Estudo do efeito da remoção de graxa nas propriedades das juntas homocinéticas de poliéter-éster

Nesta dissertação, foi estudado o processo de remoção de graxa lubrificante, que estava untada em mangas das juntas homocinéticas de poliéteréster (Hytrel e Arnitel) com solventes. A proposta seria remover esta graxa com solventes e reutilizar as mangas novamente nas juntas homocinéticas, para diminuir o impacto ambiental. Para a limpeza das mangas, os solventes deveriam atender às exigências de máxima capacidade de remoção da graxa, mínima agressão às mangas e compatibilidade com as normas ambientais vigentes. Inicialmente, para a caracterização dos polímeros foram utilizadas as técnicas de análise térmica (TGA, DSC e DMA), e espectroscopia no infravermelho (IR); para os solventes foi utilizada a cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (CG/MSD), e para as graxas, o IR. A partir dos ensaios de inchamento dos solventes nos polímeros foram selecionados os três solventes (Solbrax-Eco 145/210, Siderclean 53 e Renotest LM) nos quais as graxas apresentavam maior solubilidade. Numa segunda etapa, estudaram-se as condições nas quais os solventes alterariam as propriedades dos polímeros através dos ensaios térmicos (TGA, DSC e DMA) e mecânicos (ensaio de tração e dureza). A partir do DSC obteve-se a Tm, Tc e o percentual de cristalinidade dos polímeros puros e dos polímeros imersos nos três solventes. Através do DMA, obteve-se o módulo de armazenamento (E’), módulo de perda (E”) e a tangente de perda (tan d) dos polímeros puros e dos polímeros imersos nos solventes (2, 5 e 9 dias). Baseado nos ensaios de tração dos polímeros puros e imersos nos solventes, estudou-se a tensão e o alongamento na ruptura, o módulo de elasticidade, e a força máxima até a ruptura. Concluiu-se, a partir dos ensaios térmicos, que os solventes atuam como plastificantes nos polímeros, alterando fortemente o seu comportamento térmico, dinâmico-mecânica e mecânico. À medida que o tempo de imersão dos polímeros nos solventes aumenta, uma maior quantidade de solvente é incorporada nos polímeros e a região da temperatura de transição vítrea e a tan d das amostras deslocam-se progressivamente para temperaturas mais baixas. Foi igualmente observada uma diminuição do módulo de elasticidade dos polímeros após a imersão nos solventes.

Síntese, caracterização e avaliação catalítica do silicoaluminofosfato SAPO-11 sulfatado

Due to environmental restrictions around the world, clean catalytic technology are of fundamental importance in the petrochemical industry and refineries. Creating the face of this a great interest in replacing the liquid acids for solid acids, so as molecular sieves have been extensively studied in reactions involving the acid catalysis to produce chemical substances with a high potential of quality. Being the activity of the catalysts involved in the reaction attributed to the acid character of them involved for the Lewis and Brönsted acid sites. Based on this context, this study aimed to prepare catalysts acids using a molecular sieve silicoalumino-phosphate (SAPO-11) synthesized in hidrotermical conditions and sulphated with sulphuric acid at different concentrations, using to it the method of controlled impregnating. The samples resulting from this process were characterized by x-ray difratometry (DRX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal analysis (TG-DTG) and determination of total acidity (by n-butilamin adsorption). The results show that the synthesis method used was efficient in the formation of AEL structure of SAPO-11 and when being incorporated the sulfate groups in this structure the acidity of the material was increased, pointing out that to very high concentrations of acid there is a trend of decrease the main peaks that form the structure. Finally they were tested catalytictly by the reaction model of conversion of m-xylene which showed favorable results of conversion for this catalyst, showing to be more selective of cracking products than isomerization, as expected, in order that for the o-xylene selectivity there was no positive change when to sulfate a sample of SAPO-11, while for light gases of C1-C4 this selectivity was remarkably observed

Estudo do comportamento térmico e da luminescência de filmes de quitosana com os íons Eu3+ e Tb3+

Films of chitosan with trivalent lanthanides ions Eu3+ and Tb3+ were respectively prepared in the ratio of 3:1 m/m (chitosan: lanthanide) and 6:1 m/m (chitosan: lanthanide). There were no formations of films in a ratio of 1:1 m/m (chitosan: lanthanides). The films of chitosan with the Tb3+ ion have the same transparent appearance than the pure chitosan films. The film of chitosan with Eu3+ ion has a muddy appearance. These films present good resistance to tear. The appearance of the compounds prepared in ratio 1:1m/m is a white powder. The films and compounds of chitosan were characterized by Elementary Analysis (CHN), Thermal Analysis (TG/DTG) and Spectroscopy of Luminescence. The CHN analysis was made only for compounds prepared in ratio 1:1m/m, suggesting that these compounds possess the formula QUILn.6H2O, where QUI = Chitosan and Ln = Lanthanide. The results of the curves TG/DTG indicated that there are strong interactions between Eu3+ or Tb3+ and chitosan, causing a lesser lost of mass in the films. The luminescence analysis showed that the films of chitosan with the ions Eu3+ and Tb3+ present emissions in the region of the visible one, with bands of the chitosan and of the Eu3+ ion. The luminescence analysis of the compounds of chitosan with the Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions suggest that the chitosan does not transfer into energy to the ions lanthanides, however the chemical neighborhood around of the ion lanthanides breaks the selection rules and, conseqüently the 4f-4f transitions of the lanthanide ions are observed

Síntese e caracterização de carreadores de oxigênio para combustão com recirculação química obtidos via reação de combustão assistida por microondas

Perovskites oxides win importance by its properties and commercials applications, they have a high thermal stability, have conductive properties, electrical, catalytic, electro catalytic, optical and magnetic, and are thermally stable. Because of these properties, are being widely studied as carriers of oxygen in the process of power generation with CO2 capture. In this work, the base carrier system La1-xMexNiO3 (Me = Ca and Sr) were synthesized by the method via the combustion reaction assisted by microwave. were synthesized from the combustion reaction method by microwave process. This method control the synthesi`s conditions to obtain materials with specific characteristics. The carriers calcined at 800 ° C/2h were analyzed by thermal analysis (TG-DTA), to verify its thermal stability, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to verify the phase formation, with subsequent refinement by the Rietveld method, to quantify the percentage of phases formed, the surface area by BET method was determined, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was obtained to evaluate the material morphology and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) was done to observe the metallic phase of the nickel. After all proposed characterization and analysis of their results can be inferred to these oxides, key features so that they can be applied as carriers for combustion reactions in chemical cycles. The final products showed perovskite-type structures K2NiF4 (main) and ABO3.

Síntese e caracterização de óxidos de zinco e de magnésio suportados em A1SBA-15 para produção de biodiesel

To overcome the challenge of meeting growing energy demand in a sustainable way, biodiesel has shown very promising as alternative energy can replace fossil fuels, even partially. Industrially, the biodiesel is produced by homogeneous transesterification reaction of vegetable oils in the presence of basic species used as catalysts. However, this process is the need for purification of the esters obtained and the removal of glycerin formed after the reaction. This context, the alternative catalysts have that can improve the process of biodiesel production, aiming to reduce costs and facilitate its production. In this study, the AlSBA-15 support with Si / Al ratio = 50 was synthesized, as like as the heterogeneous catalysts of zinc oxide and magnesium supported on mesoporous AlSBA-15 silica, in the concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 30 %, relative to the support. The textural properties and structural characterization of catalysts and supports were determined by techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled to the chemical analyzer, adsorption / desorption of N2, thermal analysis (TG / DTG), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Characterization results indicated that the support AlSBA-15 retained the hexagonal ordered after the incorporation of zinc oxide and magnesium oxide in the holder. For heterogeneous catalysts, ZnO-AlSBA-15, that was observed the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles dispersed in the surface and interior channels of the mesoporous and microporous support. The catalytic activity was evaluated by the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil via methylic route, and some reaction parameters were optimized with the most active catalyst in biodiesel production by sunflower oil. For the series of heterogeneous catalysts, the sample with 30 % ZnO supported on AlSBA-15 showed a better conversion of triglyceride to methyl esters, about 95.41 % of reaction conditions: temperature 175 °C, with molar ratio of 42:1, stirring at 200 rpm and under a pressure of 14 bar for 6 h. The catalyst MgO-AlSBA-15 showed no catalytic activity in the studied reactions

Preparo e caracterização de membranas de quitosana modificadas com poli (ácido acrílico)

The aim of this study was to generate an asymmetric biocompactible and biodegradable chitosan membrane modified by the contact with a poly(acrylic acid) solution at one of its sides at room temperature and 60◦C. The pure chitosan membrane, as well as the ones treated with poly(acrylic acid) were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIRATR) at angles of 39◦, 45◦ and 60◦ , swelling capacity in water, thermal analysis (TG/DTG), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and permeation experiments using metronidazole at 0,1% and 0,2% as a model drug. The results confirmed the presence of ionic interaction between chitosan and poly(acrylic acid) by means of a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) formation. They also showed that such interactions were more effective at 60◦C since this temperature is above the chitosan glass transition temperature wich makes the diffusion of poly(acrylic acid) easier, and that the two treated membranes were asymmetrics, more thermically stable and less permeable in relation to metronidazole than the pure chitosan membrane

Reciclagem química de Polietileno utilizando Sílica Mesoporosa tipo SBA-15 avalizada por Termogravimetriae Espectrometria de Massas

The chemical recycling of polyolefins has been the focus of increasing attention owing potential application as a fuel and as source chemicals. The use of plastic waste contributes to the solution of pollution problems.The use of catalysts can enhance the thermal degradation of synthetic polymers, which may be avaliated by Themogravimetry (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS) combined techniques. This work aims to propose alternatives to the chemistry recycling of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) on mesoporous silica type SBA-15 and AlSBA-15.The mesoporous materials type SBA-15 and AlSBA-15 were synthesized through the hydrothermal method starting from TEOS, pseudobohemite, cloridric acid HCl and water. As structure template was used Pluronic P123. The syntheses were accomplished during the period of three days. The best calcination conditions for removal of the organic template (P123) were optimized by thermal analysis (TG/DTG) and through analyses of Xray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was verified that as much the hydrothermal synthesis method as the calcination by TG were promising for the production of mesoporous materials with high degree of hexagonal ordination. The general analysis of the method of Analog Scan was performed at 10oC/min to 500 oC to avoid deterioration of capillary with very high temperatures. Thus, with the results, we observed signs mass/charge more evident and, using the MID method, was obtained curve of evolution of these signals. The addition of catalysis produced a decrease in temperature of polymer degradation proportional to the acidity of the catalyst. The results showed that the mesoporous materials contributed to the formation of compounds of lower molecular weight and higher value in the process of catalytic degradation of LDPE, representing an alternative to chemical recycling of solid waste

Síntese, caracterização e estudo fotofísico de complexos de 4,4- diaminoestilbeno-2,2-dissulfonato com íons lantanídeos

This is a work involving fundamental studies of chemistry where the synthesis and structural characterization, as well as a possible future application of these new compounds as luminescent sensors or sunscreen agents, complexes with 4,4 diaminostilbene-2,2-disulfonic (DSD) and trivalent lanthanide ions La3+, Nd3+, Eu3+, Gd3+ and Yb3+, were synthesized in the ratio of 3 mmol: 1 mmol (DSD: lanthanides). The complexes obtained with these ions were present in powder form and were characterized by complexometric titration with EDTA CHN Elemental analysis, molecular absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet region, the absorption spectroscopy in the infrared, thermal analysis (TG / DTG), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NMR 1H and Luminescence Spectroscopy. The complexometric titration and CHN analysis, confirmed the TG / DTG which suggest that these complexes have the following general chemical formulas: [La2(C14H12S2O6N2)2(H2O)2Cl2].7H2O,[Nd2(C14H12S2O6N2)2(H2O)2Cl2].6H2O,[Eu2(C14 H12S2O6N2)2(H2O)2Cl2].7H2O,[Gd2(C14H12S2O6N2)2(H2O)2Cl2].4H2O e [Yb2(C14H12S2O6N2)2(H2O)2].6H2O. The disappearance of the bands in the infrared spectrum at 2921 cm-1 and 2623 cm-1 and the displacement of the bands in the spectra of the amine complex indicate that the lanthanide ion is coordinated to the oxygen atoms and the sulfonate groups of the nitrogens amines, suggesting the formation of the dimer. The disappearance of the signal and the displacement signal SO3H amines in the 1H NMR spectrum of this complex are also indicative coordination and dimer formation. The Thermogravimetry indicates that the DSD is thermally stable in the range of 40º to 385°C and their complexes with lanthanide ions exhibit weight loss between 4 and 5 stages. The Uv-visible spectra indicated that the DSD and complexes exhibit cis isomers. The analysis of luminescence indicates that the complexes do not exhibit emission in the region of the lanthanides but an intense emission part of the binder. This is related to the triplet states of the ligand, which are in the lowest energy state emitting lanthanide ions, and also the formation of the dimer that suppress the luminescence of ion Eu3+. The formation of dimer was also confirmed by calculating the europium complex structure using the model Hamiltonian PM6 and Sparkle

Estudo no grau de ordem-desordem no 'SR''BI IND 2''NB IND 2''O IND.9 pela influência do íon 'EU IND.3'/' e tratamento térmico por microondas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo termoanalítico e eletroquímico das reações em estado sólido na interfase metálica dos sistemas Pt-Rh/Hg, empregando a liga de composição Pt-Rh 80:20% (m/m)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo das reações no estado sólido entre a liga de composição 'PT'-'RH'85:15%(m/m) e 'HG'

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Argilas modificadas: remoção de antraceno e ácido 9-antróico como modelo para aromáticos (hpa) presentes em águas

Pós-graduação em Química - IBILCE

Complexos de zinco(II), de európio(III) e heterobimetálico com os ácidos tiofeno 2 e 3-carboxílico. Síntese, caracterização e propriedades luminescentes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização farmacognóstica, química, físico-química e estudos preliminares de pré-formulação da Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) B. Verlt.

Realiza estudos de caracterização química, físico-química e de pré-formulação de Arrabidaea chica (Humb. & Bonpl.) B. Vert., pertencente à família Bignoniaceae, a qual recebe várias denominações, sendo que na região amazônica ela é conhecida popularmente como pariri, amplamente utilizada na medicina popular para o tratamento de várias doenças, dentre elas as enfermidades da pele causadas por dermatomicoses. A utilização de produtos naturais de origem vegetal implica no controle de qualidade farmacobotânico e em ensaios de pureza que compõem as especificações técnicas da espécie. Para isso, foi realizada a descrição anatômica das folhas jovens e maduras da planta a partir de observações realizadas ao microscópio óptico em cortes histológicos. Os testes Farmacopéicos incluíram a determinação da distribuição granulométrica do pó da planta, determinação do teor de umidade e de cinzas totais, e para a tintura foram realizadas determinações de pH, densidade aparente e teor de sólidos, sendo realizadas ainda a prospecção química, o perfil cromatográfico por CCO e CLAE, além da avaliação da sua atividade antimicrobiana. Tanto para o pó quanto para a tintura de A.chica foram observados os perfis por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e perfis térmicos por TG e OTA. Foram realizados ainda, os estudos de pré-formulação através de espectroscopia na região de infravermelho e análise térmica (TG e OT A) das misturas físicas dos adjuvantes da formulação proposta para veicular a solução extrativa, com a finalidade de avaliar possíveis incompatibilidades da solução extrativa com os mesmos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que a tintura de A. chica se adequa ao fim pretendido, além de ter assegurado a compatibilidade com os adjuvantes testados para constituírem a formulação proposta, já que não foi observado indícios de incompatibilidade física ou química entre os mesmos. Os estudos forneceram dados relevantes para o desenvolvimento da formulação proposta, visando obter resultados rápidos e com a precisão desejada.

Comportamento térmico e evolução das fases de óxidos de Mn com estrutura hollandita da região Amazônica

Minerais de óxidos de Mn com estrutura em túnel, hollandita (Apuí, Amazonas, Brasil, zona em prospecção) e criptomelana (Urucum, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil) foram isolados e caracterizados quanto à composição química, mineralógica, estabilidade térmica e morfologia. As seguintes técnicas foram utilizadas para caracterização: microscopia eletrônica de varredura-EDS, análise térmica (TG-DTA) e difração de raios X estático e com aquecimento contínuo entre 100-900 ºC. As seguintes fórmulas empíricas, calculadas com base em 16 átomos de oxigênios foram obtidas: (Ba_0,18K_0,12Ca_0,02Pb_0,04)_0,76(Mn_6,34Al_0,61Si_0,25Fe_0,24Ti_0,08) _7,54O₁₆0,4H₂O para hollandita e (K_0,9Na_0,04Ca_0,03Sr_0,04) _1,04 (Mn_7,38Fe_0,28Al_0,27Si_0,08) ₈O₁₆ para criptomelana. Mediante o uso de microscopia eletrônica de varredura foi possível diferenciar a morfologia da hollandita e da criptomelana. Os resultados de DRX e TG-DTA mostraram que os minerais apresentaram estabilidade térmica acima de 900 ºC.