Lippu, uhri, kansakunta : Ryhmäkokemukset ja -rajat Suomessa 1917 1945

This dissertation deals with the notions of sacrifice and violence in connection with the Fin¬nish flag struggles between 1917 and 1945. The study begins with the basic idea that sacrificial thinking is a key element in nationalism and the social cohesion of large groups. The method used in the study combines anthropological notions of totemism with psychoanalytical object relation theory. The aim is to explore the social and psychological elements of the Finnish national flag and the workers flags during the times of crisis and nation building. The phenomena and concepts addressed include self-sacrifice, scapegoating, remembrance of war, inclusion, and exclusion. The research is located at the intersection of nationalism studies and the cultural history of war. The analysis is based primarily on the press debates, public speeches and archival sources of the civic organizations that promoted the Finnish flag. The study is empirically divided into three sections: 1) the years of the Revolution and the Civil War (1917 1918), 2) the interwar period (1919 1938), and 3) the Second World War (1939 1945). The research demonstrates that the modern national flags and workers flags in Finland maintain certain characteristics of primitive totems. When referred to as a totem the flag means an emotionally charged symbol, a reservoir of the collective ideals of a large group. Thus the flag issue offers a path to explore the perceptions and memory of sacrifice and violence in the making of the First Republic . Any given large group, for example a nation, must conceptually pursue a consensus on its past sacrifices. Without productive interpretation sacrifice represents only meaningless violence. By looking at the passions associated with the flag the study also illuminates various group identities, boundaries and crossings of borders within the Finnish society at the same time. The study shows further that the divisive violence of the Civil War was first overcome in the late 1930s when the social democrats adopted a new perception of the Red victims of 1918 they were seen as part of the birth pains of the nation, and not only the martyrs of class struggle. At the same time the radical Right became marginalized. The study also illuminates how this development made the Spirit of the Winter War possible, a genuine albeit brief experience of horizontal brother and sisterhood, and how this spirit was reflected in the popular adoption of the Finnish flag. The experience was not based only on the external and unifying threat posed by the Soviet Union: it was grounded in a sense of unifying sacrifice which reflected a novel way of understanding the nation and its past sacrifices. Paradoxically, the newly forged consensus over the necessity and the rewards of the common sacrifices of the Winter War (1939 1940) made new sacrifices possible during the Continuation War (1941 1944). In spite of political discord and war weariness, the concept of a unified nation under the national flag survived even the absurdity of the stationary war phase. It can be said that the conflict between the idea of a national community and parliamentary party politics dissolved as a result of the collective experience of the Second World War.

A experiência anarquista no Brasil : algumas anotações sobre as greves de 1917 e suas repercussões na Câmara dos Deputados

Resgata pequena parte da história do anarquismo, que praticamente desapareceu do cenário político brasileiro. Utilizando o método de análise historiográfica, e compulsando os registros de sessões ocorridas, analisa a participação da Câmara dos Deputados nas políticas relacionadas à repressão dos anarquistas nas greves ocorridas em 1917. Ao final da pesquisa, chega-se à conclusão da existência de razoáveis indícios de participação da Câmara dos Deputados nas ações de repressão ao movimento anarquista.

A experiência anarquista no Brasil : reflexos das greves de 1917 na Câmara dos Deputados

Apresenta um estudo sobre a experiência anarquista no Brasil. Investiga a repercussão na Câmara dos Deputados das greves operárias realizadas em 1917 a partir de registros de atividades do Plenário. Analisa o papel desempenhado pela Câmara dos Deputados na política de expulsão de estrangeiros adotada pelo governo brasileiro durante a segunda década do século XX.

Vernon's Farmers and Business Directory for the Counties of Haldimand, Lincoln, Welland and Wentworth for the years (1917/18) 19th Edition

Farmers and business directory for the counties of Haldimand, Lincoln, Welland, and Wentworth for the years 1917 - 1918.

Heritage and dialogue : using heritage conservation to strengthen the defences of peace

The Preamble to UNESCO's 1945 Constitution asserted that wars are created in the minds of men and that it is in the minds of men that the defences of peace must be built. Exploring this proposition was vital in the post World-War II years, but it is equally critical in the 21st century when world efforts towards peace continue to be undermined by intense forms of nationalism and ethnic rivalries that commonly use cultural differences as a justification for conflict.

However, while strengthening intercultural dialogue underlies the creation of UNESCO, its flagship World Heritage program under the 1972 World Heritage Convention seems to be losing touch with this motivating principle. In this paper I explore the politicization of the program and argue that a re-focus is needed if the program is to serve in improving intercultural dialogue, understanding and tolerance, and ultimately peace.

To this end it is suggested that ways in which the World Heritage program might provide a stronger focus on dialogue-creation should be prioritized. These include giving priority to new transnational inscriptions and developing new stratagies for interpreting sites in more cross-culturally sensitive ways.

Peace handbooks /

Contents cont'd.--v. 18. German African possessions (late), no. 110-114.--v. 19. Portuguese possessions, no. 115-121.--v. 20. Spanish and Italian possessions : Independent states, no. 122-130.--v. 21. North, Central and South America : Atlantic Islands, no. 131-138.--v. 22. Pacific Islands, no. 139-147.--v. 23. International affairs, no. 148--152.--v. 24. Congresses : German Opinion, no. 153-157.--v. 25. Indemnities, Plebiscites, etc., no. 158-161.

Documents relatifs aux relations extérieures du Canada = Documents on Canadian external relations.

v. 1. 1909-1918 -- v. 2. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 -- v. 3. 1919-1925 -- v. 4. 1926-1930 -- v. 5. 1931-1935 -- v. 6. 1936-1939 -- v. 7. 1939-1941 pt. I -- v. 8. 1939-1941 pt. II -- v. 9. 1942-1943 -- v. 10. 1944-1945 pt. I -- v. 11. 1944-1945 pt. II -- v. 12. 1946 -- v. 13. 1947 -- v. 14. 1948 -- v. 15. 1949 -- v. 16. 1950 -- v. 17. 1951 -- v. 18 1952 -- v. 19. 1953 -- v. 20. 1954 -- v. 21. 1955 -- v. 22. 1956-1957 pt. I -- v. 23. 1956-1957 pt. II -- v.24. 1957-1958 pt. I -- v. 25. 1957-1958 pt. II -- v. 26. 1959 -- v. 27. 1960 --

Actas e discursos /

Mode of access: Internet.

Copies of Proclamations, Orders in Council and documents relating to the European war.

Appendices: A. The sixth convention of the Second Peace Conference held at The Hague in 1907.--B. The Naval prize act, 1864. The Prize Court act, 1894. The Prize Court (procedure) act, 1914.--C. Sections from the Customs act.--D. The Declaration of London. General report on the Declaration of London, presented to the Naval Conference.--E. The War measures act, 1914. The Finance act, 1914. The Dominion notes act, 1914.--F. Patents of invention in enemy countries.--G. French moratorium. French contraband.

Lincoln's account of the Hampton Roads conference, with facsimiles from the original documents in the collection of Judd Stewart.

Lincoln's messages to the House and Senate, February 10, 1865.

Catalogue des estampes anciennes et modernes; oeuvres de Bracquemond, Mary Cassatt, Daumier [et autres] Composant la Collection Edgar Degas, dont la vente aux enchères publiques, après son décès aura lieu à Paris, à l'Hotel Drouot, Salle no.6, les mercredi 6 et jeudi 7 novembre 1918.

Mode of access: Internet.

Records of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace; inventory of record group 256.

Mode of access: Internet.

The story of the great war ...

Another issue in 8 vols. has title: The story of the great war, the complete historical records of events to date. Illustrated with drawings, maps and photographs by Francis J. Reynolds ... Allen L. Churchill ... Francis Trevelyan Miller ...

European War pamphlets

A collection of miscellaneous pamphlets on World War I.