10% kcal de lipídios) e outros três que receberam dieta hiperlipídica (HL, 50% kcal de lipídios). Obtivemos os grupos HL com banha de porco (HL-B), HL com banha de porco mais óleo de peixe (HL-B+Px) e HL com óleo de peixe (HL-Px). As dietas foram administradas por um período de oito semanas, sendo que a ingestão alimentar foi avaliada diariamente e a massa corporal, semanalmente. Na última semana de experimento, realizou-se a calorimetria indireta e o teste oral de tolerância à glicose. No sacrifício, a glicemia foi aferida, o sangue foi puncionado para obtenção do plasma e o TAM interescapular e o TAB epididimário foram dissecados e armazenados. A leptina, os triglicerídeos e a insulina foram mensurados no plasma. O índice de adiposidade e o HOMA-IR foram calculados. O TAM e o TAB foram avaliados por microscopia confocal e de luz. Realizou-se RT-qPCR e Western blot para avaliação de marcadores termogênicos, da captação e oxidação de ácidos graxos e glicose e de PPAR no TAM, e para a avaliação da lipogênese e beta-oxidação e de PPAR no TAB. Com relação aos resultados, o grupo HL-B apresentou ganho de massa corporal e elevação da adiposidade, associado com hipertrofia dos adipócitos, hiperleptinemia, hipertrigliceridemia, intolerância à glicose e resistência à insulina, reproduzindo um quadro de obesidade e síndrome metabólica. Por outro lado, a ingestão de óleo de peixe nos dois grupos (HL-B+Px e HL-Px) foi capaz de reduzir o ganho de massa corporal e a adiposidade, sem alterar a ingestão alimentar. Essa ingestão também aumentou o gasto energético dos animais, regularizou a leptina e os triglicerídeos plasmáticos, bem como a tolerância à glicose e a resistência à insulina. Esses efeitos foram associados ao aumento de marcadores termogênicos no TAM, bem como da captação e oxidação de ácidos graxos e glicose e da expressão de PPAR nesse tecido. No TAB, houve redução de marcadores da lipogênese e aumento de marcadores da beta-oxidação, juntamente com elevação na expressão de PPAR. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostram que a ingestão de óleo de peixe tem efeitos antiobesogênicos em camundongos através da modulação benéfica do TAM e do TAB e pode, portanto, representar uma terapia auxiliar alternativa contra a obesidade e suas comorbidades.

A Igreja no Brasil e o zelo pastoral de D. José Joaquim Justiniano Mascarenhas Castelo Branco: breve olhar sobre a implementação do catolicismo colonial e seus reflexos no sétimo episcopado carioca do século XVIII

A presente pesquisa aborda a formação da identidade da religião católica no Brasil colonial e seus reflexos nos desregramentos recorrentes na segunda metade do século XVIII, na diocese de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro durante o episcopado de D. José Joaquim Justiniano Mascarenhas Castelo Branco (1773 1805) tendo sido este o primeiro bispo a assumir o comando de sua diocese natal. O tema proposto aborda diretamente a complexa relação entre os poderes temporal, representado pelo Estado português personificado na figura da realeza , e o espiritual, pertencente à Igreja sua representatividade máxima no local varia de acordo com a posição ocupada pelos clérigos, respeitando-se, assim, a hierarquia eclesiástica (monges, freiras, padres, bispos etc.). Apesar da obrigatoriedade do catolicismo na colônia, a coroa metropolitana não foi capaz de dar o suporte necessário para o estabelecimento de uma religiosidade fiel às determinações do Concilio de Trento, conforme determinava o direito de Padroado. Isso levou à formação de um catolicismo colonial por vezes aparente. A miscigenação étnico-cultural deu brecha para o surgimento de praticas sincréticas e diferentes comportamentos sociais reprovados pela Igreja. O desvio de conduta era um problema que afetava, não só os fiéis, mas também o clero, sendo este composto na época por sacerdotes mal formados e alguns estrangeiros de índoles duvidosas. Assim, os bispos do Brasil do século XVIII tiveram que lidar com problemas que eram, na verdade, reflexo da realidade da estrutura colonizadora local onde, apesar de ter sido a Igreja uma importante aliada do Estado lusitano, e vice-versa, havia também grande rivalidade entre ambos. Dessa forma, ocorriam na época constantes embates entre as autoridades civil e religiosa, as quaisuniam-se e desuniam-se de acordo com seus interesses.

Curta administração de GW501516 melhora o estado inflamatório do tecido adiposo branco, o dano hepático e a inflamação renal de camundongos alimentados com dieta rica em frutose

A superativação do eixo ECA/AT1r está intimamente relacionada à síndrome metabólica e no organismo tem grande relação com o quadro de inflamação. A administração de frutose, seja por dieta ou pela água, tem sido usada como um modelo para a indução da superatividade desse eixo e para o estudo das vias inflamatórias relacionadas ao AT1r. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se a administração de GW510156 poderia diminuir a superativação do eixo ECA/AT1r e consequentemente diminuir os danos causados pela dieta rica em frutose. Para isso foram utilizados camundongos machos C57Bl/6 que receberam uma dieta contendo 47% de frutose durante oito semanas ou uma dieta controle. Após oito semanas, os grupos foram redivididos aleatoriamente para o início da administração do GW501516 durante três semanas, totalizando quatro grupos experimentais. Os animais tratados apresentaram uma melhora da pressão arterial sistólica e também dos parâmetros urinários como proteinúria e ácido úrico. Houve ainda uma melhora dos triglicerídeo e ácido úrico plasmáticos. No tecido adiposo branco, o GW501516 foi capaz de diminuir a expressão dos componentes do eixo ECA/AT1r e também amenizou a inflamação causada pela dieta rica em frutose. No fígado, não houve alterações significativa do eixo, porém a fosforilação de JAK2 dependente de AT1r foi diminuída e consequentemente houve uma menor ativação das células estreladas no grupo que recebeu o GW501516. Além disso, as proteínas e genes relacionados à β-oxidação foram aumentados com o tratamento e aqueles relacionados à lipogênese de novo, diminuídos o que resultou em menor esteatose no parênquima hepático. Os rins apresentaram uma melhora da inflamação induzida pelo eixo, apesar de o eixo também não ter apresentado diferenças significativas com o tratamento. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na expressão proteica e gênica das proteínas antioxidantes. Com esses resultados podemos concluir que a curta administração do GW501516 pôde aliviar os efeitos inflamatórios e a esteatose hepática causada pela dieta rica em frutose, podendo ser pensado como uma nova ferramenta terapêutica no tratamento da superativação do eixo ECA/AT1r.

Induction of mitotic and meiotic gynogenesis and production of genetic clones in rohu, Labeo rohita Ham.

Studies were undertaken to produce genetic clones derived from all homozygous mitotic gynogenetic individuals in rohu, Labeo rohita Ham. ln view of this, attempts were made to interfere with the normal functioning of the spindle apparatus during the first mitotic cell division of developing eggs using heat shocks, there by leading to the induction of mitotic gynogenetic diploids in the F1 generation. Afterwards, viable mitotic gynogenetic alevins were reared and a selected mature female fish was used to obtain ovulated eggs which were fertilized later with UV-irradiated milt. Milt was diluted with Cortland’s solution and the sperm concentration was maintained at 10⁸/ml. The UV-irradiation was carried out for 2 minutes at the intensity of 200 to 250 µW/cm² at 28± 1°C. The optimal heat shock of 40°C for 2 minutes applied at 25 to 30 minutes a.f. was used to induce mitotic gynogenesis in first (F1) generation and at 3 to 5 minutes a.f. to induce meiotic gynogenesis in the second (F2) generation. The results obtained are presented and the light they shed on the timing of the mitotic and meiotic cell division in this species is discussed.

Construction of a BAC library for Chinese amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri and identification of clones containing Amphi-pax genes

Amphioxus is a crucial organism for the study of vertebrate evolution. Although a genomic BAC library of Branchiostoma floridae has been constructed, we report here another BAC library construction of its distant relative species Branchiostoma belcheri. The amphioxus BAC library established in present study consists of 45,312 clones arrayed in one hundred and eighteen 384-well plates. The average insert fragment size was 120 kb estimated by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of 318 randomly selected clones. The representation of the library is about 12 equivalent to the genome, allowing a 99.9995% probability of recovering any specific sequence of interest. We further screened the library with 4 single copied Amphi-Pax genes and identified total of 26 positive clones with average of 6.5 clones for each gene. The result indicates this library is well suited for many applications and should also serve as a useful complemental resource for the scientific community.

Two unisexual artificial polyploid clones constructed by genome addition of common carp (Cyprinus carp) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

A polyploid hybrid fish with natural gynogenesis can prevent segregation and maintain their hybrid vigor in their progenies. Supposing the reproduction mode of induced polyploid fish being natural gynogenesis, allopolyploid hybrid between common carp and crucian carp into allopolyploid was performed. The purpose of this paper is to describe a lineage from sexual diploid carp transforming into allotriploid and allotetraploid unisexual clones by genome addition. The diploid hybrid between common carp and crucian carp reproduces an unreduced nucleus consisting of two parental genomes. This unreduced female pronucleus will fuse with male pronucleus and form allotriploid zygote after penetration of related species sperms. Allotriploid embryos grow normally, and part of female allotriploid can produce unreduced mature ova with three genomes. Mature ova of most allotriploid females are provided with natural gynogenetic trait and their nuclei do not fuse with any entrance sperm. All female offspring are produced by gynogenesis of allotriploid egg under activation of penetrating sperms. These offspring maintain morphological traits of their allotriploid maternal and form an allotetraploid unisexual clone by gynogenetic reproduction mode. However, female nuclei of rare allotriploid female can fuse with penetrating male pronuclei and result in the appearance of allotetraploid individuals by means of genome addition. All allotetraploid females can reproduce unreduced mature eggs containing four genomes. Therefore, mature eggs of allotetraploid maintain gynogenetic trait and allotetraploid unisexual clone is produced under activation of related species sperms.

Genetic heterogeneity and ploidy level analysis among different gynogenetic clones of the polyploid gibel carp

Background: Some triploid and tetraploid clones have been identified in the gynogenetic gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch, by karyotypic and cytologic analyses over many years. Further, 5-20% males and karyotypic diversity have been found among their natural and artificial populations. However, the DNA contents and the relation to their ploidy level and chromosome numbers have not been ascertained, and whether normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis needs to be determined in the different clones. Methods: The sampled blood cells or sperms were mixed with blood cells from chicken or individual gibel carp and fixed in 70% pre-cooled ethanol overnight at 4degreesC. The mixed cell pellets were washed 2-3 times in 1x phosphate buffered saline and then resuspended in the solution containing 0.5% pepsin and 0.1 M HCl. DNA was stained with propidium iodide solution (40 mug/mL) containing 4 kU/ml RNase. The measurements of DNA contents were performed with Phoenix Flow Systems. Results: Triploid clones A, E, F, and P had almost equal DNA content, but triploid clone D had greater DNA content than did the other four triploid clones. DNA content of clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) was almost equal to the DNA content of clone D (5-38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) plus the DNA content of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus). The DNA contents of sperms from clones A, P, and D were half of their blood cells, suggesting that normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis. Conclusions: Flow cytometry is a powerful method to analyze genetic heterogeneity and ploidy level among different gynogenetic clones of polyploid gibel carp. Through this study, four questions have been answered. (a) The DNA content correlation among the five triploid clones and one multiple tetraploid clone was revealed in the gibel carp, and the contents increased with not only the ploidy level but also the chromosome number. (b) Mean DNA content was 0.052 pg in six extra chromosomes of clone D, which was higher than that of each chromosome in clones A, E, F, and P (about 0.032 pg/ chromosome). This means that the six extra chromosomes are larger chromosomes. (c) Normal meiosis occurred during spermatogenesis of the gibel carp, because DNA contents of the sperms from clones A, P, and D were almost half of that in their blood cells. (d) Multiple tetraploid clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) contained the complete genome of clone D (5.38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) and the genome of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus). Cytometry Part A 56A:46-52, 2003. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Molecular analysis of silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch) clones by SCAR markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers specific for one, two or three clones have been identified from five gynogenetic clones of silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch) using RAPD markers developed earlier. In this study, three RAPD markers (RA1-PA, RA2-EF and RA4-D) produced by Opj-1, and two RAPD DNA fragments (RA3-PAD and RA5-D) produced by Opj-7, were selected for molecular cloning and sequencing. Sequence data indicated that there were identical 801-bp nucleotide sequences in the shared marker RA1-PA cloned respectively from clones P and A, and the shared marker RA2-EF (which was cloned from clones E and F), were also of identical 958-by nucleotide sequences. The nucleotide sequences of the shared marker RA3-PAD fragments were also similar for 1181 by among clones P, A and D. The specific fragment RA4-D was composed of 628 bp, and the fragment RA5-D from clone D contained 385 nucleotides. According to the nucleotide sequences, we designed and synthesized five pairs of sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) primers to identify the specific fragments in these gynogenetic clones of silver crucian carp. Only individuals from clones P and A amplified a specific band using a pair of SCI-PA primers synthesized according to the marker RA1-PA sequences, whereas no products were detected in individuals from clones D, E and F. The PCR products amplified using SC2-EF and SC3-PAD primers were as expected. Furthermore, the pair of SC4-D primers amplified specific bands only in individuals from clone D, although weak bands could be produced in all individuals of the five clones when lower annealing temperatures were used. However, an additional pair of SC5-D primers designed from the RA5-D marker sequences could amplify a DNA band in individuals from clones P, A and D, and the same weak band was produced in clone E, whereas no products were detected in individuals from clone F. Searches in GenBank revealed that the 385-bp DNA fragment from RA5-D was homologous to the 5' end of gonadotropin I beta subunit 2 gene and growth hormone gene. No homologous sequences were found for other markers in GenBank. The SCAR markers identified in this study will offer a powerful, easy, and rapid method for discrimination of different clones and for genetic analyses that examine their origins and unique reproductive modes in crucian carp. Furthermore, they will likely benefit future selective breeding programs as reliable and reproducible molecular markers. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Genetic diversity among different clones of the gynogenetic silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio, revealed by transferrin and isozyme markers

Genetic diversity among four clones (A, D, E, F) of gynogenetic silver crucian carp was studied using transferrin and isozymes in the blood as markers. Of the five proteins investigated, three (transferrin, esterase and superoxide dismutase) indicated polymorphism and eight polymorphic loci were detected. These loci were probably encoded by codominant alleles and their inheritance patterns were analyzed. Intraclonal homogeneity and interclonal heterogeneity were observed in these clones, which allowed us to infer the clonal nature and evolutionary relationship between them. Clonal diversity in this population of silver crucian carp in China was also compared with data reported from gynogenetic crucian carp in Germany.

Assessing genetic identity of sporophytic offspring of the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida derived from mono-crossing of gametophyte clones by use of amplified fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite markers

The haploid stage of gametophytes of the subtidal brown alga Undaria pinnatifida can be vegetatively propagated under favorable conditions. This unique characteristic makes it possible to establish independent gametophyte cell lines that are zoospore-derived. Sporophytic offspring can be generated through hybridizing the male and female gametophytes, which are derived from different cell lines. Accumulated experiences in this and other species in Laminariales demonstrated the applicability of this novel way to breed desired strains for open-sea cultivation. Sporophytic offspring originated from mono-crossing of male and female gametophyte clones were shown to have similar morphological characteristics under identical ambient conditions. However, there has been no report to relate this similarity on molecular levels. In this report, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite markers were used to analyze the genetic identity of sporophytic offspring of U. pinnatifida originated from two mono-crossing lines (M1 and M2), two self-breeding lines (S1 and S2) and one wild population (W). Totally 318 AFLP loci were revealed by use of 11 primer sets, of which 4.7%, 0.3%, 17.9%, 16.4% and 36.5% were polymorphic in M1, M2, S1, S2 and W, respectively. The pairwise genetic identity among the individuals of the same line was assessed. It was shown that offspring from mono-crossing lines had a higher degree of identity (95.6-100%) than self-breeding lines (87.7-98.4%) and the wild population (81.5-92.1%). Analysis by use of six microsatellite loci also revealed a higher genetic identity among individuals of the mono-crossing line, further confirming the results of AFLP analysis. Results from this investigation support, on molecular levels, the novel way to produce and maintain strains in U. pinnatifida by use of different gametophyte cell lines.

Effect of light period on egg-discharge of gametophyte clones of Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta)

A sporeling culture method using gametophyte clones developed in the early 1990s led to egg discharge occurring in the dark 5 min after the start of the dark period under growth under a 11:13 L-D photoperiod. The course of egg discharge could be disturbed by light, with irradiance as low as 5-6 mu mol photon m(-2) s(-1) causing 75-80% of the discharged eggs to detach from the oogonia and consequently to die within several hours. In order to enhance outgrowth rate of young sporophytes, a study was conducted to test the effect of controlling darkness in the period 2-3 h after dusk. When the slides were transferred from the standard 11:13 L-D regime to continuous light, eggs were discharged 5 min after the end of the light phase and peaked 5-l5 min later on first day after transfer, indicating that the female gametes "remember" the light-dark regime. This suggests the existence of an endogenous circadian rhythm. During the second and third days, very few eggs were discharged throughout the 11 h of the normal light phase of the L-D regime, indicating the inhibitory effect of continuous light and that the rhtyhm is easily damped by light.

Mass culture of Undaria gametophyte clones and their use in sporeling culture

Undaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Sur. is one of the three main seaweed species under commercial cultivation in China. In the mid-1990s the annual production was about 20000 tons dry. The supply of healthy sporelings is key to the success of commercial cultivation of Undaria. Previous studies demonstrated that instead of the zoospore collection method, sporelings can be cultured through the use of gametophyte clones. This paper reports the experimental results on mass culture of clones and sporeling raising in commercial scale. Light had an obvious effect on growth of gametophyte clones. Under an irradiance of 80 mumol m(-2) s(-1) and favorable temperature of 22-25degreesC, mean daily growth rate may reach as high as 37%. Several celled gametophyte fragments were sprayed onto the palm rope frame. Gametogenesis occurred after 4-6 days. Juvenile sporeling growth experiments showed that nitrate and phosphate concentrations of 2.9 10(-4) mol 1(-1) and 1.7 10(-5) mol 1(-1) were sufficient to enable the sporelings to maintain a high daily growth rate. Sporelings can reach a length of 1 cm in a month. Since 1997, extension of the clone technique has been carried out in Shandong Province. Large-scale production of sporelings for commercial cultivation of 14 and 31 hectares in 1997 and 1998 had been conducted successfully.

A new method of Laminaria japonica strain selection and sporeling raising by the use of gametophyte clones

One-celled female and male gametophytes of three Laminaria japonica strains were isolated, cultured and gametophyte clones were formed. A technique combining strain selection with sporeling raising by the use of these female and male gametophyte clones was studied. Experiments on 9 different crossing combinations was conducted in November of 1997 in Qingdao, P. R. China. The main economic characteristics, frond length and fresh weight, of sporophytes of different crossing combinations were measured. F-1 sporophytes of No. 2 showed a higher fresh weight and longer length, therefore, No. 2 (Wh860 + x Lid) was selected as a good combination. Its parental female and male gametophyte clones are being mass cultured for sporeling production. By this method, the time needed for strain selection was shortened from 5-6 to 2 years. As compared with the routine method of sporeling raising by the collection of zoospores, the time of sporeling raising of this method decrease by 50%, and the production cost is also reduced by 50%. It is believed that this method will be labour and time saving and a more economic way for strain selection and sporeling raising in L. japonica cultivation industry.