Ultrasensitive Simultaneous Quantification of 1,N(2)-Etheno-2 `-deoxyguanosine and 1,N(2-)Propano-2 `-deoxyguanosine in DNA by an Online Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay

Exocyclic DNA adducts produced by exogenous and endogenous compounds are emerging as potential tools to study a variety of human diseases and air pollution exposure. A highly sensitive method involving online reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry detection in the multiple reaction monitoring mode and employing stable isotope-labeled internal standards was developed for the simultaneous quantification of 1,N(2)-etheno-2`-deoxyguanosine (1,N(2)-epsilon dGuo) and 1,N(2)-propano-2`-deoxyguanosine (1,N(2)-propanodGuo) in DNA. This methodology permits direct online quantification of 2`-deoxyguanosine and ca. 500 amol of adducts in 100 mu g of hydrolyzed DNA M the same analysis. Using the newly developed technique, accurate determinations of 1,N(2)-etheno-2`-deoxyguanosine and 1,N2-propano-2`-deoxyguanosine levels in DNA extracts of human cultured cells (4.01 +/- 0.32 1,N(2)-epsilon dGuo/10(8) dGuo and 3.43 +/- 0.33 1,N(2)-propanodGuo/10(8) dGuo) and rat tissue (liver, 2.47 +/- 0.61 1,N(2)-epsilon dGuo/10(8) dGuo and 4.61 +/- 0.69 1,N(2)-propanodGuo/108 dGuo; brain, 2.96 +/- 1.43,N(2)-epsilon dGuo/10(8) dGuo and 5.66 +/- 3.70 1,N(2)-propanoclGuo/10(8) dGuo; and lung, 0,87 +/- 0.34 1,N(2)-edGuo/ 10(8) dGuo and 2.25 +/- 1.72 1,N(2)-propanodGuo/10(8) dGuo) were performed. The method described herein can be used to study the biological significance of exocyclic DNA adducts through the quantification of different adducts in humans and experimental an with pathological conditions and after air pollution exposure.

Recent advances in DNA vaccines for autoimmune diseases

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Electron migration in DNA matrix: an electron transfer reaction

Este artigo apresenta uma área de pesquisa atual, ativa e interessante. Descreve a investigação da química de transferência de elétrons (TE) de um modo geral e resultados de TE em DNA em particular. Dois intercalantes de DNA foram utilizados: Ethidium Bromide como doador (D) e Methyl-viologen como receptor (A), o primeiro intercala-se entre as bases do DNA e o último na sua superfície. Utilizando o modelo de Perrin e medidas de Supressão de Fluorescência obteve-se a distância de migração do elétron; aqui a distância foi considerada o espaçamento linear entre as moléculas de doador e receptor ao longo da molécula de DNA. O valor determinado foi de 22,6 ± 1,1 angstrons e o número de pares de bases entre doador e receptor de 6,6. Na literatura os valores encontrados foram de 26 angstrons e de quase 8 pares de bases. Considera-se que a transferência de elétrons em DNA seja mediada através das interações através do espaço entre os elétrons do tipo p contido nos pares de bases.

Parameters describing the H bond in DNA

We analyze the parameters present in the Morse potential and van Zandt potential to describe the hydrogen bonds in DNA using the quasicontinuum model applied to the low-frequency vibrational modes. © 1991 The American Physical Society.

H-bond simulation in DNA using a harmonic oscillator isospectral potential

A harmonic oscillator isospectral potential obtained by supersymmetric algebra applied to quantum mechanics is suggested to simulate DNA H bonds. Thermic denaturation is studied with this potential.

The natural absence of RPA1N domain did not impair Leishmania amazonensis RPA-1 participation in DNA damage response and telomere protection.

We have previously shown that the subunit 1 of Leishmania amazonensis RPA (LaRPA-1) alone binds the G-rich telomeric strand and is structurally different from other RPA-1. It is analogous to telomere end-binding proteins described in model eukaryotes whose homologues were not identified in the protozoan's genome. Here we show that LaRPA-1 is involved with damage response and telomere protection although it lacks the RPA1N domain involved with the binding with multiple checkpoint proteins. We induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in Leishmania using phleomycin. Damage was confirmed by TUNEL-positive nuclei and triggered a G1/S cell cycle arrest that was accompanied by nuclear accumulation of LaRPA-1 and RAD51 in the S phase of hydroxyurea-synchronized parasites. DSBs also increased the levels of RAD51 in non-synchronized parasites and of LaRPA-1 and RAD51 in the S phase of synchronized cells. More LaRPA-1 appeared immunoprecipitating telomeres in vivo and associated in a complex containing RAD51, although this interaction needs more investigation. RAD51 apparently co-localized with few telomeric clusters but it did not immunoprecipitate telomeric DNA. These findings suggest that LaRPA-1 and RAD51 work together in response to DNA DSBs and at telomeres, upon damage, LaRPA-1 works probably to prevent loss of single-stranded DNA and to assume a capping function.

Variation in DNA repair gene XRCC3 affects susceptibility to astrocytomas and glioblastomas

The gene XRCC3 (X-ray cross complementing group 3) has the task of repairing damage that occurs when there is recombination between homologous chromosomes. Repair of recombination between homologous chromosomes plays an important role in maintaining genome integrity, although it is known that double-strand breaks are the main inducers of chromosomal aberrations. Changes in the XRCC3 protein lead to an increase in errors in chromosome segregation due to defects in centrosomes, resulting in aneuploidy and other chromosomal aberrations, such as small increases in telomeres. We examined XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism using PCR-RFLP in 80 astrocytoma and glioblastoma samples. The individuals of the control group (N = 100) were selected from the general population of the Sao Paulo State. Odds ratio and 95%CI were calculated using a logistic regression model. Patients who had the allele Met of the XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism had a significantly increased risk of tumor development (odds ratio = 3.13; 95% confidence interval = 1.50-6.50). There were no significant differences in overall survival of patients. We suggest that XRCC3 Thr241Met polymorphism is involved in susceptibility for developing astrocytomas and glioblastomas.

Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von NBN, ATM und ATR auf die Alkylanzien-induzierte Toxizität

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der DNA-Reparaturenzyme NBN, ATM und ATR, die wichtige Funktionen während der Reparatur von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen (DSBs) besitzen, auf die Alkylanzien-induzierte Toxizität untersucht. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass verschiedene menschliche Zelllinien, welche eine Beeinträchtigung in einem dieser drei Gene aufweisen, eine erhöhte Sensitivität gegenüber N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidin (MNNG) und dem Chemotherapeutikum Temozolomid (TMZ) zeigen. Da das DNA-Reparaturenzym MGMT die Zellen vor der Induktion des Zelltods schützt, kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Hypersensitivität der mutierten Zelllinien auf die O6-MeG-Läsion zurückzuführen ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Mutationen von NBN oder ATM nicht zu einer verminderten Kapazität der Basen-Exzisions-Reparatur (BER) führen. Somit ist die erhöhte Sensitivität der mutierten Zellen sehr wahrscheinlich auf eine verminderte Reparatur der DSBs zurückzuführen, welche durch die O6-MeG-Läsion induziert werden. Damit konnte NBN, ATM und ATR als neue Faktoren in der Abwehr gegen Alkylanzien-induzierte Toxizität identifiziert werden. Dies ist von großer klinischer Bedeutung, da einerseits die drei Proteine als therapeutisches Angriffsziel Bedeutung gewinnen und andererseits verschiedene Tumore, die in der Klinik mit alkylierenden Agenzien behandelt werden, Mutationen in diesen Genen tragen.rnrnWeiterhin wurde beobachtet, dass NBN- und ATM-defiziente Zellen nach Behandlung mit methylierenden Agenzien eine ungewöhnlich hohe Nekrose-Rate aufweisen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese unabhängig von einer PARP1-Aktivierung induziert wird. Dennoch wurde in den NBN- und ATM-mutierten Zelllinien im Gegensatz zum Wildtyp eine sehr starke Verminderung der ATP-Menge nach MNNG-Behandlung beobachtet. Diese wird durch das Fehlen einer effektiven Aktivierung der AMP-Kinase in diesen Zellen verursacht. Somit kann angenommen werden, dass die hohe Nekrose-Rate auf eine ATP-Depletion zurückzuführen ist, welche durch die nicht ausreichende AMP-Kinase-Aktivierung in diesen Zellen bedingt wird. Daher konnte NBN und ATM als Faktoren des zellulären Schutzes gerichtet gegen die Induktion der „programmierten Nekrose“ identifiziert werden. Dies ist ebenfalls von klinischer Bedeutung. Tragen Tumorzellen von Tumoren, welche mit methylierenden Agenzien behandelt werden, Mutationen in einem dieser Gene, so muss mit einer vermehrten Induktion von Nekrose und daher mit einer Stimulierung des Immunsystems während der Chemotherapie gerechnet werden. Dies wäre einerseits mit erhöhten Nebenwirkungen, die sich insbesondere durch Entzündungsreaktionen äußern, verbunden. Andererseits zeigen verschiedene Arbeiten, dass die Stimulation des Immunsystems durch sterbende Tumorzellen während der Chemotherapie die Tumorregression positiv beeinflussen kann.

SNPs in DNA repair genes associated to meningitis and host immune response

In vitro and in animal models, APE1, OGG1, and PARP-1 have been proposed as being involved with inflammatory response. In this work, we have investigated if the SNPs APE1 Asn148Glu, OGG1 Ser326Cys, and PARP-1 Val762Ala are associated to meningitis. The patient genotypes were investigated by PIRA-PCR or PCR-RFLP. DNA damages were detected in genomic DNA by Fpg treatment. IgG and IgA were measured from plasma and the cytokines and chemokines were measured from cerebrospinal fluid samples using Bio-Plex assays. A higher frequency (P<0.05) of APE1 Glu allele in bacterial meningitis (BM) and aseptic meningitis (AM) patients was observed. The genotypes Asn/Asn in control group and Asn/Glu in BM group was also higher. For the SNP OGG1 Ser326Cys, the genotype Cys/Cys was more frequent (P<0.05) in BM group. The frequency of PARP-1 Val/Val genotype was higher in control group (P<0.05). The occurrence of combined SNPs is significantly higher in BM patients, indicating that these SNPs may be associated to the disease. Increasing in sensitive sites to Fpg was observed in carriers of APE1 Glu allele or OGG1 Cys allele, suggesting that SNPs affect DNA repair activity. Alterations in IgG production were observed in the presence of SNPs APE1 Asn148Glu, OGG1 Ser326Cys or PARP-1 Val762Ala. Moreover, reduction in the levels of IL-6, IL-1Ra, MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-8/CXCL8 was observed in the presence of APE1 Glu allele in BM patients. In conclusion, we obtained indications of an effect of SNPs in DNA repair genes on the regulation of immune response in meningitis.

Enhancement of excess electron transfer efficiency in DNA containing a phenothiazine donor and multiple stable phenanthrenyl base pairs

EET grown ohm: Excess electron transfer (EET) was observed within a DNA duplex containing π-stacked phenothiazine as an electron donor, phenanthrenes as electron carriers and 5-bromouracil as an electron trap. Increasing the number of phenanthrenyl base pairs increased EET efficiency.