Vitamin D intake needed to maintain target serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in participants with low sun exposure and dark skin pigmentation is substantially higher than current recommendations

Cutaneous cholecalciferol synthesis has not been considered in making recommendations for vitamin D intake. Our objective was to model the effects of sun exposure, vitamin D intake, and skin reflectance (pigmentation) on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) in young adults with a wide range of skin reflectance and sun exposure. Four cohorts of participants (n = 72 total) were studied for 7-8 wk in the fall, winter, spring, and summer in Davis, CA [38.5° N, 121.7° W, Elev. 49 ft (15 m)]. Skin reflectance was measured using a spectrophotometer, vitamin D intake using food records, and sun exposure using polysulfone dosimeter badges. A multiple regression model (R^sup 2^ = 0.55; P < 0.0001) was developed and used to predict the serum 25(OH)D concentration for participants with low [median for African ancestry (AA)] and high [median for European ancestry (EA)] skin reflectance and with low [20th percentile, ~20 min/d, ~18% body surface area (BSA) exposed] and high (80th percentile, ~90 min/d, ~35% BSA exposed) sun exposure, assuming an intake of 200 IU/d (5 ug/d). Predicted serum 25(OH)D concentrations for AA individuals with low and high sun exposure in the winter were 24 and 42 nmol/L and in the summer were 40 and 60 nmol/L. Corresponding values for EA individuals were 35 and 60 nmol/L in the winter and in the summer were 58 and 85 nmol/L. To achieve 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L, we estimate that EA individuals with high sun exposure need 1300 IU/d vitamin D intake in the winter and AA individuals with low sun exposure need 2100-3100 IU/d year-round.

Suggestive linkage of 2p22-25 and 11q12-13 with low bone mineral density at the lumbar spine in the Irish population

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and poor bone quality. Peak bone density is achieved by the third decade of life, after which bone is maintained by a balanced cycle of bone resorption and synthesis. Age-related bone loss occurs as the bone resorption phase outweighs the bone synthesis phase of bone metabolism. Heritability accounts for up to 90% of the variability in BMD. Chromosomal loci including 1p36, 2p22-25, 11q12-13, parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 (PTHR1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) and type II collagen A1/vitamin D receptor (COL11A1/VDR) have been linked or shown suggestive linkage with BMD in other populations. To determine whether these loci predispose to low BMD in the Irish population, we investigated 24 microsatellite markers at 7 chromosomal loci by linkage studies in 175 Irish families of probands with primary low BMD (T-score ≤ -1.5). Nonparametric analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood variance estimation and traditional Haseman-Elston tests on the Mapmaker/Sibs program. Suggestive evidence of linkage was observed with lumbar spine BMD at 2p22-25 (maximum LOD score 2.76) and 11q12-13 (MLS 2.55). One region, 1p36, approached suggestive linkage with femoral neck BMD (MLS 2.17). In addition, seven markers achieved LOD scores > 1.0, D2S149, D11S1313, D11S987, D11S1314 including those encompassing the PTHR1 (D3S3559, D3S1289) for lumbar spine BMD and D2S149 for femoral neck BMD. Our data suggest that genes within a these chromosomal regions are contributing to a predisposition to low BMD in the Irish population.

Syntheses and structural studies of new bicyclic 1,3-diphenyl-1,3,2.lambda.3,4.lambda.3-diazadiphosphetidines

Reactions of cis-[(C6H5N)PC1]z(1 ) with the difunctional reagents HO(CH2)20H,H (CH3)N(CHz)zN(CH3)HH, (CH3)N(CH& OH, and HO(CHz)30Hi n the presence of triethylamine yield the new bicyclic 1,3,2X3,4h3-diazadiphosphetidines[( C6H5- N)PIZ[-O(CHZ)Zo-l (2), [(C6H5N)PlZ[-(CH3)N(CHZ)ZN(CH3)-l (319 [(C6H~N)PlZ~-(CH3)N(cHZ)20 (4), and [(C6H5 N)P],[-Q(CH2),0-] (5), respectively. The products have been characterized by elemental analyses and IR and NMR spectroscopic data. The structures of 4 and 5 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Crystal data for 4: monoclinic, P2,/c, a = 9.823 (2) A, b = 8.608 (1) A, c = 18.423 (3) A, i3 = 90.55 (1)O, Z = 4. Crystal data for 5 monoclinic, P2,/c, a = 9.727 (2) A, b = 8.064 (2) A, c = 19.702 (4) A, @ =I 91.31 (l)', 2 = 4. The structures have been solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.028 for 4 and R = 0.050 for 5. Compound 4 is the first example of an aminoalkoxy-l,3,2X3,4X3-diazadiphosphetidine. The PzNz ring is slightly puckered in both 4 and 5 and the puckering occurs in a manner opposite to that observed for cis-[(RN)PX],structures.

Processes of 30-90 days sea surface temperature variability in the northern Indian Ocean during boreal summer

During summer, the northern Indian Ocean exhibits significant atmospheric intraseasonal variability associated with active and break phases of the monsoon in the 30-90 days band. In this paper, we investigate mechanisms of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) signature of this atmospheric variability, using a combination of observational datasets and Ocean General Circulation Model sensitivity experiments. In addition to the previously-reported intraseasonal SST signature in the Bay of Bengal, observations show clear SST signals in the Arabian Sea related to the active/break cycle of the monsoon. As the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation moves northward, SST variations appear first at the southern tip of India (day 0), then in the Somali upwelling region (day 10), northern Bay of Bengal (day 19) and finally in the Oman upwelling region (day 23). The Bay of Bengal and Oman signals are most clearly associated with the monsoon active/break index, whereas the relationship with signals near Somali upwelling and the southern tip of India is weaker. In agreement with previous studies, we find that heat flux variations drive most of the intraseasonal SST variability in the Bay of Bengal, both in our model (regression coefficient, 0.9, against similar to 0.25 for wind stress) and in observations (0.8 regression coefficient); similar to 60% of the heat flux variation is due do shortwave radiation and similar to 40% due to latent heat flux. On the other hand, both observations and model results indicate a prominent role of dynamical oceanic processes in the Arabian Sea. Wind-stress variations force about 70-100% of SST intraseasonal variations in the Arabian Sea, through modulation of oceanic processes (entrainment, mixing, Ekman pumping, lateral advection). Our similar to 100 km resolution model suggests that internal oceanic variability (i.e. eddies) contributes substantially to intraseasonal variability at small-scale in the Somali upwelling region, but does not contribute to large-scale intraseasonal SST variability due to its small spatial scale and random phase relation to the active-break monsoon cycle. The effect of oceanic eddies; however, remains to be explored at a higher spatial resolution.

Comportamiento agroindustrial de veinticinco variedades de caña de azúcar (Saccharum sp. hibrido) en comparación con la variedad L 68-90 en caña planta

En el ciclo 90-91 se llevó a cabo el presente trabajo en el Ingenio Javier Guerra Báez con el objetivo de determinar el comportamiento agroindustrial de 25 cultivares de caña de azúcar en comparación con la variedad L 68-90. El experimento se sembró el 21 de febrero de 1990 en un suelo franco de la serie Nandaime, la cosecha se realizó a los 12 meses de edad el 21 de febrero de 1991. El diseño utilizado fue látice triple (5 x 5) y las variables estudiadas fueron: Germinación. Población, altura de tallos, diámetro de tallos, peso promedio de los tallos, rendimiento agrícola. rendimiento industrial y rendimiento agroindustrial Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza y prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan al 5% de significancia. Los mejores comportamientos para cada variable en estudio los obtuvieron los siguientes cultivares: Germinación: RB 73-2727, Cp 70-321, RB 77-3720, RB 73-2223, RB 73-9735 y RB 76-5288; Población: Sp 70-1423, Cp 70-321 RB 73-1012. Cp 71-6180. RB 73-1714. RB 76-5288. RB 73-2727, Cp 72-1210 y C 87-51; Longitud de tallo: RB 73-429. Cp 70-1527. RB 73-9735. RB 73-1012. Q 96 MEX 69-420 y MEX 68-P23; DiáMetro de los tallos: RB 73-2223, Cp 74-383. MEX 53-473, RB 76-5288. RB 73-9735. RB 73-5220. RB 73-9953. Cp70-1527, MEX 56-476 y MEX 68-p23; Peso promedio de los tallos: MEX 68- p23. RB 73-9735. RB 73-2223. CP 70-1527, RB 73-429. MEX 53-473. Q 96. MEX 69-420 y MEX 56-476;Rendimiento agrícola: Cp 71 -6180. MEX 68- P23. X 69-420. RB 73-1012. Sp 70-1423. RB 76-5288 y RB 73-9735; Rendimiento industrial Q 96, Cp 70-321, Cp 72-1210, MEX 68 P23 y Cp71-6180; Rendimiento agroindustrial Cp 71-6180.MEX 68-P23. Cp 70-321. RB 76-5288, Cp 72-1210. MEX69-420, RB 73-1012 Y Q96. Las variedades que presentaron enfermedades fueron: C 87-51, Cp 71-6180, Cp 70-1527, RB 73-2223. RB 73-2727. L '8-90, Cp 74-383, Sp 70-1284, RB 73-1714 y RB 73-429.

Evaluación agro-industrial de veinticinco variedades de caña de azúcar (Saccharum sp. hibrido), en comparación con la variedad L 68-90, en planta y retoño 1

El presente estudio corresponde a la evaluación de dos años de producción (90-91;91-92), de 25 variedades de caña de azúcar en comparación con la variedad L 68-90, establecido en el ingenio " Julio Buitrago Urroz ", para determinar su comportamiento agro­ industrial y seleccionar las mejores variedades para una segunda fase de selección. El ensayo se sembró 24 de marzo de 1990, la cosecha de planta se realizó el 21 de marzo de 1991, y el retoño 1 se cosecho el 21 de febrero de 1992. El diseño utilizado fue el de látice triple (5 x 5) parcialmente equilibrado y los parámetros estudiados fueron: Germinación, Población, Altura, Diámetro de los tallos, Peso promedio de los tallos, Rendimiento agrícola, Rendimiento industrial, y Rendimiento agro-industrial. Cada una de las variables fueron evaluadas mediante un análisis de varianza y a la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan a un 5% de significación. Los resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes: Germinación; Se obtuvieron diferencias altamente significativas, las mejores variedades son: Cp 70-321, Cp 70-1527, RB 73-9735, Mex 68-P23, RB 73-1012, Mex 53-473. Población; Se presentaron diferencias altamente significativas, resultando los mejores genotipos: Rb 73-2727, Cp 70-321, Sp 70-1423. Altura; Se determinó una alta diferencia significativa entre los cultivares destacándose: Sp 72-4790, RB 76-5288, RB 73-429. Diámetro de tallo; Se obtuvo una alta diferencia significativa siendo las mejores: RB 73-2223, Mex 56-476, Mex 69-420, RB 73-9735, Mex 53- 473, RB 73-9953, Cp 74-383. Peso promedio de los tallos; Se observó una alta diferencia significativa resultando los mejores genotipos: Mex 56-476, RB 73-2223, Mex 69-420, RB 73-429, Q 96, Mex 68-P23, RB 76-5288, RB 73-9735. Rendimiento agrícola; Estadísticamente se determinó una alta diferencia significativa, las variedades que superan al testigo son: Sp 72-4790, Sp 70- 1284, RB 73-9735. Rendimiento industrial; Se obtuvo diferencia significativa, siendo el mejor genotipo: La Q-96. Rendimiento agro-industrial; No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los cultivares en estudio, de acuerdo a la separación de medias las variedades más destacadas fueron: Sp 72-4790, RB 73- 5220. Respecto a las observaciones fitosanitarias la única variedad que no presento síntomas de las enfermedades señaladas en este estudio es: Sp 72-4790, las variedades más afectadas por el carbón son: RB 74-5672, Cp 72-1210, Cp 70-1527, RB 76-5288, RB 77-320, RB 73-1012, RB 73-9735, L 68-90.

祝贺钱学森院士90寿辰

今年１２月１１日是国际著名力学家，我国近代力学的奠基人，我国航天技术的开创者和系统工程科学家，中国力学学会和中国空气动力学学会的创始人，钱学森先生的９０华诞．中国力学学会和中国空气动力学学会等２１个单位举办“新世纪力学研讨会──钱学森技术科学思想的回顾与展望”会议，重温他发展力学的丰富思想，共同探讨我国新世纪力学的前进道路．本期刊出《钱学森先生简介》、郑哲敏院士的《祝贺钱学森院士９０寿辰》以及研讨会的３篇大会报告，以表示对钱学森先生９０华诞的祝贺。

双侧面90°抽运微通道致冷Yb：YAG板条激光器

报道了采用带有微柱镜的激光二极管阵列（LDA）双侧面90°排布抽运的Yb：YAG板条激光器，实验中使用的激光晶体尺寸为6mm×10mm×1mm，掺杂原子数分数为3％。抽运光通过自行设计的聚光系统聚焦成10mm×1mm的光斑进行抽运，聚光系统的效率为75％，晶体表面功率密度达到1．9kW／cm^2，晶体内抽运光交叠区的体功率密度达到38kW／cm^3，远高于阈值的1．7kW／cm^3。当激光器采用平一凹腔结构，耦合输出为6％时激光单脉冲输出能量最高为25．5mJ，斜率效率为13％。插入声光调Q晶体后获得4．

90° domain dynamics and relaxation in thin ferroelectric/ferroelastic films

We investigated the dynamics and relaxation of 90° domains in 60-nm-thick lead-zirconium titanate (PbZr0.3 T0.7 O3) films, with enhanced piezoresponse force microscopy. We show that under opposite electric fie ld, ferroelectric domains are reversibly switched while ferroelastic domains reorganize in a nonreversible way. Moreover, we show that the relaxation-time constant of 90° domains is two orders of magnitude shorter than for the previously reported 180° domains relaxation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the influence of geometry and scale on the relaxation process. Finally, we propose a relaxation mechanism for ferroelastic-ferroelectric systems, with implications for devices based on these materials. © 2010 The American Physical Society.

O autoconceito de crianças e pré-adolescentes com e sem história de maus-tratos numa amostra de 90 participantes

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia, especialização em Psicologia da Educação e Intervenção Comunitária.

La producción familiar en el partido de Pergamino a fines de los `90

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