Colonización y política agraria en la provincia de Buenos Aires : Demandas sectoriales y respuestas oficiales durante la primera mitad el siglo XX

Las cambiantes condiciones internas y externas que comenzaron a afectar el desarrollo del modelo agroexportador, durante las décadas iniciales del siglo XX, pusieron la "cuestión agraria" en el centro de discusión sobre el modelo de país deseable. Si la concentración de la propiedad de la tierra comenzaba a ser visualizada como causa de los mayores males que inquietaban a la sociedad, la colonización agraria era planteada como el camino para superar las contradicciones que afectaban el crecimiento del sector. Hemos buscado en este trabajo dar cuenta de algunas de las expresiones a favor de la implementación de ese tipo de políticas agrarias, poniendo particular atención en el caso bonaerense

El impuesto al latifundio en la provincia de Buenos Aires durante las décadas de 1940 y 1950

El propósito de este artículo es el estudio del proceso de gravamen sobre el latifundio durante las décadas de 1940 y 1950 como parte de un conjunto de políticas agrarias en torno a la propiedad y tenencia de la tierra (arrendamientos y colonización) que contemplan los niveles de producción, de acumulación y la distribución del ingreso en función de controlar el orden social y asegurar la legitimidad del poder político; articulado con el análisis de las resonancias y respuestas de las corporaciones de grandes propietarios en los contextos específicos, lo que permite una aprehensión más integral de la naturaleza y desempeño de esta clase social rural.

Colonización y política agraria en la provincia de Buenos Aires : Demandas sectoriales y respuestas oficiales durante la primera mitad el siglo XX

Las cambiantes condiciones internas y externas que comenzaron a afectar el desarrollo del modelo agroexportador, durante las décadas iniciales del siglo XX, pusieron la "cuestión agraria" en el centro de discusión sobre el modelo de país deseable. Si la concentración de la propiedad de la tierra comenzaba a ser visualizada como causa de los mayores males que inquietaban a la sociedad, la colonización agraria era planteada como el camino para superar las contradicciones que afectaban el crecimiento del sector. Hemos buscado en este trabajo dar cuenta de algunas de las expresiones a favor de la implementación de ese tipo de políticas agrarias, poniendo particular atención en el caso bonaerense

El impuesto al latifundio en la provincia de Buenos Aires durante las décadas de 1940 y 1950

El propósito de este artículo es el estudio del proceso de gravamen sobre el latifundio durante las décadas de 1940 y 1950 como parte de un conjunto de políticas agrarias en torno a la propiedad y tenencia de la tierra (arrendamientos y colonización) que contemplan los niveles de producción, de acumulación y la distribución del ingreso en función de controlar el orden social y asegurar la legitimidad del poder político; articulado con el análisis de las resonancias y respuestas de las corporaciones de grandes propietarios en los contextos específicos, lo que permite una aprehensión más integral de la naturaleza y desempeño de esta clase social rural.

Colonización y política agraria en la provincia de Buenos Aires : Demandas sectoriales y respuestas oficiales durante la primera mitad el siglo XX

Las cambiantes condiciones internas y externas que comenzaron a afectar el desarrollo del modelo agroexportador, durante las décadas iniciales del siglo XX, pusieron la "cuestión agraria" en el centro de discusión sobre el modelo de país deseable. Si la concentración de la propiedad de la tierra comenzaba a ser visualizada como causa de los mayores males que inquietaban a la sociedad, la colonización agraria era planteada como el camino para superar las contradicciones que afectaban el crecimiento del sector. Hemos buscado en este trabajo dar cuenta de algunas de las expresiones a favor de la implementación de ese tipo de políticas agrarias, poniendo particular atención en el caso bonaerense

El impuesto al latifundio en la provincia de Buenos Aires durante las décadas de 1940 y 1950

El propósito de este artículo es el estudio del proceso de gravamen sobre el latifundio durante las décadas de 1940 y 1950 como parte de un conjunto de políticas agrarias en torno a la propiedad y tenencia de la tierra (arrendamientos y colonización) que contemplan los niveles de producción, de acumulación y la distribución del ingreso en función de controlar el orden social y asegurar la legitimidad del poder político; articulado con el análisis de las resonancias y respuestas de las corporaciones de grandes propietarios en los contextos específicos, lo que permite una aprehensión más integral de la naturaleza y desempeño de esta clase social rural.

Colonización y política agraria en la provincia de Buenos Aires : Demandas sectoriales y respuestas oficiales durante la primera mitad el siglo XX

Las cambiantes condiciones internas y externas que comenzaron a afectar el desarrollo del modelo agroexportador, durante las décadas iniciales del siglo XX, pusieron la "cuestión agraria" en el centro de discusión sobre el modelo de país deseable. Si la concentración de la propiedad de la tierra comenzaba a ser visualizada como causa de los mayores males que inquietaban a la sociedad, la colonización agraria era planteada como el camino para superar las contradicciones que afectaban el crecimiento del sector. Hemos buscado en este trabajo dar cuenta de algunas de las expresiones a favor de la implementación de ese tipo de políticas agrarias, poniendo particular atención en el caso bonaerense

An example of integration between en economic and an hydrologic model in the framework of water resource management problems

Growing scarcity, increasing demand and bad management of water resources are causing weighty competition for water and consequently managers are facing more and more pressure in an attempt to satisfy users? requirement. In many regions agriculture is one of the most important users at river basin scale since it concentrates high volumes of water consumption during relatively short periods (irrigation season), with a significant economic, social and environmental impact. The interdisciplinary characteristics of related water resources problems require, as established in the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC, an integrated and participative approach to water management and assigns an essential role to economic analysis as a decision support tool. For this reason, a methodology is developed to analyse the economic and environmental implications of water resource management under different scenarios, with a focus on the agricultural sector. This research integrates both economic and hydrologic components in modelling, defining scenarios of water resource management with the goal of preventing critical situations, such as droughts. The model follows the Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) approach, an innovative methodology successfully used for agricultural policy analysis in the last decade and also applied in several analyses regarding water use in agriculture. This approach has, among others, the very important capability of perfectly calibrating the baseline scenario using a very limited database. However one important disadvantage is its limited capacity to simulate activities non-observed during the reference period but which could be adopted if the scenario changed. To overcome this problem the classical methodology is extended in order to simulate a more realistic farmers? response to new agricultural policies or modified water availability. In this way an economic model has been developed to reproduce the farmers? behaviour within two irrigation districts in the Tiber High Valley. This economic model is then integrated with SIMBAT, an hydrologic model developed for the Tiber basin which allows to simulate the balance between the water volumes available at the Montedoglio dam and the water volumes required by the various irrigation users.

Balancing groundwater conservation and rural livelihoods under water and climate uncertainties: An integrated hydro-economic modeling framework

In arid countries worldwide, social conflicts between irrigation-based human development and the conservation of aquatic ecosystems are widespread and attract many public debates. This research focuses on the analysis of water and agricultural policies aimed at conserving groundwater resources and maintaining rurallivelihoods in a basin in Spain's central arid region. Intensive groundwater mining for irrigation has caused overexploitation of the basin's large aquifer, the degradation of reputed wetlands and has given rise to notable social conflicts over the years. With the aim of tackling the multifaceted socio-ecological interactions of complex water systems, the methodology used in this study consists in a novel integration into a common platform of an economic optimization model and a hydrology model WEAP (Water Evaluation And Planning system). This robust tool is used to analyze the spatial and temporal effects of different water and agricultural policies under different climate scenarios. It permits the prediction of different climate and policy outcomes across farm types (water stress impacts and adaptation), at basin's level (aquifer recovery), and along the policies’ implementation horizon (short and long run). Results show that the region's current quota-based water policies may contribute to reduce water consumption in the farms but will not be able to recover the aquifer and will inflict income losses to the rural communities. This situation would worsen in case of drought. Economies of scale and technology are evidenced as larger farms with cropping diversification and those equipped with modern irrigation will better adapt to water stress conditions. However, the long-term sustainability of the aquifer and the maintenance of rurallivelihoods will be attained only if additional policy measures are put in place such as the control of illegal abstractions and the establishing of a water bank. Within the policy domain, the research contributes to the new sustainable development strategy of the EU by concluding that, in water-scarce regions, effective integration of water and agricultural policies is essential for achieving the water protection objectives of the EU policies. Therefore, the design and enforcement of well-balanced region-specific polices is a major task faced by policy makers for achieving successful water management that will ensure nature protection and human development at tolerable social costs. From a methodological perspective, this research initiative contributes to better address hydrological questions as well as economic and social issues in complex water and human systems. Its integrated vision provides a valuable illustration to inform water policy and management decisions within contexts of water-related conflicts worldwide.

Irrigated agriculture: Water resources management for a sustainable environment

In the last decade, research on irrigation has mainly been aimed at reducing crop water consumption. In arid and semi-arid environments, in relation to the limited water resources, the use of low quality water in agriculture has also been investigated in order to detect their effects on soil physical properties and on crop production. More recently, even the reduction of energy consumption in agriculture, as well as the effects of external factors, climate change and agricultural policies, have been major research interests. All these objectives have been considered in the papers included in this special issue. However, in the last years, approaches aimed at reducing crop water requirements have significantly changed. Remote sensing with satellites or unmanned vehicles, and vegetation spectral measurements, among others, represent in fact the newest frontier of existing technologies. Knowledge of soil hydraulic properties, often forgotten because of the difficulty of their estimation, can also be considered as a new way to reduce water consumption.

Análise do impacto das políticas de intervenção no setor do agronegócio sobre a cadeia de carne bovina na Venezuela

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o desempenho da cadeia de carne bovina na Venezuela sob o efeito de políticas de intervenção estatal principalmente nas últimas décadas. Para tanto, foi empregada a abordagem teórica do enfoque sistêmico em conjunto com metodologia que se apoiou em um modelo econométrico para explicar o efeito de variáveis tecnológicas e macroeconômicas no agronegócio vis a vis a resultante da produção doméstica de carne bovina nas últimas décadas. Os resultados mostram que, no marco de mudanças institucionais estabelecidas desde a década de 1980 e especialmente as intervenções governamentais vigentes a partir do ano de 2003, a cadeia de carne bovina da Venezuela apresenta um desempenho negocial preocupante e não sustentável. Na última década, a Venezuela decresceu seu inventário bovino a uma taxa média anual de 2,56% entre 2003 e 2014. O número de cabeças/habitante diminuiu a uma taxa anual de 1,30% entre 1960 e 2014, ficando em 0,38 cabeças/habitante. O número de cabeças abatidas sobre o total do rebanho (taxa de desfrute geral do rebanho) foi de 10,82% para o ano de 2014, inferior à média de países vizinhos como Colômbia e Brasil que ficaram em 20,85% e 19,42% respectivamente. A produção doméstica de carne bovina decresceu a uma taxa anual de 2,22% entre 1997 e 2014 (mesmo considerando o abate de bovinos importados). A quantidade de carne oriunda de animais importados cresceu até alcançar um máximo de 58,51% do abate nacional, em 2013. Isto significou um decréscimo real da produção endógena de 71,55% entre os anos de 1997 e 2013. Neste contexto, a produção nacional percapita diminuiu de 18,31 kg/habitante (em 1997) para um mínimo de 3,97 kg/habitante (em 2013). Para o atendimento da demanda doméstica passou-se a contar, crescentemente, com importações de carne in natura que cresceram em volume inicial de 0,59 mil toneladas (t) de equivalente carcaça (em 1997) para um máximo de 307,57 mil t em 2008. A taxa de penetração das importações de carne bovina equivalente (carne e bovinos em pé) resultou em 79,54% do atendimento da demanda doméstica em 2013 (cerca de 15,45 kg/habitante/ano). Neste contexto, as intervenções mais relevantes têm sido a Lei de Terras que propiciou um ambiente de insegurança jurídica; os controles de preços e a política cambial que criaram distorções no mercado; e, a crescente influência nas redes de distribuição de alimentos, com forte dependência do comércio exterior, alavancado com os incrementos no preço internacional do petróleo entre 2003 e 2014. Tudo isto tem resultado em um cenário de desmonte da produção interna da carne bovina, que pode ser visualizado em episódios crescentes de escassez deste produto no mercado interno. Ao final, são sugeridas algumas práticas de políticas pública e setoriais para a reversão desse quadro insustentável para esta importante cadeia de negócios da Venezuela.

The Impact of CAP Reforms on Farm Labour Structure. Factor Markets Working Document No. 63, August 2013

The labour force engaged in the agricultural sector is declining over time, and one can observe the reallocation of labour from family members to hired workers. Using farm-level data, this paper analyses the on-farm labour structure in Greece and assesses the factors driving its evolution over the period 1990-2008. The impact of agricultural policies and farm characteristics is examined in a dynamic panel analysis. Family and hired labour are found to be substitutes rather than complements, while agricultural support measures appear to negatively affect demand for both family and hired labour. Decoupled payments and subsidies on crops are found to have a significant impact on both sources of labour, as well as subsidies for rural development that do not favour on-farm labour use. The paper also finds that structural labour adjustments are the result of farm characteristics, such as farm size and location. The results are robust to various estimation techniques and specifications.

Otchet

Mode of access: Internet.

The expansion of soybean cultivation in Campeche, México: Problematic and perspectives

The soybean is the grain in which greater food dependency has Mexico, reason why as of 2008, the government has promoted his culture, granting excellent subsidies, as much to producers as to buyers of the grain, thus contributing to a recent process of expansion in certain states, as it happens in Campeche. The objetive of this article is the analysis of the characteristics and effects of those supports, as well as of the rest of factors that until today they have taken to the producers of the mentioned state to initiate or to expand the cultivation of the soybean. The findings of the investigation reveal that although the producers have improved their levels of income, the process is vulnerable, as it depends on variables like the governmental supports, the international prices of the soybean and exchange rate. Although the study of the negative effects of genetically modified soybeans (GM) in other areas (environment, biodiversity, deforestation, human and animal health) is not the purpose of this investigation, some information will be provided, as on the conflict between soybean producers and beekeepers in the state of Campeche.

O papel da agricultura de conservação na luta contra a erosão do solo em particular em Angola

A agricultura de conservação, conseguindo reduzir as perdas de solo por erosão e aumentando o seu teor em matéria orgânica, permite aos agricultores produzirem mais alimentos com menos trabalho. Oferece-lhes uma possibilidade de melhorar a sua qualidade de vida. Várias abordagens sobre agricultura de conservação do solo, incluindo rotação e consorciação de culturas, são componentes deste sistema aplicável a diferentes níveis. A sementeira direta e o menor distúrbio de solo, são princípios primordiais da conservação do solo, fornecem benefícios direitos para a agricultura e o meio ambiente, questões da maior relevância para a agricultura Angolana, apesar da pouca importância que atualmente lhes é dedicada. Logo, é preciso uma conversão e transição de tecnologias e técnicas para implementar a agricultura de conservação e o controle da erosão dos solos no país. As técnicas de conservação utilizadas pelos pequenos e grandes produtores, embora sejam bem-intencionadas, não oferecem a proteção contra a erosão do solo e a conservação da água. Tanto as entidades políticas, como o Programa de Acão do Ministério da Agricultura e do Desenvolvimento Rural (MINADER) e os agricultores angolanos devem entender a importância da agricultura de conservação para a segurança alimentar e dar continuidade para as gerações futuras. Não basta a reformulação e consolidação dos objetivos traçados no período de 2009 a 2013, sem que haja a aplicação prática. Portanto, para sair do atual conceito oficial de agricultura tradicional/convencional e optar para agricultura capaz de responder às necessidades de Angola é necessário seguir modelos semelhantes aos desenvolvidos por países tropicais de condições naturais semelhantes às de Angola; The role of conservation agriculture in the fight against soil erosion particularly in Angola ABSTRACT: Conservation agriculture, managed to reduce soil losses by erosion and to increase its content of organic matter, allow farmers to produce more food with less work. It offers them a chance to improve their quality of life. Several approaches to soil conservation agriculture, including rotation and intercropping, are components of this system applicable to different levels. Direct sowing and less soil disturbance, are key principles of soil conservation providiy benefits for agriculture and the environment, issues of great importance for the Angolan agriculture, in spite of the little importance that is currently dedicated to them. Therefore, we need a conversion and transition technologies and techniques to implement conservation agriculture and soil erosion control in the country. Conservation techniques used by small and large producers, although well-intentioned, do not offer protection against soil erosion and water conservation. Both political entities, such as the Program of Action of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MINADER) and Angolan farmers should understand the importance of conservation agriculture for food security and continuity for future generations. Not just the redesign and consolidation of the objectives outlined in the period 2009 to 2013, without practical application. Therefore, to exit the current official concept of traditional / conventional farming and opt for agriculture able to meet the needs of Angola is necessary to follow models similar to those developed by tropical countries of natural conditions similar to Angola.