Molecular Phylogenies Support Homoplasy of Multiple Morphological Characters Used in the Taxonomy of Heteroscleromorpha (Porifera: Demospongiae)

Sponge classification has long been based mainly on morphocladistic analyses but is now being greatly challenged by more than 12 years of accumulated analyses of molecular data analyses. The current study used phylogenetic hypotheses based on sequence data from 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and the CO1 barcoding fragment, combined with morphology to justify the resurrection of the order Axinellida Lévi, 1953. Axinellida occupies a key position in different morphologically derived topologies. The abandonment of Axinellida and the establishment of Halichondrida Vosmaer, 1887 sensu lato to contain Halichondriidae Gray, 1867, Axinellidae Carter, 1875, Bubaridae Topsent, 1894, Heteroxyidae Dendy, 1905, and a new family Dictyonellidae van Soest et al., 1990 was based on the conclusion that an axially condensed skeleton evolved independently in separate lineages in preference to the less parsimonious assumption that asters (star-shaped spicules), acanthostyles (club-shaped spicules with spines), and sigmata (C-shaped spicules) each evolved more than once. Our new molecular trees are congruent and contrast with the earlier, morphologically based, trees. The results show that axially condensed skeletons, asters, acanthostyles, and sigmata are all homoplasious characters. The unrecognized homoplasious nature of these characters explains much of the incongruence between molecular-based and morphology-based phylogenies. We use the molecular trees presented here as a basis for re-interpreting the morphological characters within Heteroscleromorpha. The implications for the classification of Heteroscleromorpha are discussed and a new order Biemnida ord. nov. is erected.

Using evidence in policy: The importance of mediating beliefs and practices

This article argues that to understand the use of evidence in policy, we need to examine how meanings and practices in the civil service shape what is accepted as knowledge, and how differences between the beliefs and values of the academy and the polity can impede the flow and transfer of knowledge. It considers the importance of social context and shared meanings in legitimating knowledge. Who counts as legitimate knowledge providers has expanded and here the role of stakeholder groups and experiential knowledge is of particular interest. How hierarchy, anonymity, and generalist knowledge within the civil service mediate the use of evidence in policy is examined. The difference in values and ideology of the civil service and the academy has implications for how academic research is interpreted and used to formulate policy and for its position in knowledge power struggles. There are particular issues about the social science nature of evidence to inform rural policy being mediated in a government department more used to dealing with natural science knowledge. This article is based on participant observation carried out in a UK Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. © 2013 The Author. Sociologia Ruralis © 2013 European Society for Rural Sociology.

Validation study to compare effects of processing protocols on measured N (ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine and N (ε)-(carboxyethyl)lysine in blood

Epidemiological studies show that elevated plasma levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are associated with diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease. Thus AGEs have been used as disease progression markers. However, the effects of variations in biological sample processing procedures on the level of AGEs in plasma/serum samples have not been investigated. The objective of this investigation was to assess the effect of variations in blood sample collection on measured N (ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), the best characterised AGE, and its homolog, N (ε)-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL). The investigation examined the effect on CML and CEL of different blood collection tubes, inclusion of a stabilising cocktail, effect of freeze thaw cycles, different storage times and temperatures, and effects of delaying centrifugation on a pooled sample from healthy volunteers. CML and CEL were measured in extracted samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Median CML and CEL ranged from 0.132 to 0.140 mM/M lys and from 0.053 to 0.060 mM/M lys, respectively. No significant difference was shown CML or CEL in plasma/serum samples. Therefore samples collected as part of epidemiological studies that do not undergo specific sample treatment at collection are suitable for measuring CML and CEL.

Breaking Glass: Towards a Gendered Analysis of Entrepreneurial Leadership

Despite recent expansion in the literature on entrepreneurial leadership, this has not been matched with the development of appropriate theoretical frameworks, theory building, and conceptual analyses, including the analysis of gender. In this paper, we provide the foundation for a more robust and extensive gendered study of entrepreneurial leadership, through a review of the entrepreneurial leadership literature and of the current debates on gender and leadership. On the basis of this, we propose a research agenda for the gendered analysis of the rapidly expanding interface between leadership and entrepreneurship, comprising three themes around which the future development of entrepreneurial leadership can be organized.

Use of negative information in positioning and tracking algorithms

To avoid additional hardware deployment, indoor localization systems have to be designed in such a way that they rely on existing infrastructure only. Besides the processing of measurements between nodes, localization procedure can include the information of all available environment information. In order to enhance the performance of Wi-Fi based localization systems, the innovative solution presented in this paper considers also the negative information. An indoor tracking method inspired by Kalman filtering is also proposed.

Valuing equity-linked death benefits in jump diffusion models

The paper is motivated by the valuation problem of guaranteed minimum death benefits in various equity-linked products. At the time of death, a benefit payment is due. It may depend not only on the price of a stock or stock fund at that time, but also on prior prices. The problem is to calculate the expected discounted value of the benefit payment. Because the distribution of the time of death can be approximated by a combination of exponential distributions, it suffices to solve the problem for an exponentially distributed time of death. The stock price process is assumed to be the exponential of a Brownian motion plus an independent compound Poisson process whose upward and downward jumps are modeled by combinations (or mixtures) of exponential distributions. Results for exponential stopping of a Lévy process are used to derive a series of closed-form formulas for call, put, lookback, and barrier options, dynamic fund protection, and dynamic withdrawal benefit with guarantee. We also discuss how barrier options can be used to model lapses and surrenders.

Opas rakentamisen poikkeamishakemusten käsittelyyn

Maankäyttö- ja rakennuslaki muuttui 1.4.2016. Tästä lähtien kaikki maankäyttö- ja rakennuslain mukaiset poikkeamispäätökset tekee kunta. Aikaisemmin lain 171 §:ssä tarkoitettu poikkeamistoimivalta oli jaettu kuntien ja elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskusten välillä siten, että neljää asiaryhmää lukuun ottamatta toimivalta kuului kunnille. Aiemmin poikkeamisen ratkaisi lain 171 §:n 2 ja 3 momentin mukaan ELY-keskus silloin, kun kysymys oli: 1) uuden rakennuksen rakentamisesta ranta-alueelle, jolla ei ole voimassa 72 §:n 1 momentissa tarkoitettua kaavaa, ellei kyse ollut olemassa olevan asuinrakennuksen laajentamisesta tai korvaamisesta; 2) vähäistä suuremmasta poikkeamisesta asemakaavassa osoitetusta tontti- tai rakennuspaikkakohtaisesta kokonaisrakennusoikeudesta taikka vähäistä suuremman rakennusoikeuden osoittamisesta alueelle, jolle asemakaavassa ei ollut osoitettu rakennusoikeutta; 3) poikkeamisesta rakennuksen suojelua koskevasta kaavamääräyksestä; tai 4) poikkeamisesta 53 §:n 3 momentissa tarkoitetusta asemakaavan hyväksymisestä johtuvasta rakennuskiellosta. Maankäyttö- ja rakennuslain poikkeamisen edellytyksiä koskevin säännöksiin ei tullut muutoksia. Oppaassa käydään läpi pää-kohdat kunnille siirtyneestä toimivallasta. Keskeisimpiä asiakokonaisuuksia ovat poikkeamisen edellytykset, ranta-alueen suunnittelutarve ja siitä poikkeaminen, maanomistajien tasapuolisen kohtelun vaatimus ja sen toteutuminen erityisesti rantarakentamisessa. Säännökset ovat joustavia oikeusnormeja. Näin ollen säännösten soveltamista ohjaa 15 vuoden aikana muotoutunut oikeus-käytäntö. Tarkoitus on, että toimivallan siirron jälkeen tulkinta- ja soveltamislinja jatkuu ennallaan. Tästä syystä oppaan sisältö on rakennettu vahvasti oikeuskäytännön ja erityisesti korkeimman hallinto-oikeuden soveltamiskäytännön varaan.