Livestock services and the poor

This paper reviews the economic framework for the delivery of livestock services to the poor. It is argued that the demand for livestock products is likely to increase rapidly and the ability of the poor to participate in the opportunities presented by this growth is linked critically to the availability of good service support, both on the input and output side. Governments therefore have a responsibility to supply the necessary public goods (including the institutions and legal frameworks), and the market infrastructure for facilitating the emergence of efficient markets for livestock services. The paper further argues that the dynamics of public policy in developing countries are much more complex than the simple application of economic logic. It is the larger political economy that often dictates policy choices. It is therefore important to integrate political economy and governance issues into the economic debate on livestock service delivery. The paper also reviews the context in which the markets for livestock services will need to function. Different countries are facing very different sets of issues, and the identification of possible interventions in livestock service markets would require careful field research and analysis. In this context, the paper suggests the elements of a research agenda for the next few years.

Contested H2O: science, policy and politics in water resources management in Chile

This paper critically explores the politics that mediate the use of environmental science assessments as the basis of resource management policy. Drawing on recent literature in the political ecology tradition that has emphasised the politicised nature of the production and use of scientific knowledge in environmental management, the paper analyses a hydrological assessment in a small river basin in Chile, undertaken in response to concerns over the possible overexploitation of groundwater resources. The case study illustrates the limitations of an approach based predominantly on hydrogeological modelling to ascertain the effects of increased groundwater abstraction. In particular, it identifies the subjective ways in which the assessment was interpreted and used by the state water resources agency to underpin water allocation decisions in accordance with its own interests, and the role that a desocialised assessment played in reproducing unequal patterns of resource use and configuring uneven waterscapes. Nevertheless, as Chile’s ‘neoliberal’ political-economic framework privileges the role of science and technocracy, producing other forms of environmental knowledge to complement environmental science is likely to be contentious. In conclusion, the paper considers the potential of mobilising the concept of the hydrosocial cycle to further critically engage with environmental science.

Agreements and disputes over non-tariff measures

In trade agreements, governments can design remedies to ensure compliance (property rule) or to compensate victims (liability rule). This paper describes an economic framework to explain the pattern of remedies over non-tariff restrictions—particularly domestic subsidies and nonviolation complaints subject to liability rules. The key determinants of the contract form for any individual measure are the expected joint surplus from an agreement and the expected loss to the constrained government. The loss is higher for domestic subsidies and nonviolations because these are the policies most likely to correct domestic distortions. Governments choose property rules when expected gains from compliance are sufficiently high and expected losses to the constrained country are sufficiently low. Liability rules are preferable when dispute costs are relatively high, because inefficiencies in the compensation process reduce the number of socially inefficient disputes filed.

Cidades pequenas, grandes problemas :perfil urbano do Agreste Potiguar

In view of the diversity and the heterogeneity of the existing cities in Brazil, our approach refers to the urban and non-metropolitan areas. Aiming to foment the studies on small cities e to apprehend the sociospatial configuration of the urban environment in such cities, this piece of work elaborates and analyzes the urban profile of the small cities of the Agreste Potiguar region, using as a theoretical reference landmark the production of the urban and regional space, from the decade of 1970 to 2000. Starting from this reference, this piece of work presents an urban sociospatial characterization of the small cities of the Agreste Potiguar region, with emphasis on the economic framework, on the population dynamics, on the main social data, culminating in the main characteristics of the local daily life. The study of the small cities of the Agreste Potiguar region makes it possible the comprehension of the problems that involve the cities of this size, above all, those inserted in economically fragile regions. In the analyzed period, the changes occurred in the productive structure of the State of Rio Grande do Norte triggered a great crisis in the economy of the Agreste Potiguar region. This aspect, allied to the insufficient performance of the public power, contributed to the sprouting of some sociospatial problems, amongst which may be distinguished: the economic fragility, the generalized unemployment, the lack of security and the urban infrastructure absence sufficient to take care of the social demand. Even facing the existing problems, the small cities must be seen as potential spaces, capable to promote the regional development. To do so, it is necessary a process of democratization of the public administration, an ample popular participation and the establishment of a new urban policy, that aims at the social promotion of the individuals, the guarantee of basic necessities and the access to the necessary services to a dignified life

A relação entre crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento sustentável: a Região do Araguaia no contexto regional paraense

A relação entre crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento sustentável é a problemática deste estudo que propõe analisar esta por meio do uso do Índice de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Local. Nesse sentido, a categoria de análise usada foi à região que é definida como um sistema formado por e a partir da conjunção de elementos internos e externos. O objeto de análise selecionado foi a região do Araguaia paraense que se localiza no Estado do Pará – Brasil, essa escolha ocorreu porque, ao longo dos últimos 40 anos, essa região tem assumido expressão econômica nesse estado e, ao mesmo tempo, tem sido foco de questionamentos quanto ao modelo de desenvolvimento econômico empregado no passado e os seus resultados no presente. O objetivo central deste estudo é analisar, por meio dos elementos internos e externos de uma região considerada como fronteira de recursos, se o cenário de crescimento econômico contribuiu para o desenvolvimento sustentável. A seleção de um estudo de caso foi à estratégia de investigação e os instrumentos de levantamento de dados foram: a aplicação de questionários, a análise da evolução de dados secundários e a construção de um Índice de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (IDLS) que foi usado para dimensionar de forma integrada o desempenho social, ambiental, econômico e institucional da região pesquisada em relação ao contexto regional paraense. O principal resultado, deste estudo, foi à constatação de que crescimento econômico das regiões paraenses até a atualidade não mediou processos favoráveis ao desenvolvimento na perspectiva da sustentabilidade. Observou-se que a região do Araguaia, encontra-se em estado de alerta no IDLS, seguindo a mesma tendência de outros espaços regionais que cresceram economicamente no Estado do Pará. Para cada região do Estado do Pará, uma dimensão diferente comprometeu a sustentabilidade regional, no caso da Região do Araguaia a dimensão ambiental foi a que mais comprometeu o seu IDSL. Tal resultado comprova vários estudos que afirmaram que os impactos ambientais comprometem o desenvolvimento sustentável dessa região. Apesar disso, essa região obteve o terceiro melhor desempenho na dimensão social da sustentabilidade, dado mais importante para o desenvolvimento sustentável que este estudo se propôs medir. Por conseguinte, duas conclusões principais podem ser apontadas. A primeira é que atualmente houve uma melhora no padrão social das regiões paraense como um todo, em alguns casos as áreas centrais dos grandes investimentos superaram o desempenho social de outras regiões que não foram focos dos investimentos promovidos nas décadas anteriores. Apesar de alguns estudos apontarem que os investimentos governamentais não se revestiram em benefícios sociais. A segunda é que os elementos externos às regiões contribuíram para a mudança do quadro social descrito, mas não para alteração do quadro ambiental regional, pois criou institucionalidades que direcionassem as forças internas na produção dos resultados do quadro econômico, social, institucional e ambiental. Portanto, tanto a elevação do padrão social quanto a piora do quadro ambiental da região do Araguaia paraense são o resultado de um conjunto de políticas nacionais que, provavelmente, se somaram aos cenários de ação e decisão dos atores locais.

Mudanças climáticas: o discurso da mídia sobre o aquecimento global

This research is aimed at discussing the ways in which social agents influence global warming, analyzing the discourse of social actors involved in the debate on climate change, since there is a wide divergence in the scientific community about how man is able to modify the climate on a global scale. In fact the debate that permeates the issues beyond the limits of science and enter into a political-economic framework that takes extraordinary proportions. This emphasis can be very unscientific in the fundamental design concepts, or even creating a trivialization of the media. The main way to convey these concepts is to disclose them in the media, but the media has enormous power to transform the concepts and often manipulate the news by creating a common sense goes against the interests of the scientific community. Thus was conducted extensive research in major newspapers and magazines that move in the country. We surveyed the first two papers which were: “Folha de S. Paulo” and “O Estado de S. Paulo”, during the period from January 2000 to December 2008, totaling 3285 units for the newspaper Folha and 2555 for the newspaper Estadão. Subsequently a survey was made of data published in two journals that move at the national level, and these are the magazines VEJA and ÉPOCA for the same period. By performing these steps, it was concluded that several factors involving the media and climate change, such as topic relevance, types of approaches, perspectives of analysis, the staff development, supplies, among other factors of utmost importance for building news. As a result we can say that the media in fulfilling its role of mediator scientific, disclosing only a vision that permeates the scientific debate. The newspaper media, especially newspapers, has an informative and instantaneous. Often this preoccupation...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Essays in Applied Health Economics: Evidence on Health and Health Care in Italy and UK

This thesis is the result of my experience as a PhD student taking part in the Joint Doctoral Programme at the University of York and the University of Bologna. In my thesis I deal with topics that are of particular interest in Italy and in Great Britain. Chapter 2 focuses on the empirical test of the existence of the relationship between technological profiles and market structure claimed by Sutton’s theory (1991, 1998) in the specific economic framework of hospital care services provided by the Italian National Health Service (NHS). In order to test the empirical predictions by Sutton, we identify the relevant markets for hospital care services in Italy in terms of both product and geographic dimensions. In particular, the Elzinga and Hogarty (1978) approach has been applied to data on patients’ flows across Italian Provinces in order to derive the geographic dimension of each market. Our results provide evidence in favour of the empirical predictions of Sutton. Chapter 3 deals with the patient mobility in the Italian NHS. To analyse the determinants of patient mobility across Local Health Authorities, we estimate gravity equations in multiplicative form using a Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood method, as proposed by Santos-Silva and Tenreyro (2006). In particular, we focus on the scale effect played by the size of the pool of enrolees. In most of the cases our results are consistent with the predictions of the gravity model. Chapter 4 considers the effects of contractual and working conditions on selfassessed health and psychological well-being (derived from the General Health Questionnaire) using the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). We consider two branches of the literature. One suggests that “atypical” contractual conditions have a significant impact on health while the other suggests that health is damaged by adverse working conditions. The main objective of our paper is to combine the two branches of the literature to assess the distinct effects of contractual and working conditions on health. The results suggest that both sets of conditions have some influence on health and psychological well-being of employees.

Workplace crime and the informal economy in Ukraine: Employee and employer perspectives

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the criminal workplace activities of both employers and employees in Ukrainian enterprises. It challenges traditional definitions of corruption and suggests that the practices that can be observed fit into the category of organised crime because of the country's economic framework. The paper also explores how the practices are partially a legacy of Soviet economic processes. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 700 household surveys were completed in three cities, Kyiv (where 450 surveys were completed), Uzhgorod (150) and Kharkiv (100). To complement these, approximately 25 in-depth interviews were undertaken with workers in each region. Furthermore, ethnographic observations and “kitchen table” interviews also played an important role in the research. Although the research was oriented towards those working in informal economies, business owners (both formal and informal) were also interviewed. Findings – As well as revealing the endemic nature of corruption in Ukrainian workplaces and the high levels of informal activity undertaken by workers, the research found that many people wish for their workplace to become more regulated. Research limitations/implications – Further interviews could have been carried out with state officials and in more locations. The implications are multiple but mainly they demonstrate the difficulty that those charged with economic reform in Ukraine must face. Originality/value – It is one of the first studies to explore these issues in Ukraine using a variety of research methods.

Police is Dead: On the Birth of Economism

Police is Dead is an historiographic analysis whose objective is to change the terms by which contemporary humanist scholarship assesses the phenomenon currently termed neoliberalism. It proceeds by building an archeology of legal thought in the United States that spans the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. My approach assumes that the decline of certain paradigms of political consciousness set historical conditions that enable the emergence of what is to follow. The particular historical form of political consciousness I seek to reintroduce to the present is what I call “police:” a counter-liberal way of understanding social relations that I claim has particular visibility within a legal archive, but that has been largely ignored by humanist theory on account of two tendencies: first, an over-valuation of liberalism as Western history’s master signifier; and second, inconsistent and selective attention to law as a cultural artifact. The first part of my dissertation reconstructs an anatomy of police through close studies of court opinions, legal treatises, and legal scholarship. I focus in particular on juridical descriptions of intimate relationality—which police configured as a public phenomenon—and slave society apologetics, which projected the notion of community as an affective and embodied structure. The second part of this dissertation demonstrates that the dissolution of police was critical to emergence of a paradigm I call economism: an originally progressive economic framework for understanding social relations that I argue developed at the nexus of law and economics at the turn of the twentieth century. Economism is a way of understanding sociality that collapses ontological distinctions between formally distinct political subjects—i.e., the state, the individual, the collective—by reducing them to the perspective of economic force. Insofar as it was taken up and reoriented by neoliberal theory, this paradigm has become a hegemonic form of political consciousness. This project concludes by encouraging a disarticulation of economism—insofar as it is a form of knowledge—from neoliberalism as its contemporary doctrinal manifestation. I suggest that this is one way progressive scholarship can think about moving forward in the development of economic knowledge, rather than desiring to move backwards to a time before the rise of neoliberalism. Disciplinarily, I aim to show that understanding the legal historiography informing our present moment is crucial to this task.

Essays on market design and regulation in electricity systems

This thesis discusses market design and regulation in electricity systems, focusing on the information exchange of the regulated grid firm and the generation firms as well as the regulation of the grid firm. In the first chapter, an economic framework is developed to consistently analyze different market designs and the information exchange between the grid firm and the generation firms. Perfect competition between the generation firms and perfect regulation of the grid firm is assumed. A numerical algorithm is developed and its feasibility demonstrated on a large-scale problem. The effects of different market designs for the Central Western European (CWE) region until 2030 are analyzed. In the second chapter, the consequences of restricted grid expansion within the current market design in the CWE region until 2030 are analyzed. In the third chapter the assumption of efficient markets is modified. The focus of the analysis is then, whether and how inefficiencies in information availability and processing affect different market designs. For different parameter settings, nodal and zonal pricing are compared regarding their welfare in the spot and forward market. In the fourth chapter, information asymmetries between the regulator and the regulated firm are analyzed. The optimal regulatory strategy for a firm, providing one output with two substitutable inputs, is defined. Thereby, one input and the absolute quantity of inputs is not observable for the regulator. The result is then compared to current regulatory approaches.

Riesgo conductual en el mercado de valores en Colombia entre 2010 y 2015

Durante los últimos años, la teoría financiera y económica se ha interesado en estudiar los factores que influencian la toma de decisiones y por qué, en muchas ocasiones, debido a los incentivos de los individuos no son óptimas. Este trabajo, desde la economía comportamental tiene como objetivo identificar, clasificar y analizar el riesgo conductual en el mercado de valores de Colombia, por medio de la revisión de las actas de terminación anticipada, expedidas a las personas naturales vinculadas durante el período 2010-2015. Los principales resultados indican que aproximadamente el 80% de las conductas se evidencian en exceder el mandato de los clientes, hacer uso indebido de sus recursos, omitir el deber de asesoría y obstruir la revelación de información a los clientes.

A participação das forças armadas na segurança pública de Cabo Verde: que colaboração?

Tendo em conta o nível de desenvolvimento que Cabo Verde tem vindo a conhecer, o crescimento rápido da sua população, o aparecimento de novos factos criminais e ainda o facto de possuir um enorme Zona Económica Exclusiva, associado ao facto de ser um país de fracos recursos económicos, é motivo para que se optimizem os recursos, encontrando respostas legalmente adequadas, eficazes e eficientes ao fenómeno do crime e da insegurança, projectados pelas novas ameaças. Com a revisão Constitucional de 1999, as Forças Armadas (FA) ganharam competência no âmbito de segurança interna, para colaborem com as Forças e Serviços de Segurança (FSS) e sob a responsabilidade destas. Este estudo debruça sobre “A Participação das Forças Armadas na Segurança Pública em Cabo Verde”, no intuito de analisar e perceber que tipo de colaboração prevê a Constituição, perceber à que nível pode ocorrer a actuação das FA na segurança e ordem pública e quais os limites dessa actuação. Para fazer o estudo recorreu-se à análise documental e fez-se uso do método de qualitativo, tendo como instrumento de recolha de informação a entrevista (semiestruturada), seguido de uma análise de conteúdo permitindo confrontar os resultados com as ideias existentes no enquadramento teórico. Conclui-se que as FA têm competências para actuar na segurança interna somente em colaboração com as FSS. Mas mostra-se que perante o quadro socioeconómico de Cabo Verde não se pode dispensar esta colaboração.

Estudio de empresas de sectores hegemónicos en Colombia para los años 2013 y 2014

Este documento evidencia las posiciones hegemónicas que han llegado a ocupar las empresas más poderosas del país, basándose en el estudio de datos cuantitativos del conteo de las cien empresas con mejores ventas para los años 2013 y 2014, según la revista Gerente. Se usan cinco variables: ventas totales, activos, pasivos, patrimonio y utilidades netas. En la primera sección, se hace una revisión bibliográfica que conecta el origen de la hegemonía en un panorama económico con la influencia del neoliberalismo y la globalización en el actual tejido industrial colombiano. Posteriormente, se realiza una explicación sobre la metodología aplicada para el estudio de la base de datos; la cual es seguida por una exposición de los resultados obtenidos a partir de herramientas estadísticas como el análisis de correlación lineal, quintiles y variaciones porcentuales. Finalmente, se aborda el Programa de Transformación Productiva, esto con el objetivo de mostrar los puntos focales que necesitan especial atención para lograr catalizar el desarrollo económico de Colombia.

La ocupación del espacio geográfico y el desarrollo de los sistemas de producción agrícola en el distrito de El General, Pérez Zeledón. Costa Rica (1850-1950)

ResumenEste trabajo aborda el proceso de desarrollo del frente de colonización agrícola en El General, Pérez Zeledón, entre la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX. Se analizan las características del espacio, así como los elementos constitutivos y las transformaciones que durante el período experimentaron las unidades y los sistemas de producción ubicados en dichos territorios. Junto a una revaloración de la complejidad agrícola presente en la región durante esta etapa, este artículo pone de manifiesto el papel de las políticas estatales en la ocupación y la vinculación de la zona sur al entorno económico nacional.AbstractThis work addresses the development process of the agricultural front in El General, Pérez Zeledón, that took place during the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Here, spatial characteristics are analyzed, as well as the components of the production units and systems in these territories and the transformations they experienced. Along with a revaluation of the agricultural complexity present in the region during this period, this article highlights the role of governmental policies pertaining to the settlement of the southern region and its connection with the national economic framework