Purification and biochemical characterization of a thermostable extracellular glucoamylase produced by the thermotolerant fungus Paecilomyces variotii

An extracellular glucoamylase produced by Paecilomyces variotii was purified using DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The purified protein migrated as a single band in 7% PAGE and 8% SDS-PAGE. The estimated molecular mass was 86.5 kDa (SDS-PAGE). Optima of temperature and pH were 55 degrees C and 5.0, respectively. In the absence of substrate the purified glucoamylase was stable for 1 h at 50 and 55 degrees C, with a t(50) of 45 min at 60 degrees C. The substrate contributed to protect the enzyme against thermal denaturation. The enzyme was mainly activated by manganese metal ions. The glucoamylase produced by P. variotii preferentially hydrolyzed amylopectin, glycogen and starch, and to a lesser extent malto-oligossacarides and amylose. Sucrose, p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-maltoside, methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, pullulan, alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin, and trehalose were not hydrolyzed. After 24 h, the products of starch hydrolysis, analyzed by thin layer chromatography, showed only glucose. The circular dichroism spectrum showed a protein rich in alpha-helix. The sequence of amino acids of the purified enzyme VVTDSFR appears similar to glucoamylases purified from Talaromyces emersonii and with the precursor of the glucoamylase from Aspergillus oryzae. These results suggested the character of the enzyme studied as a glucoamylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucohydrolase).

Properties of a purified thermostable glucoamylase from Aspergillus niveus

A glucoamylase from Aspergillus niveus was produced by submerged fermentation in Khanna medium, initial pH 6.5 for 72 h, at 40A degrees C. The enzyme was purified by DEAE-Fractogel and Concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography. The enzyme showed 11% carbohydrate content, an isoelectric point of 3.8 and a molecular mass of 77 and 76 kDa estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or Bio-Sil-Sec-400 gel filtration, respectively. The pH optimum was 5.0-5.5, and the enzyme remained stable for at least 2 h in the pH range of 4.0-9.5. The temperature optimum was 65A degrees C and retained 100% activity after 240 min at 60A degrees C. The glucoamylase remained completely active in the presence of 10% methanol and acetone. After 120 min hydrolysis of starch, glucose was the unique product formed, confirming that the enzyme was a glucoamylase (1,4-alpha-d-glucan glucohydrolase). The K (m) was calculated as 0.32 mg ml(-1). Circular dichroism spectroscopy estimated a secondary structure content of 33% alpha-helix, 17% beta-sheet and 50% random structure, which is similar to that observed in the crystal structures of glucoamylases from other Aspergillus species. The tryptic peptide sequence analysis showed similarity with glucoamylases from A. niger, A. kawachi, A. ficcum, A. terreus, A. awamori and A. shirousami. We conclude that the reported properties, such as solvent, pH and temperature stabilities, make A. niveus glucoamylase a potentially attractive enzyme for biotechnological applications.

Production of xylanase by Aspergilli using alternative carbon sources: application of the crude extract on cellulose pulp biobleaching

The ability of xylanolytic enzymes produced by Aspergillus fumigatus RP04 and Aspergillus niveus RP05 to promote the biobleaching of cellulose pulp was investigated. Both fungi grew for 4-5 days in liquid medium at 40A degrees C, under static conditions. Xylanase production was tested using different carbon sources, including some types of xylans. A. fumigatus produced high levels of xylanase on agricultural residues (corncob or wheat bran), whereas A. niveus produced more xylanase on birchwood xylan. The optimum temperature of the xylanases from A. fumigatus and A. niveus was around 60-70A degrees C. The enzymes were stable for 30 min at 60A degrees C, maintaining 95-98% of the initial activity. After 1 h at this temperature, the xylanase from A. niveus still retained 85% of initial activity, while the xylanase from A. fumigatus was only 40% active. The pH optimum of the xylanases was acidic (4.5-5.5). The pH stability for the xylanase from A. fumigatus was higher at pH 6.0-8.0, while the enzyme from A. niveus was more stable at pH 4.5-6.5. Crude enzymatic extracts were used to clarify cellulose pulp and the best result was obtained with the A. niveus preparation, showing kappa efficiency around 39.6% as compared to only 11.7% for that of A. fumigatus.

??cole Nationale d'Administration Publique: d??velopper les comp??tences des fonctionnaires pour augmenter la capacit?? de L'Etat dans la gestion des politiques publiques

Plus d???une vingtaine d???ann??es d???existence d??di??es ?? la mission de d??velopper les comp??tences des fonctionnaires pour augmenter la capacit?? de l?????tat dans la gestion des politiques publiques fait de l???ENAP un mod??le dans le domaine de la formation. Rattach??e au Minist??re du Plan, du Budget et de la Gestion, l?????cole, d??s sa cr??ation en 1986, a re??ue 245 mille fonctionnaires de tout le pays. En 2007, 26 mille fonctionnaires de l???administration f??d??rale ont attendu un de nos 60 stages offerts.

Resolu????o n?? 13, de 19 de dezembro de 2014: institui o Programa Incentivo ao Estudo de L??nguas Estrangeiras - Piele da Enap

Institui o Programa Incentivo ao Estudo de L??nguas Estrangeiras - Piele,sob a forma de concess??o de bolsas de estudos, para o custeio parcial de cursos de l??nguas estrangeiras, aos servidores da Escola nacional de administra????o p??blica (Enap). Entende-se por Incentivo ao Estudo de L??nguas Estrangeiras, para fins desta Resolu????o, o custeio parcial de matr??cula e mensalidades de curso de l??ngua estrangeira, previsto no Plano Anual de Capacita????o da Enap ??? PACE, aos servidores da Enap que estejam frequentando ou venham a frequentar curso de l??ngua estrangeira, em estabelecimentos devidamente registrados, como pessoa jur??dica.

A questão racial pensada entre o “método científico” e a paixão : um estudo comparado entre José Ingenieros e Manoel Bomfim – Argentina e Brasil (1900-1920)

Esta dissertação de Mestrado tem como objetivo analisar comparativamente a forma pela qual a temática da Raça foi discutida pelo ítalo-argentino José Ingenieros e pelo brasileiro Manoel Bomfim nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX. A hipótese deste trabalho é que ambos os autores buscaram definir qual seria o “legítimo povo” dos seus respectivos países a partir de um critério racial. Esta pesquisa está dividida em três partes. O primeiro capítulo busca traçar o perfil intelectual de Ingenieros e de Bomfim para que os leitores possam visualizar a trajetória profissional destes homens e entendê-los melhor; o segundo capítulo demonstra as concepções de mundo em meio a qual estes autores cresceram e como elas repercutiram em seus escritos; o último capítulo é dedicado a fazer a análise das fontes Sociologia Argentina, de Ingenieros, e América Latina: males de origem, de Bomfim, para que seja possível refletir sobre como estes intelectuais pensaram a questão da raça e como eles a relacionaram às suas concepções de “povo ideal” em seus respectivos países.

RFID together with multi-agent systems to control global value chains

Nowadays, the cooperative intelligent transport systems are part of a largest system. Transportations are modal operations integrated in logistics and, logistics is the main process of the supply chain management. The supply chain strategic management as a simultaneous local and global value chain is a collaborative/cooperative organization of stakeholders, many times in co-opetition, to perform a service to the customers respecting the time, place, price and quality levels. The transportation, like other logistics operations must add value, which is achieved in this case through compression lead times and order fulfillments. The complex supplier's network and the distribution channels must be efficient and the integral visibility (monitoring and tracing) of supply chain is a significant source of competitive advantage. Nowadays, the competition is not discussed between companies but among supply chains. This paper aims to evidence the current and emerging manufacturing and logistics system challenges as a new field of opportunities for the automation and control systems research community. Furthermore, the paper forecasts the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies integrated into an information and communication technologies (ICT) framework based on distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) supported by a multi-agent system (MAS), as the most value advantage of supply chain management (SCM) in a cooperative intelligent logistics systems. Logistical platforms (production or distribution) as nodes of added value of supplying and distribution networks are proposed as critical points of the visibility of the inventory, where these technological needs are more evident.

Implicações da consciência morfológica no desenvolvimento da escrita

Este estudo tem dois objetivos: 1 Verificar se as crianças treinadas a usar princípios morfológicos necessários para escrever palavras derivadas com alteração de pronuncia do radical, obterão melhores resultados do que as crianças a quem esse ensino não é disponibilizado. 2 Examinar se a melhoria na correção da escrita anda a par com o aumento da capacidade de aceder, reconhecer e interpretar morfemas. Estudos anteriores (Rosa 2003; Rosa e Nunes 2007) mostram que as crianças, antes do terceiro ano de escolaridade, têm dificuldade em aceder a informação morfológica, mesmo que esta seja fornecida implicitamente através de “priming”. Esta informação é indispensável para escrever o morfema-base de muitas palavras derivadas em que ocorrem alterações de pronúncia. Estudos de intervenção vêm mostrando que a explicitação de regularidades morfológicas contribui significativamente para a melhoria na escrita (Nunes e Bryant, 2006; Arranhado, 2010; Pires, 2010). Nessa mesma linha de resultados, pretende-se aqui verificar o contributo de uma intervenção específica quer na melhoria da escrita de palavras derivadas que exigem considerações morfológicas quer na melhoria da capacidade para fazer análise morfémica de estímulos linguísticos. Participaram neste estudo 53 crianças de ambos os sexos, do segundo ano do Ensino Básico,aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos, experimental e de controlo. O grupo experimental foi submetido a um trabalho de explicitação da relação morfológica entre palavras base e derivadas e realizaram análise morfémica de estímulos linguísticos. O grupo de controlo não teve qualquer intervenção. Os resultados revelaram uma significativa superioridade do grupo experimental, em relação ao grupo de controlo, na correção da escrita de palavras derivadas e no acesso à formação morfémica dos estímulos linguísticos. 4 Verificou-se igualmente uma relação significativa entre correção na escrita e capacidade para aceder à constituição morfémica de estímulos linguísticos. Este estudo demonstra que é possível, através de um trabalho de intervenção específico, desenvolver a consciência morfológica em crianças do 2º ano de escolaridade e resultarem daí consequências positivas para a aprendizagem da escrita.

Histogram-based DNA analysis for the visualization of chromosome, genome and species information

We describe a novel approach to explore DNA nucleotide sequence data, aiming to produce high-level categorical and structural information about the underlying chromosomes, genomes and species. The article starts by analyzing chromosomal data through histograms using fixed length DNA sequences. After creating the DNA-related histograms, a correlation between pairs of histograms is computed, producing a global correlation matrix. These data are then used as input to several data processing methods for information extraction and tabular/graphical output generation. A set of 18 species is processed and the extensive results reveal that the proposed method is able to generate significant and diversified outputs, in good accordance with current scientific knowledge in domains such as genomics and phylogenetics.

Renewable-based generation integration in electricity markets with virtual power producers

The development of renewable energy sources and Distributed Generation (DG) of electricity is of main importance in the way towards a sustainable development. However, the management, in large scale, of these technologies is complicated because of the intermittency of primary resources (wind, sunshine, etc.) and small scale of some plants. The aggregation of DG plants gives place to a new concept: the Virtual Power Producer (VPP). VPPs can reinforce the importance of these generation technologies making them valuable in electricity markets. VPPs can ensure a secure, environmentally friendly generation and optimal management of heat, electricity and cold as well as optimal operation and maintenance of electrical equipment, including the sale of electricity in the energy market. For attaining these goals, there are important issues to deal with, such as reserve management strategies, strategies for bids formulation, the producers’ remuneration, and the producers’ characterization for coalition formation. This chapter presents the most important concepts related with renewable-based generation integration in electricity markets, using VPP paradigm. The presented case studies make use of two main computer applications:ViProd and MASCEM. ViProd simulates VPP operation, including the management of plants in operation. MASCEM is a multi-agent based electricity market simulator that supports the inclusion of VPPs in the players set.

In-shoe plantar pressures and ground reaction forces during overweight adults' overground walking

Purpose: Because walking is highly recommended for prevention and treatment of obesity and some of its biomechanical aspects are not clearly understood for overweight people, we compared the absolute and normalized ground reaction forces (GRF), plantar pressures, and temporal parameters of normal-weight and overweight participants during overground walking. Method: A force plate and an in-shoe pressure system were used to record GRF, plantar pressures (foot divided in 10 regions), and temporal parameters of 17 overweight adults and 17 gender-matched normal-weight adults while walking. Results: With high effect sizes, the overweight participants showed higher absolute medial-lateral and vertical GRF and pressure peaks in the central rearfoot, lateral midfoot, and lateral and central forefoot. However, analyzing normalized (scaled to body weight) data, the overweight participants showed lower vertical and anterior-posterior GRF and lower pressure peaks in the medial rearfoot and hallux, but the lateral forefoot peaks continued to be greater compared with normal-weight participants. Time of occurrence of medial-lateral GRF and pressure peaks in the midfoot occurred later in overweight individuals. Conclusions: The overweight participants adapted their gait pattern to minimize the consequences of the higher vertical and propulsive GRF in their musculoskeletal system. However, they were not able to improve their balance as indicated by medial-lateral GRF. The overweight participants showed higher absolute pressure peaks in 4 out of 10 foot regions. Furthermore, the normalized data suggest that the lateral forefoot in overweight adults was loaded more than the proportion of their extra weight, while the hallux and medial rearfoot were seemingly protected.

Screening pentachlorophenol degradation ability by environmental fungal strains belonging to the phyla Ascomycota and Zygomycota

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) bioremediation by the fungal strains amongst the cork- colonising community has not yet been analysed. In this paper, the co- and direct metabolism of PCP by each of the 17 fungal species selected from this community were studied. Using hierarchical data analysis, the isolates were ranked by their PCP bioremediation potential. Fifteen isolates were able to degrade PCP under co-metabolic conditions, and surprisingly Chrysonilia sitophila, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Mucor plumbeus, Penicillium janczewskii and P. glandicola were able to directly metabolise PCP, leading to its complete depletion from media. PCP degradation intermediates are preliminarily discussed. Data emphasise the signiWcance of these fungi to have an interesting potential to be used in PCP bioremediation processes.

A Leitura Crítica de um Artigo Médico (2ª Parte)

Resumo: A leitura crítica da literatura médica é uma actividade exigente. Requer uma atitude activa de reflexão e de aquisição prévia de conhecimentos, pois implica dar atenção especial não apenas a aspectos formais mas principalmente aos elementos metodológicos e estruturantes dos artigos científicos, verificando o rigor e consistência da informação partilhada e a possibilidade da sua utilização prática. A segunda parte deste artigo discute os aspectos aos quais o leitor deve prestar atenção para avaliar a qualidade e utilidade dum artigo nas secções que vão da apresentação dos resultados à apresentação das referências. Abordam-se também as formas de participar activamente no ciclo científico vital da literatura médica: a discussão em journal club, a escrita de cartas ao editor e a citação.

Acidentes por escorpião em uma área do Nordeste de Amaralina, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil

Um estudo epidemiológico mediu a prevalência de pessoas que referiram acidentes por escorpião em uma amostra populacional do Areal, bairro Nordeste de Amaralina, Salvador, Bahia. Examinou-se uma amostra aleatória sistemática de 1367 indivíduos, correspondendo a 44,4% da população da área. Oitenta e dois indivíduos referiram haver sido picados por escorpião desde que residiam no Areal, resultando numa prevalência de 6% (IC 95% 4,7 - 7,3). A prevalência de pessoas picadas por escorpião aumentou nos grupos com maior tempo de residência no domicílio e com maior idade atual. Chamou atenção que 92,7% dos acidentes aconteceram dentro do domicílio. A incidência estimada para o período mais recente (janeiro a julho de 2000) foi de 1,15 casos/1.000 habitantes por mês. Este coeficiente compara-se ao mais elevado já referido na literatura especializada para uma área epidêmica para acidentes escorpiônicos.

Terahertz response of patterned epitaxial graphene

We study the interaction between polarized terahertz (THz) radiation and micro-structured large-area graphene in transmission geometry. In order to efficiently couple the radiation into the two-dimensional material, a lateral periodic patterning of a closed graphene sheet by intercalation doping into stripes is chosen. We observe unequal transmittance of the radiation polarized parallel and perpendicular to the stripes. The relative contrast, partly enhanced by Fabry-Perot oscillations reaches 20 %. The effect even increases up to 50 % when removing graphene stripes in analogy to a wire grid polarizer. The polarization dependence is analyzed in a large frequency range from < 80 GHz to 3 THz, including the plasmon-polariton resonance. The results are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations based on the electronic energy spectrum of graphene and the electrodynamics of the patterned structure