Francisco Berra y la educación positivista en el Uruguay (1874-1882)

Las ideas de Berra sobre la enseñanza, que tendían a hacer imperar en la educación una rígida metodología naturalista, ejercieron su influencia sobre la educación argentina, aún antes de su actuación en el gobierno escolar de la provincia de Buenos Aires. A través de su archivo documental puede conocerse la vida intelectual rioplatense -en ambas orillas-, así como el mundo estrictamente escolar y sus manifestaciones pedagógicas correspondientes. En este trabajo, nos proponemos estudiar su actuación en el Uruguay entre los años 1874 a 1882, cuya elección no es casual. Este período comprende el inicio de su actividad pedagógica en Uruguay, la elaboración de su obra principal ("Los apuntes de pedagogía") y su participación en el Congreso pedagógico de Buenos Aires, en pleno embate entre liberales y clericales y las polémicas desatadas por el avance del positivismo.

Autosuperación del Hombre

Según Nietzsche, a partir de la Revolución Francesa tenemos que estar preparados para 'conmociones fundamentales'; desde entonces se producen acontecimientos que anuncian modificaciones infra y superestructurales para el próximo milenio, con lo cual, el orden social se ajustará al rumbo de las ?nuevas ideas?. En la actualidad, los triunfos y logros de la civilización ponen en peligro el desarrollo mismo de la cultura; son tiempos de procesos políticos extraordinarios o en otras palabras, de grandes luchas por el dominio de la tierra. Es así que se aproxima el 'ocaso de los ídolos', es decir, la ruina de las verdades antiguas pues casi todo lo que hasta el presente se llama verdad es sólo mentira y, cuando la nueva realidad se enfrente a las fabulaciones milenarias, nuestra cosmovisión sufrirá terribles sacudidas; las guerras serán inevitables y todas las instituciones basadas en el engaño y la ilusión caerán ante el asombro de los sobrevivientes. Nietzsche inicia la desacralización o 'desenmascaramiento' de las verdades eternas y la transmutación de todos los valores que son, en definitiva, procesos ineluctables. Asimismo, no hay fenómenos morales sino una 'interpretación moral de los fenómenos' o, en todo caso, una falsa interpretación. Y la moral no es otra cosa que una coacción prolongada. En la medida en que la Humanidad se aleja de la fe, más se acerca a la Ciencia, porque mientras la primera significa no querer saber qué es la verdad, la segunda nos asemeja a Dios. Según Nietzsche, estamos en ese camino. Día tras día el Hombre se perfecciona mediante la investigación de la Naturaleza; forma un cuerpo físico, mental y espiritual cada vez más enaltecido, realiza experimentos para mejorar la nutrición, el modo de vivir, la manera de interpretar los fenómenos de la Naturaleza y la expansión de la conciencia; pero en última instancia, no se trata del Hombre, pues éste tiene que ser superado. En consecuencia con lo dicho, el propósito del presente trabajo consiste en brindar una interpretación de la propuesta nietzscheana de 'Autosuperación del Hombre' en relación con los diferentes períodos de la vida intelectual de Nietzsche; la misma se inscribe en el marco de una teoría política contraria a las doctrinas antes mencionadas: la filosofía de la historia hegeliana, el socialismo, el nacionalismo, el anarquismo, la democracia y el cristianismo

Francisco Berra y la educación positivista en el Uruguay (1874-1882)

Las ideas de Berra sobre la enseñanza, que tendían a hacer imperar en la educación una rígida metodología naturalista, ejercieron su influencia sobre la educación argentina, aún antes de su actuación en el gobierno escolar de la provincia de Buenos Aires. A través de su archivo documental puede conocerse la vida intelectual rioplatense -en ambas orillas-, así como el mundo estrictamente escolar y sus manifestaciones pedagógicas correspondientes. En este trabajo, nos proponemos estudiar su actuación en el Uruguay entre los años 1874 a 1882, cuya elección no es casual. Este período comprende el inicio de su actividad pedagógica en Uruguay, la elaboración de su obra principal ("Los apuntes de pedagogía") y su participación en el Congreso pedagógico de Buenos Aires, en pleno embate entre liberales y clericales y las polémicas desatadas por el avance del positivismo.

A catalogue of books [donated by Jasper Mauduit] in the library of Harvard College [at]: Cambridge in New England, 1765

This leatherbound volume lists books donated to the Harvard College Library by Jasper Mauduit, who served as an agent in London on behalf of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay. Entries are arranged alphabetically and by format; i.e. the first page lists all folios whose author, title, or keyword begin with "A," the next page lists all quartos beginning with "A," and the following page lists all "octavo &ca" volumes beginning with "A." The volume continues in a similar manner for each letter of the alphabet. Following a devastating fire in 1764 which destroyed most of the books in the Harvard College Library, Mauduit donated books, as well as money for the purchase of books, to the College. He also acted as an agent of the Society for Propagating the Gospel in New England and Parts Adjacent, using the £300 they donated for the rebuilding of the College library to select and purchase a large number of books. It is not known if the books listed in this catalog are those donated by Mauduit himself, or if they are the donations he purchased on behalf of the Society. The creator of this volume is unknown; although all entries are made in the same hand, the identity of the writer has not been determined. The label attached to the front cover, which refers to the Lime Street address of Mauduit's business in London, suggests that the list might have been prepared by Mauduit himself.

A catalogue of books in the College library: [which Benjamin Welles wished to read], 1797

In this small paper-bound catalog, Benjamin Welles (1781-1860) listed books in the Harvard College Library which he wished to read. He presumably compiled the list by consulting the Library's 1790 printed catalog, as the works are categorized according to subjects outlined in that catalog (Antiquities, Astronomy, Ancient Authors, Biography, Sacred Criticism, Ethics, Geography, Geometry, History, Nature, Travels / Voyages, Natural Law, Logic, Metaphysics, Miscellaneous Works, Dramatic, Phililogy, Natural Philosophy, Poetry, Rhetoric, and Theology). The final pages of Welles' catalog, which he titles "Another Selection," list additional volumes he wished to read. These are listed alphabetically, A - G. Some titles throughout the catalog have been marked with a "+" perhaps to indicate that Welles had read them.

A system of ethicks: Of morall phylosophy in generall & in speciall

This hardcover volume contains manuscript copies of Charles Morton's "A System of Ethicks," "Pneumatics. Or a treatise of the Rev'd Mr. Charles Morton about ye Nature of Spirit," "Appendix of the Souls of Brutes," "Some Theological Questions Answd," and a one-page list "Texts of Scripture to prove if ye head of Christ &c." copied by Harvard student Ebenezer Williams in February 1707/8.

Notebook of Obadiah Ayer, 1708-1716

The leather-bound notebook contains academic texts copied by Obadiah Ayer while he was a student at Harvard, and after his graduation in 1710. There is a general index to the included texts at the end of the volume.

Compendium logicæ secundum principia D. Renati Descarte catechisticè propositum : [1693]

Small leather hardcover volume containing a manuscript copy of William Brattle’s abstract of René Descartes’ "Compendium Logicae" copied in Latin, likely by Thomas Phipps in 1693. A crossed out inscription on the inside back cover appears to read “Thomas Phips 1693” likely referring to Thomas Phipps, a member of the Harvard Class of 1695.

Compendium logica in quatuor partes, 1701

Small hardcover notebook containing a manuscript copy of William Brattle's abstract of René Descartes' "Compendium Logicae" copied in Latin by Harvard student Joseph Metcalf between April 29th and May 7th, 1701. The text includes an ornately decorated title page and drawings and notes on the flyleaves. The covers are unattached. The inside front cover is inscribed: "Joseph Burbeen Walker 1845."

Student notebook of Samuel Dunbar, 1721-1722

This leather-bound volume contains substantial transcriptions copied by Samuel Dunbar from textbooks while he was a student at Harvard in 1721 and 1722. There is a general index to texts at the end of the volume. Dunbar's notebook provides a window into the state of higher education in the eighteenth century and offers a firsthand account of academic life at Harvard College. Notably, he often indicated the number of days spent copying texts into his book.

Theses, in Comitiis publicis Harvardini Collegii quod est Cantabrigiae Nov-Anglorum, defensae & pro viribus propugnatae a Juvenibus in Artibus initiatis, [1660-1753]

The bound volume holds handwritten transcriptions of selected Harvard Commencement Theses copied by Isaac Mansfield (Harvard AB 1742). The manuscript volume holds only the Theses chosen for public disputation. The volume includes Theses transcriptions for which no original broadsides are known to still exists.

Compendium physicæ ex authoribus extractum, 1714

Manuscript copy of Charles Morton’s Compendium Physicae prepared by copyist Robert Ward in 1714. The leather-bound volume includes text and drawings, and there is an index to the chapters of the book at the end of the volume. "Thomas Greaves's book Octob 1 Anno Salutis 1714" inscribed on flyleaf. Thomas Greaves may refer to the Charlestown physician and judge and member of the Harvard Class of 1703.

Philosophia naturalis ex authoribus extracta per dominum

This leather-bound volume contains a manuscript copy of Charles Morton’s Compendium Physicae copied by Harvard student Obadiah Ayer in 1708. The volume has text and drawings (including one large foldout drawing), and there is an index to the chapters at the end of the volume. Mather Byles (Harvard Class of 1725) also used the book.

Student notebook of Ebenezer Parkman, 1720

The small hardcover notebook contains a manuscript copy of Charles Morton's Natural Philosophy copied by student Ebenezer Parkman (Harvard Class of 1721) in 1720, as well as notes on Hebrew grammar. The flyleaf has a faded note, "[This copy] was probably made by Parkman H.U. 1721 afterward minister of Westboro." The title page of the volume includes the handwritten title "Phylosophia Natvralis: Naturall Philosophy, By the Reverd Mr. Charles Morton Pastor of a Church in Charles Town, Beegan [sic] to recite it December 11, 1720 Willm Brattle's Book 1720 ended January 30 Anno Domini 1720 [January 30, 1720/1721]." The final page of the transcription is signed and dated "June 18, 1720 Parkman." The last pages of the volume consist of notes on Hebrew Grammar titled "Instruction in Hebrew."

Student notebook of Jonathan Trumbull, 1724-1725

The bound notebook contains academic texts copied by Harvard student Jonathan Trumbull in 1724 and 1725. The volume includes transcriptions of Harvard Instructor Judah Monis' Hebrew Grammar, Tutor William Brattle's Compendium of Logic, and Fellow Charles Morton's Natural Logic.